The Kneeling Nun Tuff is a geologic formation exposed in southwest New Mexico. It has a radiometric age of 35.3 million years, corresponding to the latest Eocene epoch.
| Kneeling Nun Tuff | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: late Eocene | |
 Kneeling Nun Tuff at City of Rocks State Park, New Mexico | |
| Type | Geologic formation |
| Unit of | Datil Group |
| Overlies | Sugarlump Tuff Rubio Peak Formation |
| Thickness | 1,000 ft (300 m) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Ignimbrite |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 32°47′02″N 108°03′00″W / 32.784°N 108.050°W |
| Region |  New Mexico |
| Country |  United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Kneeling Nun rock monument (32°47′02″N 108°03′00″W / 32.784°N 108.050°W) |
| Named by | H.K. Jicha, Jr. |
| Year defined | 1954 |
  Kneeling Nun Tuff (the United States)  Kneeling Nun Tuff (New Mexico) | |
The formation consists of over 900 cubic kilometers (220 cu mi) of tuff erupted by the Emory caldera of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field. It has been studied by geologists seeking to understand the processes whereby supereruptions are triggered.
Description
editThe formation consists of reddish brown to pinkish gray tuff containing numerous visible crystals (phenocrysts), up to 3 millimeters (0.12 in) in size, composed of quartz, lesser amounts of sanidine and plagioclase feldspar, and minor biotite. At the type location, the tuff has pronounced columnar jointing and faint horizontal sheeting.[1] The overall composition of the tuff is largely rhyolitic, but with some quartz latite beds.[2]
The formation was erupted from the Emory caldera (33°00′N 107°45′W / 33°N 107.75°W) of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field.[3] It includes an intracaldera facies that is over 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) in thickness and an outflow facies up to 150 meters (490 ft) thick. The outflow sheet extends as far as 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the caldera margins. The Kneeling Nun Tuff overlies the Sugarlump Tuff,[4] whose eruption vents have not been confidently identified,[5] and the Rubio Peak Formation. It is possible that the low-volume Sugarlump Tuff represents early leakage from the same magma chamber as the Kneeling Nun Tuff.[6] The Kneeling Nun Tuff interfingers with the Bell Top Formation, forming the #5 tuff bed within the Bell Top.[7]
The Kneeling Nun Tuff has a radiometric age of 35.299 ± 0.039 million years.[8] Over 900 cubic kilometers (220 cu mi) of tuff was emplaced by the supereruption, which emptied a magma chamber in the upper crust that had formed over a time period of more than a million years. During most of this period, the magma chamber was filled with a crystal mush, consisting of over 50% solid crystals suspended in liquid magma, but during the 50,000 years immediately preceding the eruption, this magma was mobilized by increased recharge of the magma chamber that reduced the crystal fraction to under 50%.[8]
The eruption of the Emory caldera was followed by formation of a resurgent dome as the caldera floor was pushed back upwards by fresh injections of magma. Thick beds of densely welded intracaldera Kneeling Nun Tuff are exposed in the heavy faulted resurgent dome, which forms the core of the Black Range.[9]
History of investigation
editThe unit was first defined by H.L. Jicha, Jr., in 1954 for exposures in the Santa Rita, New Mexico area. These include the Kneeling Nun, a prominent natural rock feature overlooking the town, for which the unit was named.[4] The unit was assigned to the Datil Group by Ratte and coinvestigators in 1991.[10]
References
edit- ^ Jicha, H.L. Jr. (1954). "Geology and mineral deposits of Lake Valley quadrangle, Grant, Luna, and Sierra Counties, New Mexico". New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin. 37. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
- ^ Hernon, R.M.; Jones, W.R.; Moore, S.L. (1964). "Geology of the Santa Rita quadrangle, New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map. 306. doi:10.3133/gq306.
- ^ Chapin, C.E.; McIntosh, W.C.; Chamberlin, R.M. (2004). "The Late Eocene—Oligocene peak of Cenozoic volcanism in southwestern New Mexico". In Mack, G.H.; Giles, K.A. (eds.). The Geology of New Mexico, a Geologic History. Vol. 11. New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication. pp. 271–294. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ^ a b Jicha 1954.
- ^ Kelley, Shari A. (20 May 2021). "Lake Valley". New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. New Mexico Tech. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
- ^ Szymanowski, Dawid; Ellis, Ben S.; Wotzlaw, Jörn-Frederik; Bachmann, Olivier (March 2019). "Maturation and rejuvenation of a silicic magma reservoir: High-resolution chronology of the Kneeling Nun Tuff". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 510: 103–115. Bibcode:2019E&PSL.510..103S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.007. hdl:20.500.11850/322342.
- ^ Rentz, Shannon P.; Michelfelder, Gary S.; Coble, Matthew A.; Salings, Emily (2018). "U-Pb zircon geochronology of calc-alkaline ash flow tuff units in the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, southern New Mexico". In Poland, Michael P.; Garcia, Michael O.; Camp, Victor E.; Grunder, Anita (eds.). Field Volcanology: A Tribute to the Distinguished Career of Don Swanson. Geological Society of America. pp. 409–434. doi:10.1130/SPE538. ISBN 9780813725383.
- ^ a b Szymanowski et al. 2019.
- ^ Wilcock, J.; Longpré, M.A.; De Moor, J.M.; Ross, J.; Zimmerer, M. (2010). "Calderas Bottom-to-Top: An Online Seminar and Field Trip". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 91 (1): 1–2. Bibcode:2010EOSTr..91....1W. doi:10.1029/2010EO010002.
- ^ Ratte, J.C.; McIntosh, W.C.; Houser, B.B. (1991). "Geologic map of the Horse Mountain West quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map. GQ-1685. Retrieved 20 August 2021.