Khuzestani Arabic is a dialect of South Mesopotamian Arabic (SMA or "Gələt Arabic") spoken by the Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan Province of Iran. While it is a variety of SMA, it has many similarities with Gulf Arabic in neighbouring Kuwait. It has subsequently had a long history of contact with the Persian language, leading to several changes.[2] The main changes are in word order, noun–noun and noun–adjective attribution constructions, definiteness marking, complement clauses, and discourse markers and connectors.[2][3]
| Khuzestani Arabic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Iran |
Native speakers | 2,800,000 (2024 estimate)[1] |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Arabic alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | acm |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | acm-IR |
Khuzestani Arabic is only used in informal situations. It is not taught in school even as an optional course, although Modern Standard Arabic is taught at a basic level for religious purposes.[2] Almost all Khuzestani Arabic speakers are bilingual in Iranian Persian, which is the official language of Iran.[4] Khuzestani Arabic speakers are shifting to Persian; if the existing shift continues into the next generations, according to Bahrani & Gavami in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, the dialect will be nearly extinct shortly.[4]
It is not clear how many speakers of Khuzestani Arabic there are.
The province of Khuzestan has about 4.5 million inhabitants. [...] Although no official numbers exist, it has been estimated that around 2 to 3 million people of the inhabitants of Khuzestan are Arabs (Matras and Shabibi 2007: 137; Gazsi 2011: 1020). Yet it is hard to determine what percentage of this population uses Arabic actively. Estimates in the 1960s of the Arabic-speaking population in Iran ranged from 200,000 to 650,000 (Oberling 1986: 216). Today, the usage and cross-generational transfer of Arabic have lowered in recent decades, especially among the wealthier social classes and in multilingual cities and neighbourhoods. In rural areas and neighborhoods (e.g. Shadegan and Hoveyzeh), where the majority of the residents are Arabs, this tendency is not felt.[5]
Distribution
editKhuzestani Arabic is spoken in Ahvaz, Hoveyzeh, Bostan, Susangerd, Shush, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Shadegan, Hamidiyeh, Karun, and Bawi.[4]
Contact and lexis
editKhuzestani Arabic is in contact with Bakhtiari, Persian, and other varieties of SMA.[4] Although the lexis of the dialect is primarily composed of Arabic words, it also has Persian, English, French and Turkish loanwords.[4] In the northern and eastern cities of Khuzestan, Luri is spoken in addition to Persian, and the Arabic of the Kamari Arabs of this region is "remarkably influenced" by Luri.[4] In cities in Khuzestan such as Abadan, some of the new generations, especially women, often mainly speak Persian.[4] Some Khuzestani Arabic speakers furthermore only converse in Persian at home with their children.[4]
Phonology
editVowels
editConsonants
editEven in the most formal of conventions, pronunciation depends upon a speaker's background.[6] Nevertheless, the number and phonetic character of most of the 28 consonants has a broad degree of regularity among Arabic-speaking regions. Arabic is particularly rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic coronals (/sˤ/, /dˤ/, /tˤ/, and /ðˤ/) cause assimilation of emphasis to adjacent non-emphatic coronal consonants.[citation needed] The phonemes /p/ ⟨پ⟩ and /v/ ⟨ڤ⟩ (not used by all speakers) are only occasionally considered to be part of the phonemic inventory; they exist only in foreign words and they can be pronounced as /b/ ⟨ب⟩ and /f/ ⟨ف⟩, respectively, depending on the speaker.[7][8]
| Labial | Dental | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emphatic1 | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Stop | voiceless | (p) | t | tˤ | k | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | dˤ | g | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | x ~ χ | ħ | h | |
| voiced | (v) | ð | z | ðˤ | ɣ ~ ʁ | ʕ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | ||||||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | |||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | (ɫ) | j | w | ||||||
Phonetic notes:
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Khuzestani Arabic at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ a b c Khuzestani Arabic: a case of convergence
- ^ Shabibi, Maryam (2006). Contact-induced grammatical changes in Khuzestani arabic (PhD thesis). University of Manchester. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.529368.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bahrani, Nawal; Ghavami, Golnaz Modarresi (2021). "Khuzestani Arabic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 51 (2): 1. doi:10.1017/S0025100319000203. S2CID 235915108.
- ^ Leitner, Bettina (2022). Grammar of Khuzestani Arabic: A Spoken Variety of South-West Iran. BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-90-04-51024-1.
- ^ Holes (2004:58)
- ^ Teach Yourself Arabic, by Jack Smart (Author), Frances Altorfer (Author)
- ^ Hans Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (transl. of Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart, 1952)
Sources
edit- Holes, Clive (2004). Modern Arabic : structures, functions, and varieties. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2.