James Ironside

James Ironside CBE FRSE FMedSci
Born	James Wilson Ironside 1954 (age 71–72) Calcutta, India
Education	University of Dundee
Known for	Identification of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) Prion disease transmission via blood transfusion
Awards	Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2006)
Scientific career
Fields	Neuropathology, Prion disease
Workplaces	University of Edinburgh National CJD Surveillance Unit
Website	University of Edinburgh Profile

James Wilson Ironside CBE FRSE FMedSci (born 1954) is a British neuropathologist and Emeritus Professor of Clinical Neuropathology at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known for his study of prion diseases and his identification of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in 1996, a disease which is widely considered to be the human form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

Ironside was the director of the National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU) from 2002 to 2004, and served as inaugural Director of the MRC Network of UK Brain Banks. His research has largely focused on the diagnosis and transmission of prion diseases, particularly the risks associated with blood transfusion.

Early life and education

Ironside was born in India, and lived in Calcutta until the age of five, where his father worked in jute manufacturing. He then returned to his father's native Dundee, where he went to school, and later studied medicine at the University of Dundee. He was the first member of his family to go to university, and “was fortunate enough to get a grant", which he supplemented by playing the organ pipes at the local crematorium.

He later graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MB ChB) in 1979. He subsequently specialised in neuropathology, conducting research into neurodegenerative disorders.

Career

Identification of variant CJD

In 1990, he joined the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU) in Edinburgh, where he worked alongside Professor Robert Will. Ironside researched which identified a novel form of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). In 1996, he and his colleagues published findings describing a distinct variant of the disease that affected younger patients and displayed unique neuropathological features, including "florid" amyloid plaques in the brain. This condition, which he named variant CJD (vCJD) or "Will-Ironside syndrome," was causally linked to the consumption of beef contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

Ironside told the BSE inquiry, conducted by Lord Phillips from 1998 to 2000, that vCJD was most likely caused by eating brain, spinal or offal tissues from cattle infected with the BSE agent. He later accused the meat industry of obstructing efforts to find out if low-cost mechanically recovered meat went into food items served in school canteens during the 1980s, a theory which suggests why vCJD is generally seen in younger patients.

In 2004, it was reported that Ironside had a "bitter feud" with John Collinge at the Institute of Neurology, which led to both researchers arguing over access to blood and brain tissue samples.

Transmission studies

Ironside's subsequent research focused on the transmissibility of vCJD. Unlike sporadic CJD, the infectious prion protein in vCJD is detectable in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, spleen, and appendix. This finding led to significant public health concerns regarding the potential for secondary transmission via blood transfusions. In 2009, he was appointed Director of the UK Brain Banks Network, a Medical Research Council initiative set up to improve access to brain tissue for neuroscience research.

Ironside later provided evidence to parliamentary committees and the Infected Blood Inquiry, following the identification of cases where vCJD was transmitted from blood donors to recipients. He has also investigated the safety of anatomical dissection and the risks posed by surgical instruments in the transmission of human prion diseases.

Ironside is currently Emeritus Professor at the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh.

Honours and awards

• 2002: Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci).
• 2006: Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2006 Birthday Honours for services to medicine and healthcare.
• 2011: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).

Selected publications

Professor Ironside has authored over 570 research items. These publications include:

• Zeidler, M.; Ironside, J.W. (2000). "The new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease". Revue Scientifique et Technique. 19 (1): 98–120.
• Ironside, J.W. (2000). "Laboratory diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease". Histopathology. 37 (1).
• Andrews, N.; Ironside, J.W.; et al. (2003). "Deaths from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK". UK Health Security Agency.

External links

• University of Edinburgh Profile
• James Ironside at IMDb