Kensington University was an unaccredited distance education institution from 1976 to 2003 that was based at different times in Glendale, California and Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. In 1996, the California Council for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education found the institution having "little or no rigor or credible academic standards are necessary in order to be awarded an advanced degree." Kensington University was ordered shut down by the California authorities in 1996 and was again closed by Hawaiʻi court order in 2003.
| Type | Private, distance education |
|---|---|
| Active | 1976–2003 |
| Founder | Alfred Calabro[1] |
| Location |
The state of Texas criminalized the use of Kensington University degrees and considered the behavior as a misdemeanor under the Texas Penal Code.
History
editThe school was founded in 1976 by Alfred Calabro in Glendale, California, as a "no fat, no bull" correspondence school to meet the needs of working adults.[1] The university was housed in a Glendale office that also contained Calabro's law practice. Kensington awarded bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in a wide range of fields.[2] The Hawaii branch was started in 1996.[3]
As of 1976, Kensington University was an "authorized" independent postsecondary institution in the state of California.[4] After the California Council for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education was created in 1989 to regulate higher education institutions in the state, Kensington was required to obtain Council approval. In 1994, the council's first review of the institution found deficiencies.[1][2] Following a protracted legal battle, Kensington University was ordered shut down by the California authorities in 1996.[2] The California Council for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education said that "little or no rigor or credible academic standards are necessary in order to be awarded an advanced degree at Kensington University."[2] The school was then re-opened by Anthony Calabro in September 1996[5] in Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi,[3] where it was later closed by court order in 2003.[6][7]
Notable alumni
editIn 1996, Kensington University reported having graduated 7,000 students in the previous two decades.[8]
One of the notable people who received degrees from Kensington University is Jennifer Carroll, who served as Florida lieutenant governor and as a member of the Florida House of Representatives. She received an MBA degree from Kensington in 1995, but removed it from her personal biography in 2004 after a CBS News investigation informed her of concerns about the school's legitimacy. The news reports also led Carroll to resign from the National Commission on Presidential Scholars.[7][9] René Drouin, who sat on an advisory committee at the U.S. Department of Education, also was identified by CBS News as a Kensington degree holder.[7] Both Carroll and Drouin told reporters that they had worked hard in their Kensington degree programs and thought the academic programs were legitimate.[7][9]
Martin S. Roden, an engineering professor at California State University at Los Angeles, obtained a doctorate from Kensington in 1982, by which time he already held a full professorship at Cal State.[1][10] In 1996, he said Kensington was "not a fraud, but certainly no one going there would be compared to someone with a UCLA degree."[1] He later told the Chronicle of Higher Education that he had the degree to avoid having to correct students who mistakenly addressed him as "Doctor".[10]
The only Western degree displayed by the late North Korean head-of-state Kim Il Sung in his residence—and later his mausoleum, the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun—was from Kensington University.[11][12]
Mark Whitacre, an American business executive previously served as a local division president at Archer Daniels Midland, claims on his personal website to have received a Juris Doctor, a Master of Business Administration, a PhD in psychology, and a PhD in economics from Kensington University.[13][14]
Texas Penal Law
editAccording to the Texas Penal Code, it is a misdemeanor to use a degree from Kensington University "in a written or oral advertisement or other promotion of a business; or with the intent to: obtain employment; obtain a license or certificate to practice a trade, profession, or occupation; obtain a promotion, a compensation or other benefit, or an increase in compensation or other benefit, in employment or in the practice of a trade, profession, or occupation; obtain admission to an educational program in this state; or gain a position in government with authority over another person, regardless of whether the actor receives compensation for the position."[15] The misdemeanor is punishable by a fine of up to $2,000, up to 180 days in jail, or both.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Chandler, John (April 23, 1996). "Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Chandler, John (January 4, 1996). "State Orders Closure of Area School: Regulators say the private, Glendale-based Kensington University lacks 'credible academic standards'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012.
- ^ a b Chandler, John (June 27, 1996). "University Sidesteps Close Order: Kensington correspondence school transfers Glendale student enrollment to 'paper campus' in Hawaii". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012.
- ^ California Postsecondary Education Commission. "California Colleges and Universities" (PDF). p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
- ^ "BREG Online Services - powered by eHawaii.gov". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
- ^ "Kensington University". State of Hawai’i Office of Consumer Protection. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Top Officials Hold Fake Degrees". CBS News. May 10, 2004. Archived from the original on May 12, 2004.
- ^ Chandler, John (April 6, 1996). "Lawyer Fights to Keep His School Going". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b Majors, Stephen (May 12, 2004). "Lawmaker to check her degree's status". Florida Times-Union.
- ^ a b Bartlett, Thomas; Smallwood, Scott (June 25, 2004). "Psst. Wanna Buy a Ph.D.?". Chronicle of Higher Education.
- ^ Burdick, Eddie (2010). Three Days in the Hermit Kingdom: An American Visits North Korea. McFarland. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0786448982.
- ^ Lindval, Bengt. "Inside the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Now Toronto. January 13, 2016.
- ^ "Mark Whitacre". www.markwhitacre.com. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ Greenwald, John (1995-08-28). "Mark Whitacre: The Spy Who Cried Help". TIME. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ "Institutions Whose Degrees are Illegal to Use in Texas". Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
- ^ "Section 12.22, Texas Penal Code ('Class B Misdemeanor')". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved July 19, 2017.