Violence erupted on 26 November 2016 in the town of Kasese, the capital of the Ugandan Kingdom of Rwenzururu, when Ugandan police raided the government offices of the Rwenzururu kingdom, killing eight Rwenzururian royal guards and arresting two others. According to the government of Uganda, the raid was in response to militant attacks on police posts in the region two weeks earlier, allegedly perpetrated by the royal guards.
| Kasese clashes | |||||||
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 Location of Kasese in Uganda | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Uganda |
 Rwenzururu | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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| Units involved | |||||||
| Rwenzururu Royal Guards | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 16 killed |
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On the next day, Uganda's armed forces and police raided the Rwenzururu royal palace after the expiration of an ultimatum issued by the Ugandan government, resulting in the deaths of 87 royal guards and 16 policemen. Following the raids, the Omusinga (king) of Rwenzururu, Charles Mumbere, was arrested and charged with murder.
Background
editThe Rwenzururu region is inhabited by the Konjo and Amba peoples, who have fought for secession from the Tooro Kingdom since 1962 under the movement known as "Rwenzururu".[1] The violence reached a height in 1963 and 1964, when Tooro soldiers massacred many Konjo and Amba civilians as they sought control over the lower valleys. The Ugandan army intervened against the separatists, doing such significant damage to the movement was suppressed for some time.[2] The movement however, achieved fame through a local folk epic and remained relevant,[1] eventually gaining autonomy in 1982[3] and official government recognition as a kingdom in 2008.[4]
After Rwenzururu was recognised by the Ugandan government, violence between the Konjo and Amba peoples became more prevalent, as the Bakonjo generally support the opposition whilst the Baamba generally support the central government. In February and April 2016, violence erupted between the two communities due to disputed local election results and political infighting, leading to the deaths of at least 30 people.[5]
Clashes
editThe Uganda National Police raided the government offices of the Rwenzururu kingdom on 26 November 2016, killing eight Rwenzururian royal guards and arresting two others. According to the government of Uganda, the raid was in response to militant attacks on police posts in the region two weeks earlier, allegedly perpetrated by the royal guards.[5][6]
The next day, on 27 November 2016, two Ugandan policemen were killed by an angry mob of civilians. The police, accompanied by the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), arrived at the Rwenzururu royal palace at around 10:00 am (EAT). Brigadier Peter Elwelu, who was in charge of the soldiers and policemen outside the palace, was ordered to storm the palace in an hour if the conflict had not been resolved peacefully by then.[7] At 11:00 am, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni issued an ultimatum to Charles Mumbere, the Omusinga (king) of Rwenzururu, demanding that he surrender his guards and their weapons within two hours or he will "face the consequences".[6] At approximately 1:01 pm, Ugandan security forces stormed the royal palace, and the ensuing firefight resulted in the deaths of 87 royal guards and at least 16 policemen.[8][9]
According to Atkins Katusabe, a local MP who was part of the negotiating team inside the palace, the raid was conducted despite attempts by the negotiators to create a peaceful resolution to the conflict. Katusabe also claimed that the royal guards were unarmed, and that the reason he and Rwenzururian Prime Minister Johnson Thembo Kitsumbire survived was because Ugandan soldiers had escorted them out just before the raid.[6]
Aftermath
editThe Ugandan government gave an official death toll of 103 in March 2017.[10][11] Human Rights Watch, however, estimated that at least 156 people had been killed in the clashes.[12]
Ugandan authorities arrested and charged over 180 people in the weeks following the clashes.[12] Mumbere was arrested and charged with murder on 30 November 2016.[6][8][13] In a court hearing on 13 December 2016, Mumbere received additional charges of terrorism, aggravated robbery and attempted murder. Kitsumbire was later also arrested at his home in Kasese.[14] The Ugandan government announced on 26 December 2016 that a total of 167 Rwenzururian royal guards had surrendered to Ugandan security forces in return for amnesty.[15] A large number of royal guards opted to go into hiding, fearing for their lives. Many fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[16]
By February 2019, 87 royal guards had returned from exile and peacefully surrendered after negotiations with the Busongora Development Forum, a local community-based organisation.[16]
On 13 June 2023, Uganda's Director of Public Prosecutions Jane Frances Abodo withdrew all charges against Mumbere and 200 royal guards.[17] The decision followed a government amnesty which was granted to those who admitted to having committed a crime, denounced rebellious activities, and agreed to reconcile with the government. Two of the accused, Kitsumbire and Masereka Kamada, rejected the terms of the amnesty and remain in jail.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Prunier, 82. See Kirsten Alnaes, "Songs of the Rwenzururu Rebellion," in P.H. Gulliver, ed., Tradition and Transition in East Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), ISBN 9780520014022 243–272.
- ^ Rothchild, Donald S. (1997). Managing ethnic conflict in Africa: pressures and incentives for cooperation. Brookings Institution Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8157-7593-5.
- ^ Forrest, Joshua (2004). Subnationalism in Africa: ethnicity, alliances, and politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-58826-227-1.
- ^ "Cabinet recognises Obusinga Bwa Rwenzururu" Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ugee! Uganda Online, 31 March 2008 (accessed 6 June 2009)
- ^ a b Buchanan, Elsa (29 November 2016). "Fatal clashes between royal guards and Ugandan security forces must be investigated says HRW". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Uganda: King Wesley Mumbere". The Independent (Kampala). 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Rwenzururu King arrested after shootout with UPDF in Kasese". NTVUganda. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Uganda Rwenzururu: King Charles Mumbere charged with murder". BBC News. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Kasese Death Toll Hits 100 as police discovers more 25 bodies – Red Pepper Uganda". www.redpepper.co.ug. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Two years on, Uganda activists seek justice for Kasese killings". Al Jazeera. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ Nyeko, Oryem (27 November 2018). "Two Years Later, No Answers on Uganda Killings". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Uganda: Ensure Independent Investigation into Kasese Killings". Human Rights Watch. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ Staff Reporter (30 November 2016). "Who is Charles Wesley Mumbere, Ugandan king charged with murder?". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Rwenzururu PM arrested – Red Pepper Uganda". www.redpepper.co.ug. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Ninsiima, Enid (27 December 2016). "Uganda: 167 Rwenzururu Royal Guards Surrender in Kasese". The Monitor (Kampala). Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ a b "RWENZURURU: 87 royal guards return from hiding". The Independent. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
- ^ a b "DPP withdraws charges against Omusinga Mumbere, 200 royal guards". Uganda Radio Network. 13 June 2023 – via Daily Monitor.