The Laterculus Veronensis or Verona List is a list of Roman provinces and barbarian peoples from the time of the emperors Diocletian and Constantine I, most likely from AD 314.
The list is transmitted only in a 7th-century manuscript preserved in the Chapter Library of Verona.[1] The most recent critical edition is that of Timothy Barnes (1982).[2] Earlier editions include those by Theodor Mommsen (1862),[3] Otto Seeck in his edition of the Notitia dignitatum (1876),[4] and Alexander Riese in his Geographi Latini minores (1878).[5]
Description
editThe document comprises a list of the names of all the provinces of the empire (c. 100 in total), organised according to the twelve newly created regional groupings called dioceses. Although the dioceses are presented in a single list, they are not ordered in a single geographical sequence but rather in two separate eastern and western groups, the eastern group (Oriens, Pontica, Asiana, Thraciae, Moesiae, Pannoniae) preceding the western (Britanniae, Galliae, Viennensis, Italiae, Hispaniae, Africa). The split is apparent from the discontinuity midway in the list between the dioceses of Pannoniae and Britanniae. The eastern half of the list circles the Mediterranean neatly anticlockwise from south to north or, in continental terms, from Africa, through Asia, to Europe. The arrangement of the western half is less tidy, though it is approximately anticlockwise from north to south, or from Europe to Africa.
The barbarian peoples listed may in some instance have lived outside of the provincial structure of the empire, but they are all clearly regarded as living within the empire. Even in the cases of those barbarians clearly living within provinces, however, the Laterculus suggests that a meaningful distinction was drawn between "civilized" and "uncivilized" areas.[6][7]
Date
editTheodor Mommsen had dated the provincial situation in the list to 297, but later research changed the estimate to 314–324 for the Eastern Half and 303–314 for the Western Half of the Roman empire. The most recent work by Timothy Barnes and Constantin Zuckerman concludes that the entire document belongs to a single moment, c. 314, the eastern and western parts corresponding to the respective spheres of responsibility of the emperors Licinius and Constantine during the period between Licinius' defeat of Maximinus Daza in 313 and his own defeat in his first civil war with Constantine in 316–317.
Text
editThe text on the left is the original Latin, divided into lines beginning with capital letters. The original text uses the interpunct (·) to separate entries and is mostly unicase.[8] The text on the right is an English translation.[9]
Latin original
- Incipit eiusdem nomina prouinciarum omnium.
- Diocensis Orientis habet prouincias numero XVIII
- Libia superior
- Libia inferior
- Thebais
- Aegyptus iouia
- Aegyptus herculea
- Arabia
- item Arabia
- Augusta libanensis
- Palestina
- Fenicen
- Syria ecohele
- Augusta eupatenses
- Cilicia
- Isauria
- Tupus
- Mesopotamia
- Osroaena
- Diocensis Pontica habet prouincias numero VII
- Bitinia
- Cappadocia
- Galatia
- Pamplagonia, nunc in duas diuisa
- Diospontus
- Pontus polemiacus
- Armenia minor, nunc et maior addita
- Diocensis Asiana habet prouincias numero VIIII
- Phanfilia
- Frigia prima
- Frigia secunda
- Assa
- Lidia
- Caria
- Insuluae
- Fisidae
- Ellespontus
- Diocensis Tracoae habet prouincias numero VI
- Europa
- Rodope
- Tracia
- Emossanus
- Scitia
- Misia inferior
- Diocensis Misiarum habet prouincias numero XI
- Dacias
- Misia superior margensis
- Dardania
- Macedonia
- Tessalia
- Priantina
- Priualentina
- Epiros noua
- Epiros uetus
- Creta
- Diocensis Pannoniarum habet prouincias numero VII
- Pannonia inferior
- Fauensis
- Dalmatia
- Ualeria
- Pannonia superior
- Noricus pariensis
- Noricus mediterranea
- Diocensis Brittaniarum habet prouincias numero VI
- Primam
- Secundam
- Maxime caesariensis
- Aelauiae caesariensis
- Diocensis Galliarum habet prouincias numero VIII
- Betica prima
- Betica secunda
- Germania prima
- Germania secunda
- Sequania
- Lubdunensis prima
- Lubdunensis secunda
- Alpes graiae et poeninae
- Diocensis Biennensis habet prouincias numero VII
- Biennensis
- Narbonensis prima
- Narbonensis secunda
- Nouem populi
- Aquitanica prima
- Aquitanica secunda
- Alpes maritimas
- Diocensis Italiciana habet prouincias numero XVI
- Beteiam histriam
- Flaminiam picenum
- Tusciam umbrenam
- Apuliam calabriam
- Licaoniam
- Corsicam
- Alpes cotias
- Retica
- Diocensis Hispaniarum habet prouincias numero VI
- Beticam
- Lusitaniam
- Kartaginiensis
- Gallecia
- Tharraconensis
- Mauritania tingitania
- Diocensis Africae habet prouincias numero VII
- Proconsularis
- Bizacina
- Zeugitana
- Numidia cirtensis
- Numidia miliciana
- Mauritania caesariensis
- Mauritania tabia insidiana
- Felix saeculum.
- Gentes barbarae, quae pullulauerunt sub imperatoribus
- Scoti
- Picti
- Calidoni
- Rugi
- Heruli
- Saxones
- Camari
- Crinsiani
- Amsiuari
- Angri angriuari
- Fleui
- Bructeri
- Cati
- Burgunziones
- Alamanni
- Sueui
- Franci
- Gallouari
- Iotungi
- Armilausini
- Marcomanni
- Quadi
- Taifruli
- Hermundubi
- Uandali
- Sarmatae
- Sciri
- Carpi
- Scitae
- Gothi
- Indii
- Armeni
- Horro [ ]
- Palmoerni
- Mosoritae
- Marmeritae
- Theui
- Isaur [ ]
- Friges
- Persae
- Item gentes, quae in Mauretaniae sunt
- Mauri gensani
- Mauri mazazeses
- Mauri baueres
- Mauri bacautes
- Celtitibari
- Turini
- Ausitani
- Calpitani
- Cantabri
- Enantes
- Nomina ciuitatum, trans Renum fluuium quae sunt
- Usiphorum [Usipiorum]
- Tuuanium [Tubantum]
- Nictrensium
- Nouarii
- Casuariorum [Chasuariorum]
- Istae omnes ciuitates trans Renum in formulam Belgicae primae redactae. Trans castellum Montiacesenam LXXX leugas trans Renum Romani possederunt. Istae ciuitates sub Gallieno imperatore a barbaris occupatae sunt. Leuga una habet mille quingentos passus. Explicit.
English translation
- Here begins the names of all the provinces.
- The diocese of the East has 18 provinces [only 17 listed]:
- The diocese of Pontus has 7 provinces:
- Bithynia
- Cappadocia
- Galatia
- Paphlagonia, now [after 384] divided in two
- Diospontus
- Pontus Polemoniacus
- Armenia Minor, now [after 381] greatly expanded
- The diocese of Asia has 9 provinces:
- The diocese of Thrace has 6 provinces:
- The diocese of the Moesias has 11 provinces:
- The diocese of the Pannonias has 7 provinces:
- The diocese of the Britains has 6 provinces [only 4 listed]:
- The diocese of the Gauls has 8 provinces:
- The diocese of Viennensis has 7 provinces:
- The Italian diocese has 16 provinces [only 8 listed]:[10]
- The diocese of the Spains has 6 provinces:
- The diocese of Africa has 7 provinces:
- A happy age.
- Barbarian peoples who grew under the dominion of the emperors:[12]
- Scoti
- Picti
- Caledonii
- Rugii
- Heruli
- Saxones
- Chamavi
- ?Frisiavi
- Amsivarii
- Angrivarii
- ?[13]
- Bructeri
- Chatti
- Burgundiones
- Alamanni
- Suebi
- Franci
- Chattuarii
- Iuthungi
- Armilausini
- Marcomanni
- Quadi
- Taifali
- Hermunduri
- Vandali
- Sarmatae
- Sciri
- Carpi
- Scythae
- Gothi
- ?Venedi[14]
- Armenii
- Osrhoeni
- Palmyreni
- ?[15]
- Marmeridae
- ?Nabataeans[16]
- Isauri
- Phryges
- Persae
- The peoples that are in Mauretania:[17]
- The names of cities that are across the river Rhine:
- All these cities across the Rhine were received into the rule of Belgica Prima. Across from the fortress of Mogontiacum, the Romans possessed 80 leagues beyond the Rhine. Under the Emperor Gallienus, these cities were occupied by barbarians. One league has one thousand five hundred paces [i.e., 1.5 Roman miles]. Explicit.
Notes
edit- ^ Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare, MS II (2), at fol. 255 recto, line 14-fol. 256 recto, line 19; E. A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores 4 (Oxford, 1947), p. 21, No 477
- ^ Barnes 1982, pp. 201–208.
- ^ Mommsen 1862.
- ^ Seeck 1876, pp. 247–253.
- ^ Riese 1878, pp. 127–129.
- ^ Arce 2018, p. 377.
- ^ Shaw 1986, p. 82.
- ^ The text is drawn from Seeck 1876, pp. 247–253, with punctuation removed and the spelling of provincial names corrected to better reflect the idiosyncrasies and errors of the original manuscript based on Barnes 1982, pp. 202–203.
- ^ The provincial names are from Barnes 1982, pp. 205–208; except where noted, those of the barbarian peoples and cities from Seeck 1876, pp. 251–253, relying on Karl Müllenhoff.
- ^ The discrepancy between the promised 16 and the listed 8 is the largest in the existing copy of the Laterculus. Barnes 1982, p. 219, lists a further four Italian provinces that were probably in existence at the time of the document but are not listed: Aemilia et Liguria, Campania, Sicilia and Sardinia.
- ^ Barnes 1982, p. 208, suggests Mauretania Tubusuctitana as a possible alternative name of the province.
- ^ The translation of this line is from Arce 2018, p. 377.
- ^ Müllenhoff suggested a people named for the river Flevum (Latin Fleuus fluuius).
- ^ It is unlikely that Indii refers to Indians. It was corrected to Vinidi by Müllenhoff, while Hartmann 2008, p. 34, suggests Iudaei (Jews).
- ^ The name is corrupted. Müllenhoff suggested it should read Bosoritae; Riese suggested Bostritae. See Kroll 1933 and Hartmann 2008, p. 34.
- ^ According to Hartmann 2008, p. 34, Riese suggested reading Theui as a corruption of Nabathei.
- ^ The translation of this line is from Shaw 1986, p. 82.
- ^ Kerneis 1999, p. 360, emends it to Nicirenses and takes it to mean "people of the Neckar".
- ^ This emendation is suggested by Kerneis 1999, p. 360.
References
edit- Arce, Javier (2018). "Goths and Romans in Visigothic Hispania". Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities. De Gruyter. pp. 371–378.
- Barnes, Timothy David (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-61126-9.
- Barnes, Timothy David (1996). "Emperors, panegyrics, prefects, provinces and palaces (284-317)". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 9: 532–552, at 548–550. doi:10.1017/S1047759400017037.
- Clinton Walker Keyes (1916). "The Date of the Laterculus Veronensis". Classical Philology. 11 (2): 196–201. doi:10.1086/358806. JSTOR 262505. S2CID 162363934.\
- Hanslik, R. (1979). "Laterculus Veronensis". Der kleine Pauly (in German). Vol. 3. pp. 506. ISBN 978-3-423-05963-3.
- Hartmann, Udo (2008). "Die literarischen Quellen". In Klaus-Peter Johne (ed.). Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr. (235–284). Akademie Verlag. pp. 19–44.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1954). "The Date and Value of the Verona List". The Journal of Roman Studies. 44 (1–2). Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 21–29. doi:10.2307/297552. JSTOR 297552.
- Kerneis, Soazick (1999). "La Bretagne rhénane Note sur les établissements bretons dans les Champs Décumates". Latomus. 58 (Fasc. 2): 357–390. JSTOR 41538748.
- Klein, R. (1999). "Laterculus Veronensis". Lexikon des Mittelalters. Vol. 5. pp. 1745–1746. ISBN 978-3-476-01688-1.
- Kroll, Wilhelm: Mosoritae.(in German) In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. XVI,1, Stuttgart 1933, col. 376.
- Mommsen, Theodor (1862). "Verzeichniss der roemischen Provinzen aufgesetzt um 297". Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften (phil.-hist. Klasse): 489–518.
- Riese, Alexander (1878). Geographi Latini minores. Heilbronn: Henningfer Brudern. ISBN 1-103-03357-3.
- Seeck, Otto (1876). Notitia dignitatum: accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi prouinciarum. Berlin: Weidmann. OCLC 419258554.
- Shaw, Brent D. (1986). "Autonomy and Tribute: Mountain and Plain in Mauretania Tingitana". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (41–42): 66–89.
- Zuckerman, Constantin (2002). "Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l'empire et la date de création des diocèces". In Déroche, Vincent; Feissel, Denis; Morrisson, Cécile; et al. (eds.). Mélanges Gilbert Dagron = Travaux et Mémoires 14 (in French). pp. 617–637. ISBN 978-2-9519198-0-8.