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Kinnaur district

31°35′N 78°25′E / 31.583°N 78.417°E / 31.583; 78.417 Kinnaur district is one of the twelve administrative districts of the state of Himachal Pradesh in northern India.[1] The district is divided into three administrative areas (Kalpa, Nichar (Bhabanagar), and Pooh) and has six tehsils. The administrative headquarters of the district is at Reckong Peo. The revered Kinnaur Kailash mountain, one of the Panch Kailash sites, is situated in Kinnaur. As of 2011, it is the second least populous district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12 districts), after Lahaul and Spiti.[2]

Kinnaur district
District of Himachal Pradesh
Clockwise from top-left: Kamru Fort, Chandika Devi Temple, Reckong Peo, Nako Lake, Kinnaur Kailash, view of Kalpa
Location in Himachal Pradesh
Location in Himachal Pradesh
Country India
State Himachal Pradesh
HeadquartersReckong Peo
TehsilsKalpa, Pooh, Sangla, Moorang, Hangrang, Bhaba Nagar.
Area
 • Total
6,401 km2 (2,471 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
84,121
 • Density13/km2 (34/sq mi)
 • Urban
0.00%
Demographics
 • Literacy88.37%(male), 71.34%(female)
 • Sex ratio819[3]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
Vehicle registrationHP-25, HP-26, HP-27
Major highwaysNational Highway 5 (India)
Websitehpkinnaur.nic.in

Around 235 km (146 mi) from the state capital, Shimla, Kinnaur is located in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh, bordering Tibet to the east. It has three high mountain ranges, namely Zanskar and the Himalayas, that enclose the valleys of Baspa, Satluj, Bhaba and Spiti, as well as their tributaries. The slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and hamlets. At the peak of Kinnaur Kailash mountain is a natural rock Shivling (Shiva lingam). The district was opened to outsiders in 1989. The old Hindustan-Tibet Road passes through the Kinnaur valley along the bank of river Sutlej and finally enters Tibet at Shipki La pass. Kinnaur is the second richest district in terms of per capita income after Solan in Himachal Pradesh.

Kinnaur Kailash range and the town of Kalpa at dawn

History

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Kinnaur was a part of erstwhile Chini Tehsil of Mahasu district. It became a separate district on 1 May, 1960.

Earlier Kinnaur was a north-eastern segment of the erstwhile Bushahr principality, which had its capital at Kamru. Later, the capital was shifted to Rampur Bushahr. After the fall of the Kannauj Empire, the rulers of Kamru annexed adjoining territories by force and laid the foundation of the state of Bushahr. Kinnaur belonged to it till the dissolution of the state after independence of India. In the absence of authentic historical records the early history of the Kinnaur region is obscure and the reference of the Kinnaur or Kannaura and their land is by and large confined to legends and mythological accounts.[4]

Kinnaur also has historical cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of the Tibetan Autonomous Region.[5]

Geography

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Himalayan landscape, Nako Lake and village shown

With a mountainous area, ranging in altitude from 2,320 to 6,816 metres (7,612 to 22,362 ft), Kinnaur is one of the smallest districts in India by population. It is known for the Kinnaur Kailash, a mountain sacred to Hindus, close to the Chinese border.

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
190127,232—    
191128,470+0.45%
192128,191−0.10%
193130,445+0.77%
194133,238+0.88%
195134,475+0.37%
196140,980+1.74%
197149,835+1.98%
198159,547+1.80%
199171,270+1.81%
200178,334+0.95%
201184,121+0.72%
source:[6]

According to the 2011 census, Kinnaur district has a population of 84,121.[7] This gives it a ranking of 620th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 13 inhabitants per square kilometre (34/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 7.61%. Kinnaur has a sex ratio of 819 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 80%. The entire population was rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.53% and 57.95% of the population respectively.[7]

Religions in Kinnaur district (2011)[8]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 76.95%
Buddhism
 
 21.50%
Christianity
 
 0.58%
Islam
 
 0.53%
Other or not stated
 
 0.44%
Distribution of religions

Languages of Kinnaur district (2011)[9]

  Kinnauri (72.05%)
  Hindi (8.03%)
  Nepali (7.03%)
  Pahadi (3.47%)
  Bhojpuri (1.04%)
  Others (8.38%)

Languages

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Kannaura people speak about eight language varieties, seven from Sino-Tibetan language family; Kinnauri, Chitkuli, Sumcho, Jangrami, Poo Kinnauri, Sunam,[10] Nesang and one from an Indo-Aryan language family, called Pahari Kinnauri.[11] Also see [12] At the 2011 census, 72% of the population in the district spoke or knew native languages of Kinnaur, 16.65% Hindi and 7.03% Nepali as their first language.[9] Although, Hindi is fast emerging as the language of choice in most domains, especially the young speakers, due to the demands of modernity which has threatened the native languages.[13]

Climate

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Hindustan-Tibet Highway in Kinnaur
 
Kinner Kailash in 1980

Most of Kinnaur enjoys a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with long winters from October to May, and short summers from June to September. The lower parts of the Sutlej Valley and the Baspa Valley receive monsoon rains. The Baspa valley receives highest rainfall in July month.[14] The upper areas of the valleys fall mainly in the rain-shadow area. These areas are considered to be arid regions, similar to the climate of Tibet and Central Asian countries. A study by the IIT Delhi in 2016 established that Kinnaur district has the cleanest air in the country[15]

Flora and fauna

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Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in the Himalaya, where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as juniper, pine, fir, cypress, and rhododendron can be found at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 metres, primarily in Middle Kinnaur. At lower altitudes, temperate-climate trees are found, including oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia, apple, and apricot.

Yaks and dzos are reared by local farmers in the higher areas. Scattered populations of the Himalayan black bear and small ponies may also be found.

Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary

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Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an expanse of 503 sq.km. of Rupi Bhaba, Kinnaur. In 1982, a 239 sq. km. portion of the Bushahr state forests was declared the Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary.[16]

To the north, it covers main Srikhand Dhar, starting from Kokshane Peak.

To the east, it covers the ridge line from high points 5567 meters, on the main Srikhand mountain range, heading south, diving first Nichar from Murang Tehsil then Kalpa Tehsil till the point on the ridge line of Mukim Dhar up to peak 5496 meters.

To the south, it meanders through Listrang Gad, Khosyan, Angyar Ghat, Wanger Khad, Soling Dhar, Saknatpa PF, Kandarn Khad, Shorang Khad, and Bara Kamba etc.  

To the west, starting from the high point 3038 meters, along the boundaries of Shimla and Kinnaur to Srikhand Dhar via  Gushu Pishu Peak, up to Kokshane Peak.

The flora includes kharsu, oak, weeping fig, alpine, chir pine, Himalayan temperate forest, coniferous and dry broad leaved coniferous. The fauna of Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary includes snow leopard, brown bear, Himalayan tahr, blue sheep, Indian fox, and musk deer.

Politics

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This section is transcluded from 13th Himachal Pradesh Assembly. (edit | history)
No. Constituency Member Party Remarks Reference
68 Kinnaur (ST) Jagat Singh Negi Indian National Congress

Transport

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Air

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No direct flight commute to Kinnaur. The nearest airport is Shimla Airport that is connected with all the major cities.

Rail

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Kinnaur does not have any railway service commuting directly to the place. One can reach Shimla that is connected by a narrow-gauge railway line from Kalka.[17]

Road

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Connected by National Highway 05 Kinnaur can be easily reached via Shimla. Busses run by Himachal Road Transport Corporation ply from Shimla to different parts of Kinnaur.

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "About Kinnaur". hpkinnaur.nic.in.
  2. ^ "Demographics of Kinnaur". hpkinnaur.nic.in.
  3. ^ "Demography of Kinnaur district". hpkimnaur.nic.in.
  4. ^ "Census of Kinnaur" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015.
  5. ^ "Kinnaur-Ngari Corridor: An Argument for The Revival of The Western Himalayan Silk Route - Himachal Watcher". Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  6. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  7. ^ a b "District Census Handbook: Kinnaur" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  8. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Himachal Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  9. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Himachal Pradesh". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  10. ^ NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Sunam (Kinnaur, India) – Language Snapshot.” Language Documentation and Description, 2021.
  11. ^ NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Languages of Kannaura Tribe.” Languages of INDIAN HIMALAYAS, 2021
  12. ^ NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “Linguistic Demography of Himachal Pradesh (Languages of Himachal Pradesh).” Nepalese Linguistics 35, no. 1 (2022): 70–78. doi:10.3126/nl.v35i01.46563.
  13. ^ NEGI, HARVINDER K U M A R. “LANGUAGE USE, PRESTIGE AND VITALITY OF LANGUAGES IN KINNAUR.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 2023.
  14. ^ "Sangla valley". Raacho Trekkers.
  15. ^ "Want to breathe clean air? Travel to Himachal's Kinnaur". Business Standard.
  16. ^ ": : HPFD - Himachal Pradesh Forest Department". hpforest.gov.in. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  17. ^ "How to Reach". Kinnaur.
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