Wikipedia

List of American conservatives

American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States characterized by respect for American traditions, republicanism, support for Judeo-Christian values,[1] moral absolutism,[2] free markets and free trade,[3][4] anti-communism,[4][5] individualism,[4] advocacy of American exceptionalism,[6] and a defense of Western culture from the threats, whether real or perceived, posed by anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, authoritarianism, and moral relativism.[7] The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement's history.[8][9]

The following list is made up of prominent American conservatives from the public and private sectors. The list also includes political parties, organizations and media outlets which have made a notable impact on conservatism in the United States. Entries on the list must have achieved notability after 1932, the beginning of the Fifth Party System. Before 1932, terminology was different. Positions that are called conservative after 1932, were typically called "liberal" (i.e. classical liberal) before then. Likewise European liberals, such as Friedrich Hayek, were called conservatives when they came to America, which puzzled Hayek.[10]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

People

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Intellectuals, writers, and activists

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William F. Buckley Jr., conservative writer
 
Bill Kristol, conservative writer
 
Phyllis Schlafly speaking at CPAC 2011
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
George Santayana 1863–1952 philosopher and author [11]
Garet Garrett 1878–1954 financial journalist [12]
Frank Knight 1885–1972 economist [13][14]
Walter Lippmann 1889–1974 reporter and public intellectual [15]
Ernst Kantorowicz 1895–1963 historian [16]
Clarence Manion 1896–1979 direct-mailer [17]
Leo Strauss 1899–1973 political philosopher [18]
Whittaker Chambers 1901–1961 author of Witness [19][20]
Will Herberg 1901–1977 sociologist [21]
Eric Hoffer 1902–1983 philosopher [22]
James Burnham 1905–1987 political philosopher and co-founder and editor of National Review [23]
Hannah Arendt 1906–1975 historian and philosopher [24][25][26]
Willard Van Orman Quine 1908–2000 philosopher and logician [27][28]
Willmoore Kendall 1909–1967 political philosopher [29]
Frank Meyer 1909–1972 editor of the Books, Arts and Manners section of National Review [30]
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1909–1999 journalist and political philosopher [31]
Richard M. Weaver 1910–1963 author of Ideas Have Consequences [32][33]
George J. Stigler 1911–1991 economist [34]
Milton Friedman 1912–2006 economist [35]
Robert Nisbet 1913–1996 sociologist [36]
Daniel J. Boorstin 1914–2004 historian [37]
Russell Kirk 1918–1994 author of The Conservative Mind [32][38]
Thomas Molnar 1921–2010 political philosopher and historian [39]
William A. Rusher 1923–2011 publisher of National Review [40]
Stanley Jaki 1924–2009 philosopher of science and historian [41]
Phyllis Schlafly 1924–2016 activist [42]
John Lukacs 1924–2019 historian [43]
William F. Buckley Jr. 1925–2008 author, television host, and founder of National Review [44][45]
L. Brent Bozell Jr. 1926–1997 speechwriter for Senator Joseph McCarthy [45]
Tim LaHaye 1926–2016 author and political activist [46]
Forrest McDonald 1927–2016 historian [47]
Beverly LaHaye 1929–2024 activist and founder of Concerned Women for America [48][49][50][51]
Irving Kristol 1920–2009 Neoconservative author and writer
Eugene Genovese 1930–2012 historian [52]
Thomas Sowell 1930– author, columnist, professor, and economist at the Hoover Institution [53]
James Q. Wilson 1931–2012 social scientist [54]
Christopher Lasch 1932–1994 historian and social critic [55]
Harvey Mansfield 1932– political philosopher [56]
Richard Viguerie 1933– media pioneer [57][58]
Mel Bradford 1934–1993 literary critic and legal scholar [59]
Richard John Neuhaus 1936–2009 founder of First Things [60]
John Kekes 1936– philosopher [61]
Walter E. Williams 1938–2020 author, columnist, and economics professor [62][63][64]
Arthur Laffer 1940– economist [65]
George Will 1941– columnist for the Washington Post [66][67]
Edwin Feulner 1941– founder of The Heritage Foundation [68]
Paul Gottfried 1941– political philosopher and historian [69]
Paul Weyrich 1942–2008 president of The Heritage Foundation [70]
Claes G. Ryn 1943– political philosopher [71]
Scott Soames 1945– philosopher [72]
Joseph Sobran 1946–2010 writer for National Review [73]
Charles Krauthammer 1950–2018 public intellectual [74]
Peggy Noonan 1950– columnist for The Wall Street Journal [53]
Larry Schweikart 1951– historian [75]
Bill Kristol 1952– former editor of The Weekly Standard [76]
Carol Swain 1954– Former political science professor at Vanderbilt University
Terry Teachout 1956–2022 drama critic, biographer, and playwright [77]
Grover Norquist 1956– president of Americans for Tax Reform [76]
Mark Bauerlein 1959– literary critic and senior editor of First Things [78]
Dinesh D'Souza 1961– author and filmmaker [79][80]
Leigh-Allyn Baker 1972– actress and pro-life activist [81]
Charlie Kirk 1993– Founder and President of Turning Point USA, author and political commentator [82]

Politicians, office holders, and jurists

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Donald Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
 
Mike Pence speaks at a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, August 2016.
 
Sarah Palin speaking at the CPAC
 
Vice President Dick Cheney (right) with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (left) and President George W. Bush (center)
 
Senator Barry Goldwater (right) meeting with President Ronald Reagan (left) in the oval office in 1984
 
Congresswoman Liz Cheney in 2016
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg 1884–1951 Known for his opposition to the New Deal [83]
Senator Robert A. Taft 1889–1953 First chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee [84]
Senator John W. Bricker 1893–1986 Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 presidential election [85]
Senator Everett Dirksen 1896–1969 Republican senator who helped get the Civil Rights Act passed [86]
Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce 1903–1987 Politician, writer, and ambassador [87]
Senator Joseph McCarthy 1908–1957 Known for his principal role in the Red Scare of the 1950s [88][89]
Senator Barry Goldwater 1909–1998 1964 Republican presidential nominee [32]
President Ronald Reagan 1911–2004 40th President of the United States [90][91]
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger 1923–2023 Secretary of State during the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford administrations [92]
Chief Justice William Rehnquist 1924–2005 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court [93]
Congressman James Edmund Jeffries 1925 - 1997 Member, United States House of Representatives from Kansas (1979 - 1983)
UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick 1926–2006 Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan [94]
Attorney General Edwin Meese 1931– Attorney General during the Reagan Administration [95]
Congressman Jack Kemp 1935–2009 1996 Republican vice presidential nominee known for his support of supply-side economics and urban renewal [96]
Congressman Larry McDonald 1935–1983 Served as president of the John Birch Society [97]
Congressman Ron Paul 1935– Presidential candidate (1988 Libertarian Party nominee, 2008 Republican candidate, 2012 Republican candidate) who promoted a libertarian agenda within the Republican Party [76]
Justice Antonin Scalia 1936–2016 Supreme Court justice known as a leading exponent of originalism and textualism [98]
White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan 1938– White House communications director under President Ronald Reagan, paleoconservative advisor to multiple presidents; prominent commentator and co-founder of The American Conservative; Republican presidential candidate in 1992 and 1996; Reform Party nominee for president in 2000 [99][100][101]
House Majority Leader Dick Armey 1940– One of the chief authors of the Contract with America [102]
Vice President Dick Cheney 1941– Known for his hawkish views on national security [103]
Senator Mitch McConnell 1942– Senate Minority Leader [104]
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich 1943– Chief author of the Contract with America, 2012 presidential candidate known for his criticism of the Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama administrations [103]
President Donald Trump 1946– 45th President of the United States [105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
President George W. Bush 1946– 43rd President of the United States [112][103]
Senator Mitt Romney 1947– Senator from Utah since 2019, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, 2008 Republican presidential candidate, Governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007), [103]
UN Ambassador John R. Bolton 1948– National Security Advisor, U.N. ambassador, and foreign policy hawk [113]
Justice Clarence Thomas 1948– Supreme Court Justice, most prominent African-American conservative jurist in American history [76]
Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove 1950– Political strategist to George W. Bush [114]
Senator Jim DeMint 1951– Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator, president of the Heritage Foundation [115]
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice 1954– Secretary of State during the George W. Bush administration [116]
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann 1956– Sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president [117]
Vice President Mike Pence 1959– Vice President under Donald Trump, governor of Indiana, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana [118][103]
Senator Rand Paul 1963– U.S. Senator from Kentucky, libertarian-leaning conservative, 2016 GOP presidential candidate and son of Ron Paul [119]
Governor Sarah Palin 1964– Governor of Alaska, 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee|
Senator Tim Scott 1965– Senator from South Carolina, only African-American Republican senator [120]
Attorney General Kris Kobach 1966– Secretary of State and Attorney General of Kansas [121][122][123]
Senator Ted Cruz 1970– Tea Party-affiliated U.S. senator who finished second in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries [124][125]
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan 1970– Speaker of the House, 2012 Republican vice-presidential nominee [126][103]
Senator Marco Rubio 1971– U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 GOP presidential candidate [127][53][125]

Business and religious leaders involved in conservative politics

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Billy Graham, evangelical minister
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Roger Milliken 1915–2010 businessman [128]
Joseph Coors 1917–2003 businessman [129]
Billy Graham 1918–2018 evangelist known for his support of capitalism [130]
Sun Myung Moon 1920–2012 founder of the Unification Church [131]
Richard DeVos 1926–2018 co-founder of Amway [132]
Rupert Murdoch 1931– CEO of News Corp and 21st Century Fox [133]
Richard Mellon Scaife 1932–2014 billionaire donor to conservative organizations [134]
Sheldon Adelson 1933–2021 billionaire donor to conservative political candidates [135]
Jerry Falwell 1933–2007 televangelist [136][137]
Charles G. Koch 1935– billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates [132][138]
Foster Friess 1940–2021 billionaire donor to conservative organizations [139]
David H. Koch 1940–2019 billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates [132][138]
Richard Land 1946– former lobbyist for the Southern Baptist Convention [140]
Robert Mercer 1946– donor to conservative organizations such as Breitbart News [141]
Franklin Graham 1952– evangelist and political activist [142]
Tony Perkins 1963– chairman of the Family Research Council [53]
Peter Thiel 1967– venture capitalist and political activist [143]
Russell Moore 1971– president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention [144]

Media personalities: publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers

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Michael Medved, conservative radio show host
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Raymond Moley 1886–1975 columnist [145]
David Lawrence 1888–1973 author of Beyond the New Deal [146]
Clarence Manion 1896–1979 talk radio host [147]
Henry Luce 1898–1967 founder of Time [148]
Fulton Lewis 1903–1966 radio host [149]
Henry Regnery 1912–1996 activist [150]
Paul Harvey 1918–2009 radio commentator [151]
Bob Grant 1929–2013 talk show host [152]
William Safire 1929–2009 commentator for The New York Times [67][153]
Roger Ailes 1940–2017 president of Fox News [103]
Michael Savage 1942– talk radio host [76]
Herman Cain 1945–2020 radio host, syndicated columnist, and candidate in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries [154]
Lou Dobbs 1945–2024 television newscaster [155]
Michael Medved 1948– talk radio host [156]
Dennis Prager 1948– talk radio host [157][158]
Bill O'Reilly 1949– television and radio host [159][53]
Rush Limbaugh 1951–2021 talk radio host [103]
Larry Elder 1952– filmmaker [160]
Charlie Sykes 1954– talk-show host [161]
Hugh Hewitt 1956– talk radio host [157][162]
Sean Hannity 1961– host of Hannity and The Sean Hannity Show [163]
Ann Coulter 1961– political commentator [164][165]
Laura Ingraham 1963– Fox News and talk radio commentator [66][166]
Adam Carolla 1964– co-host of Loveline and host of The Adam Carolla Show [167]
Matt Drudge 1966– creator, and editor of the Drudge Report [168][169]
Andrew Breitbart 1969–2012 blogger, author, journalist, and creator of Breitbart News [32][170]
Tucker Carlson 1969– talk show host [104][171]
Michelle Malkin 1970– newspaper columnist, author, and blogger [172]
Ben Shapiro 1984– commentator and media host [173]
Matt Walsh 1986- political commentator and author
Blaire White 1993- political commentator and youtuber [174]
Jackson Hinkle 1999- Social media influencer, political commentator [175]
Brett Cooper 2001- political commentator and actress [176]

Painters, printmakers and sculptors

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Conservative in politics and social matters, Hopper asserted for example that artists' lives should be written by people very close to them. However, he accepted things as they were and displayed a lack of idealism.
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Edward Hopper 1882–1967 Renowned American Realist painter and printmaker known for his oil-on-canvas paintings including Nighthawks [177]
Wheeler Williams 1887–1972 American sculptor
Minerva Teichert 1888–1976 20th-century artist who painted Western and Mormon subjects
Henriette Wyeth 1907–1997 American artist noted for her portraits and still life paintings [178]
Andrew Wyeth 1917–2009 American regionalist painter and one of the best-known U.S. artists of the middle 20th century [179]
Patricia Hill Burnett 1920–2014 Portrait artist and women's rights activist [180]
Brigid Berlin 1939–2020 American artist and Warhol superstar [181]

Composers, musicians and record producers

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Punk rock pioneer Johnny Ramone was into conservative politics as early as age 11. This was evident when he rooted for Richard Nixon in the 1960 United States presidential election[182]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Charles Ives 1874-1954 Influential modernist composer [183]
Emma Lucy Gates Bowen 1882-1951 American operatic soprano singer [184]
William Grant Still 1895-1978 American composer of nearly two hundred works, including five symphonies, four ballets, nine operas, over thirty choral works, art songs, chamber music, and solo works [185]
Duke Ellington 1899-1974 American jazz pianist and composer [186]
Hoagy Carmichael 1899-1981 One of the most successful Tin Pan Alley songwriters of the 1930s [187]
Lionel Hampton 1908-2002 Jazz musician and bandleader [188]
Sun Ra 1914-1993 Avant-garde jazz composer and bandleader [189]
Frank Sinatra 1915-1998 One of the most popular entertainers of the mid-20th century [190][191]
Milton Babbitt 1916-2011 Pioneering composer of electronic music and music theorist [192]
Dean Martin 1917-1995 One of the most popular entertainers of the mid-20th century [191]
Liberace 1919-1987 Pianist, singer and performer known for his flamboyant stage persona [193]
Hank Williams 1923-1953 Influential singer-songwriter of country music [194]
Marty Robbins 1925-1982 Early outlaw country pioneer [195]
Andy Williams 1927-2012 Traditional pop singer [196]
Tom Wilson 1931-1978 American record producer [197]
Tiny Tim 1932-1996 Outsider artist and musical archivist [198]
Loretta Lynn 1932-2022 Country music singer and songwriter [199]
James Brown 1933-2006 Central progenitor of funk music often referred as the Godfather of Soul [200][201]
Frankie Valli 1934 - Known as the frontman of The Four Seasons [202]
Pat Boone 1934 - American pop singer [203]
Elvis Presley 1935-1977 American singer and cultural figure known as the King of Rock and Roll [204]
Sonny Bono 1935-1998 One half of the pop duo Sonny & Cher [205]
Jerry Lee Lewis 1935-2022 Piano-based singer-songwriter and pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music [206]
Charlie Daniels 1936-2020 Southern rock pioneer and country rock musician [207]
Jerry Reed 1937-2008 Country music composer and an early influence on the swamp rock genre[208] [209]
Dick Dale 1937-2019 Influential guitarist and surf music pioneer [210]
Charles Wuorinen 1938-2020 Academic teacher and composer of contemporary classical music [211]
Kenny Rogers 1938-2020 Country music singer and songwriter [212]
Phil Everly 1939-2014 One half of the country rock duo The Everly Brothers [213]
Dion DiMucci 1939 - Prominent rock and roll musician [214]
Bruce Johnston 1942 - Member of The Beach Boys [215]
Roger McGuinn 1942 - Leader and only consistent member of the folk and psychedelic rock band The Byrds [216]
Lee Greenwood 1942 - American patriotic music singer [217]
Tommy Hall 1943 - Electric jug player and founding member of the psychedelic rock band 13th Floor Elevators
Richie Furay 1944 - Vocalist, guitarist and writer of folk rock band Buffalo Springfield [218]
Moe Tucker 1944 - Drummer and singer-songwriter for the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground [219][220]
Iggy Pop 1947 - Vocalist and lyricist of proto-punk propagators The Stooges and often called the Godfather of Punk [221][220]
Rick Derringer 1947 - Hard rock musician, producer, and songwriter [222]
Meat Loaf 1947-2022 Rock opera singer [223][224]
Alice Cooper 1948- Shock rock singer [225][226]
Billy Zoom 1948 - Guitarist for the punk rock band X [227]
Mark Farner 1948 - Original singer and guitarist of the hard rock band Grand Funk Railroad [228]
Johnny Ramone 1948-2004 Founding member and guitarist of the influential punk rock band Ramones [204][229]
Ted Nugent 1948 - American guitarist and rock musician [204]
Hank Williams Jr. 1949 - Country rock musician [225]
Eric Carmen 1949-2024 Lead vocalist of the power pop band Raspberries [230]
Gene Simmons 1949 - Bassist and founding member of hard rock band Kiss [231][225]
Rickey Medlocke 1950 - Frontman/guitarist for the southern rock band Blackfoot and member of Lynyrd Skynyrd [232]
Jonathan Cain 1950 - Keyboardist and rhythm guitarist for Journey [233]
Lee Ving 1950 - Frontman of the LA-based hardcore punk band Fear [234]
Joey Kramer 1950 - Drummer of Aerosmith [235]
Joe Perry 1950 - Founding member and lead guitarist of Aerosmith [236]
Ace Frehley 1951 - Lead guitarist and founding member of hard rock band Kiss [237]
Joe Lynn Turner 1951 - Known for his work in hard rock bands Rainbow and Deep Purple [238]
Dee Dee Ramone 1951-2002 Founding member and bassist of the influential punk rock band Ramones [239]
Frank Zappa 1940-1993 Composer, musician, founding member of the avant-garde band The Mothers Of Invention
Billy Sheehan 1953 - Bassist in glam metal band Mr. Big and hard rock supergroup The Winery Dogs
Don Dokken 1953 - Lead singer and founder of glam metal band Dokken [241]
Ross the Boss 1954 - Founding member of proto-punk band The Dictators and heavy metal band Manowar [242]
Martin O'Donnell 1955 - Video game composer [243]
Glenn Danzig 1955 - Founder of horror punk innovators The Misfits and frontman of heavy metal band Danzig [244][245]
Exene Cervenka 1956 - Singer and songwriter for the punk rock band X [246]
Bobby Steele 1956 - Guitarist for horror punk innovators The Misfits and frontman for The Undead [247]
Leonard Graves Phillips 1957 - Frontman of the comedic punk rock band The Dickies [234][248]
Prince 1958-2016 American singer, songwriter and record producer [249][182]
John Kezdy 1959-2023 Lead singer of the Chicago hardcore band The Effigies [250]
Cherie Currie 1959 - Lead vocalist of the all-female band The Runaways [251]
Johnny Van Zant 1960 - Current lead vocalist of southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd [252]
Jack Russell 1960-2024 Lead vocalist of the glam metal band Great White [253]
Tom Araya 1961 - Vocalist and bassist of thrash metal band Slayer [226]
Duane Peters 1961 Leading member of street punk band U.S. Bombs
Dave Mustaine 1961 - Frontman and primary songwriter of Megadeth [225][226]
Peter Steele 1962-2010 Founding member of crossover trash band Carnivore and lead singer, bassist and main composer of gothic metal band Type O Negative [254][255]
Trace Adkins 1962 - American country musician [256]
John Joseph 1962 - Lead singer and lyricist of the hardcore punk band Cro-Mags [257][258]
James Kottak 1962-2024 Drummer in the hard rock band Scorpions [259]
Joe Escalante 1963 - Bassist and songwriter of the comedic punk rock band The Vandals [260]
Michael Sweet 1963 - Frontman of Christian metal band Stryper [261]
Dave Smalley 1963 - Lead singer of hardcore punk bands DYS and Dag Nasty [262][234]
Jeff Hanneman 1964-2013 Guitarist and founding member of thrash metal band Slayer [263][264]
Vinnie Paul 1964-2018 Drummer of groove metal bands Pantera and Damageplan [265]
Steve Souza 1964 - Lead vocalist for the thrash metal band Exodus [266]
Roger Miret 1964 - Lead singer of the hardcore punk band Agnostic Front [267][258]
Eazy-E 1964-1995 American West Coast gangsta rapper [268][269]
Dimebag Darrell 1966-2004 Guitarist of groove metal bands Pantera and Damageplan [270]
Billy Corgan 1967 - Frontman and primary songwriter of The Smashing Pumpkins [271]
John Petrucci 1967 - Guitarist of progressive metal band Dream Theater [272]
Terry Butler 1967 - Bassist for the death metal band Obituary [273]
Sully Erna 1968 - Vocalist and rhythm guitarist of alternative metal band Godsmack [226][260]
Cowboy Troy 1970 - Country rap artist [274]
Kid Rock 1971 - American singer and rapper [225][275]
Sara Evans 1971 - American country music singer and songwriter [276]
Aaron Lewis 1972 - Frontman of alternative metal band Staind [277]
John Dolmayan 1972 - Drummer of System of a Down [278]
Jesse Hughes 1972 - Frontman of the rock band Eagles of Death Metal [279]
Gretchen Wilson 1973 - American country singer and songwriter [280]
Pete Parada 1973 - Drummer of several punk rock and metal bands
John Rich 1974 - American country singer [281]
Philip Labonte 1975 - Lead singer of metalcore band All That Remains [282]
Ariel Pink 1978 - Lo-fi musician and hypnagogic pop originator [283]
Kaya Jones 1984 - Canadian-American pop singer [284]
Azealia Banks 1991 - Rapper and hip hop artist [285][286]
Lil Pump 2000 - Soundcloud rap artist [287][288]

Filmmakers, screenwriters, and producers

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Director Cecil B. DeMille, on who actor Edward G. Robinson wrote, "No more conservative or patriarchal figure existed in Hollywood, no one more opposed to communism or any permutation or combination thereof."[289]
 
Producer Hal Roach was a member of the arch-conservative American Liberty League[290]
 
Director Mel Gibson
 
Producer Steve Mnuchin
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Frank Craven 1875–1945 Writer for films including Sons of the Desert and Our Town [291]
Lionel Barrymore 1878–1954 Director of films including Madame X (1929), The Unholy Night, and The Rogue Song
Cecil B. DeMille 1881–1959 Director of films including The Greatest Show on Earth and The Ten Commandments (1956) [289]
Donald Crisp 1882–1974 Director of films including The Navigator and Don Q, Son of Zorro [292]
Louis B. Mayer 1882 or 1884 or 1885–1957 Co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producer of films including Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ and Greed (1924) [293]
Sam Wood 1883–1949 Director of films including A Night at the Opera and Kings Row
Raoul Walsh 1887–1949 Director of films including The Big Trail, The Roaring Twenties and White Heat [294]
Victor Fleming 1888–1949 Director of films including The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind [295]
Maxwell Anderson 1888–1959 Writer of films including All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), The Wrong Man, and Ben-Hur (1959) [296]
Carey Wilson 1889–1962 Writer of films including Ben-Hur (1925) and Mutiny on the Bounty and producer of films including The Postman Always Rings Twice and Green Dolphin Street [297]
Clarence Brown 1890–1987 Director of films including Anna Karenina and The Human Comedy [298]
Hal Roach 1892–1992 Producer of films including the Laurel and Hardy franchise [290]
Merian C. Cooper 1893–1973 Director and producer of films including King Kong (1933) and This Is Cinerama
John Ford 1894–1973 Director of films including The Searchers and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
King Vidor 1894–1982 Director of films including Northwest Passage and Duel in the Sun [299]
Morrie Ryskind 1895–1985 Writer of films including A Night at the Opera and My Man Godfrey [300]
Howard Hawks 1896–1977 Director of films including Scarface (1932), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World, and Rio Bravo
Frank Capra 1897–1991 Director of films including It's a Wonderful Life and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Preston Sturges 1898–1959 Director and writer of films including Sullivan's Travels and The Lady Eve [301]
Leo McCarey 1898–1969 Director of films including Duck Soup (1933) and An Affair to Remember
Hal B. Wallis 1898–1987 Producer of films including Casablanca, The Adventures of Robin Hood and True Grit
Irving Thalberg 1899–1936 Producer of films including Grand Hotel and A Night at the Opera [302]
Borden Chase 1900–1971 Writer of films including Red River (1948 film) and Winchester '73 [303]
Mark Sandrich 1900–1945 Director and producer of films including Top Hat, Shall We Dance and So Proudly We Hail! [304]
Walt Disney 1901–1966 Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, also animator and film producer, helping to create films which included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Dumbo, Bambi, and Pinocchio (1940)
David O. Selznick 1902–1965 Producer and executive producer of films including Gone with the Wind and Rebecca (1940)
Dick Powell 1904–1963 Director of films including Split Second and The Enemy Below
David Butler 1904–1979 Director of films including Road to Morocco and Tea for Two [305]
Howard Hughes 1905–1976 Producer of films including Scarface (1932) and The Outlaw
Joseph L. Mankiewicz 1909–1993 Director and writer of films including A Letter to Three Wives and All About Eve [306]
Jerry Lewis 1926–2017 Director and writer of films including The Nutty Professor and The Day the Clown Cried [307][308]
Stanley Kubrick 1928–1999 Director of films including Dr. Strangelove, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and The Shining [309]
William Peter Blatty 1928–2017 Writer of films including The Exorcist, as well as the director and writer of The Ninth Configuration and The Exorcist III [310][311]
Roger MacBride 1929–1995 Producer of Little House on the Prairie
Clint Eastwood 1930– Director of films including High Plains Drifter, Unforgiven, Mystic River, Letters from Iwo Jima, Gran Torino, American Sniper, and Richard Jewell
Gerald R. Molen 1935– Producer and executive producer of films including Days of Thunder, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, Casper, and Twister [312]
Dennis Hopper 1936–2010 Director and writer of Easy Rider and The Last Movie [313]
Paul Morrissey 1938– Director and writer of films including Women in Revolt, Flesh for Frankenstein, and Blood for Dracula
Lionel Chetwynd 1940– Director and writer of The Hanoi Hilton [312]
Michael Crichton 1942–2008 Writer of films like Jurassic park and books like State of fear [314][315]
Jerry Bruckheimer 1943– Producer of film series including Beverly Hills Cop, Pirates of the Caribbean, and National Treasure
Roger L. Simon 1943– Screenwriter of films including The Big Fix and Enemies, A Love Story [312]
John Milius 1944– Writer of Dirty Harry and Apocalypse Now, directed films including Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Red Dawn
Ivan Reitman 1946–2022 Director of films including Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Kindergarten Cop, and Dave [316]
Sylvester Stallone 1946– Writer of films including Rocky, Rambo, and Cobra and director of films including Rocky IV and The Expendables [317]
James Woods 1947– Producer of Cop and Another Day in Paradise; executive producer of Northfork and Oppenheimer
David Zucker 1947– Director and writer of Airplane! and The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! [313]
David Mamet 1947– Director and writer of Heist (2001), as well as the writer of films including The Untouchables, Glengarry Glen Ross, Wag the Dog, and Hannibal (2001) [318]
Arnold Schwarzenegger 1947– Producer of films including Maggie and Aftermath; executive producer of Last Action Hero [319]
John Swartzwelder 1949– Writer and producer for The Simpsons [320]
John Hughes 1950–2009 Director and writer of films including Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Planes, Trains and Automobiles [321][322]
Bob Gale 1951– Writer and producer of films including the Back to the Future series
Whit Stillman 1952– Director of Metropolitan, Barcelona, and The Last Days of Disco [323]
Roseanne Barr 1952– Executive producer of Roseanne [324]
Robert Davi 1953– Director of The Dukes and My Son Hunter
Gary Sinise 1955– Director and producer of Of Mice and Men
Morgan Mason 1955– Executive producer of Sex, Lies, and Videotape
Joel Surnow 1955– Writer and producer of television shows including 24 and The Equalizer [325]
Zeph E. Daniel 1955?– Writer of films including Society, Bride of Re-Animator, Silent Night, Deadly Night 4: Initiation, and Girl Next [326]
Mel Gibson 1956– Director of films including Braveheart, The Passion of the Christ, and Apocalypto
Cyrus Nowrasteh 1956– Director of films including The Stoning of Soraya M. and Infidel [327]
Douglas Urbanski 1957– Producer of Darkest Hour and Mank; executive producer of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Hitman's Bodyguard, and Slow Horses [328]
Daniel Knauf 1958 or 1961– Writer and executive producer of television shows including Carnivàle, Spartacus: Blood and Sand, and The Blacklist
Sam Raimi 1959– Director of films including The Evil Dead and the Spider-Man trilogy
Vincent Gallo 1962– Director and writer of Buffalo '66 and The Brown Bunny [329]
Steven Mnuchin 1962– Producer and executive producer of films including The Lego Movie, Edge of Tomorrow, American Sniper, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, The Conjuring 2, and Wonder Woman
Pat Dollard 1964– Producer of films including Auto Focus and Julie Walking Home [327]
Michael J. Nelson 1964– Writer for Mystery Science Theater 3000
Doug TenNapel 1966– Creator, director, and producer of Earthworm Jim and Catscratch [330]
Adam Sandler 1966– Writer of films including Billy Madison and Happy Gilmore; executive producer of films including Hotel Transylvania [331]
Scott Cawthon 1978– Writer of Five Nights at Freddy's [332]
Dallas Sonnier 1980– Producer of films including Bone Tomahawk, Brawl in Cell Block 99, Dragged Across Concrete, and What Is a Woman?

Novelists, poets, and short story writers

edit
 
Jack Kerouac was a lifelong Republican, being quoted as saying: "My father and my mother and my sister and I have always voted Republican, always."[333]
 
Crime fiction writer James Ellroy's works frequently touch on topics such as political corruption
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Edith Wharton 1862 – 1937 Pulitzer Prize author of The Age of Innocence, The House of Mirth, and Ethan Frome [334]
Laura Ingalls Wilder 1867 – 1957 Author of Little House on the Prairie [335]
Grace Miller White 1868 – 1957 Author of Judy of Rogue's Harbor and Tess of the Storm Country [336]
Booth Tarkington 1869 – 1946 Pulitzer Prize author of The Magnificent Ambersons and Alice Adams [337]
Albert Jay Nock 1870 – 1945 Author of Our Enemy, the State [338]
Willa Cather 1873 – 1947 Author of O Pioneers! and My Ántonia [339]
Gertrude Stein 1874 – 1946 Author of The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas [340]
Robert Frost 1874 – 1963 Author of A Boy's Will and North of Boston [341]
Edgar Rice Burroughs 1875 – 1950 Creator of Tarzan and John Carter [342]
Wallace Stevens 1879 – 1955 Pulitzer Prize author of Harmonium and poems including "The Idea of Order at Key West" and "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" [343]
Kathleen Norris 1880 – 1966 Author of My Best Girl and Passion Flower [344]
Clarence Budington Kelland 1881 – 1964 Author of Speak Easily and Scattergood Baines
John Gould Fletcher 1886 – 1950 Pulitzer Prize poet of Irradiations: Sand and Spray
Robinson Jeffers 1887 – 1962 Author of "Shine, Perishing Republic" and The Double Axe and Other Poems [345]
Marianne Moore 1887 – 1972 Author of O to Be a Dragon [346]
John Crowe Ransom 1888 – 1974 Author of The New Criticism and editor of The Kenyon Review [347]
Katherine Anne Porter 1890 – 1980 Pulitzer Prize author of Ship of Fools and The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter
Claude McKay 1890 – 1948 Author of Songs of Jamaica and Harlem Shadows [348]
H. P. Lovecraft 1890 – 1937 Author of "The Call of Cthulhu", At the Mountains of Madness, and The Shadow over Innsmouth [349]
Zora Neale Hurston 1891 – 1960 Author of Their Eyes Were Watching God [350]
Donald Davidson 1893 – 1968 Author of I'll Take My Stand and Singin' Billy
E. E. Cummings 1894 – 1962 Author of Tulips and Chimneys and 1 × 1 [351]
Robert Hillyer 1895 – 1961 Pulitzer Prize author of The Collected Verse of Robert Hillyer [352]
Caroline Gordon 1895 – 1981 Author of None Shall Look Back and The Strange Children [353]
Louis Bromfield 1896 – 1956 Pulitzer Prize author of Early Autumn
John Dos Passos 1896 – 1970 Author of the U.S.A. trilogy [354]
William Faulkner 1897 – 1962 Nobel Laureate author of The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absalom, Absalom!
E. Hoffmann Price 1898 – 1988 Author of The Devil Wives of Li Fong
Vladimir Nabokov 1899 – 1977 Author of Lolita and Pale Fire [355]
Allen Tate 1899 – 1979 Poet Laureate and author of "Ode to the Confederate Dead"
Margaret Mitchell 1900– 1949 Pulitzer Prize author of Gone with the Wind
Taylor Caldwell 1900 – 1985 Author of Dynasty of Death and Captains and the Kings [356]
Andrew Nelson Lytle 1902 – 1995 Author of The Velvet Horn [357]
James Gould Cozzens 1903 – 1978 Pulitzer Prize author of Guard of Honor and By Love Possessed [358]
Isaac Bashevis Singer 1904 – 1991 Nobel Laureate author of Satan in Goray, The Magician of Lublin, and Shadows on the Hudson [359]
H. Beam Piper 1904 – 1964 Author of Space Viking [360]
Joseph Campbell 1904 – 1987 Author of The Hero with a Thousand Faces [361]
John O'Hara 1905 – 1970 Author of Appointment in Samarra and BUtterfield 8 [362]
Robert E. Howard 1906 – 1936 Creator of Conan the Barbarian and Solomon Kane [363]
John Dickson Carr 1906 – 1977 Author of The Hollow Man and The Burning Court
Robert A. Heinlein 1907 – 1988 Author of Starship Troopers, Stranger in a Strange Land, and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress [364][365]
Louis L’Amour 1908 – 1988 Author of Shalako and The Walking Drum and Last of the Breed [366]
Wallace Stegner 1909 – 1993 Pulitzer Prize author of Angle of Repose and The Spectator Bird [367]
John W. Campbell 1910 – 1971 Editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact and author of Who Goes There? [368]
Robert Lewis Taylor 1912 – 1998 Pulitzer Prize author of The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters [369]
Cordwainer Smith 1913 – 1966 Author of Norstrilia and The Rediscovery of Man [370]
William S. Burroughs 1914 – 1997 Author of Junkie and Naked Lunch [371]
R. A. Lafferty 1914 – 2002 Author of Paster Master and Fourth Mansions [372]
Saul Bellow 1915 – 2005 Nobel Laureate author of Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr. Sammler's Planet, Humboldt's Gift, and Ravelstein [373][374]
Herman Wouk 1915 – 2019 Pulitzer Prize author of The Caine Mutiny and The Winds of War [375]
Jack Vance 1916 – 2013 Author of Dying Earth and Emphyrio [376]
Louis Auchincloss 1917 – 2010 Author of The Cat and the King and Her Infinite Variety [377]
Edwin O'Connor 1918 – 1968 Pulitzer Prize author of The Last Hurrah and The Edge of Sadness [378]
Allen Drury 1918 – 1998 Pulitzer Prize author of Advise and Consent [379]
Mickey Spillane 1918 – 2006 Author of I, the Jury [380]
Ray Bradbury 1920 – 2012 Author of Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, and The Illustrated Man [381]
Frank Herbert 1920 – 1986 Creator of the Dune universe [382][383]
James Clavell 1921 – 1994 Author of King Rat and Shōgun
Jack Kerouac 1922 – 1969 Author of On the Road and The Dharma Bums [384][385]
Anthony Hecht 1923 – 2004 Pulitzer Prize poet of A Summoning of Stones and The Hard Hours [386]
Norman Mailer 1923 – 2007 Author of The Naked and the Dead and The Executioner's Song [387][388]
Richard Hooker 1924 – 1997 Author of MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors [389]
Poul Anderson 1926 – 2001 Author of The Broken Sword and There Will Be Time [390]
Guy Davenport 1927 – 2005 Author of Da Vinci's Bicycle and The Logia of Yeshua [391]
Philip K. Dick 1928 – 1982 Author of The Man in the High Castle, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik [392][393]
Ira Levin 1929 – 2007 Author of Deathtrap, Rosemary's Baby, and The Boys from Brazil
Tom Wolfe 1930 – 2018 Author of The Bonfire of the Vanities and I Am Charlotte Simmons
Charles McCarry 1930 – 2019 Author of The Miernik Dossier and The Tears of Autumn [394]
Gene Wolfe 1931 – 2019 Author of The Book of the New Sun [395]
Clive Cussler 1931 – 2020 Author of the Dirk Pitt series [396]
John Gardner 1933 – 1982 Author of Grendel and The Sunlight Dialogues [397]
Jerry Pournelle 1933 – 2017 Author of The Mote in God's Eye and The Prince [398]
Cormac McCarthy 1933 – 2023 Author of Blood Meridian, No Country for Old Men, and The Road [399]
Larry Niven 1938 – Author of The Mote in God's Eye and Lucifer's Hammer
Tito Perdue 1938 – Author of Lee [400]
Robin Cook 1940 – Author of Coma, Sphinx, and Brain
Nelson DeMille 1943 – Author of Plum Island, The Charm School, and The Gold Coast [401]
Dean Koontz 1945 – Author of Odd Thomas [402]
Edward Cline 1946 – Author of Sparrowhawk
Tom Clancy 1947 – 2013 Author of The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, and Without Remorse
Mark Helprin 1947 – Author of Winter's Tale, A Soldier of the Great War, and Freddy and Fredericka
Robert Jordan 1947 – 2007 Creator of the Wheel of Time series [403]
Robert Ferrigno 1947 – Author of Prayers for the Assassin [404]
Terry Goodkind 1948 – 2020 Author of The Sword of Truth and The Law of Nines [405]
James Ellroy 1948 – Author of The Black Dahlia and L.A. Confidential [406]
Dan Simmons 1948 – Author of Song of Kali and the Hyperion Cantos series [407][408]
Orson Scott Card 1951 – Author of Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead [409]
Thomas Mallon 1951 – Former deputy chairman for the National Endowment for the Humanities; author of Henry and Clara and Dewey Defeats Truman [410]
Brad Linaweaver 1952 – 2019 Author of Moon of Ice and Sliders [411]
Andrew Klavan 1954 – Author of Empire of Lies
Tom Kratman 1956 – Author of A Desert Called Peace and Watch on the Rhine [412]
Lionel Shriver 1957 – Author of We Need to Talk About Kevin [413]
Mark M. Goldblatt 1957 – Author of Africa Speaks and Twerp [414]
Robert Girardi 1961 – Author of Madeleine's Ghost and Gorgeous East
John C. Wright 1961 – Author of The Golden Oecumene [415]
David Foster Wallace 1962 – 2008 Author of Infinite Jest and The Pale King [416][417]
Sarah A. Hoyt 1962 – Author of Darkship Thieves and Uncharted [418]
John Ringo 1963 – Author of the Empire of Man series
Tony Daniel 1963 – Author of Metaplanetary [419]
Nicholas Sparks 1965 – Author of The Notebook and A Walk to Remember
Joel C. Rosenberg 1967 – Author of The Ezekiel Option
Michael Z. Williamson 1967 – Author of Freehold and Forged in Blood [citation needed]
Brad Thor 1969 – Author of The Lions of Lucerne and The Last Patriot
Larry Correia 1977 – Author of Son of the Black Sword and Monster Hunter International [420]

Comic book writers and artists

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Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Chuck Dixon 1954- Writer for series and stories including Batman, Batman: Knightfall, and The Punisher (1987)
Bill Willingham 1956- Writer and artist for series including Elementals and Fables [421]
Ethan Van Sciver 1974- Artist for series including The Flash: Rebirth, Green Lantern: Rebirth, and Sinestro Corps War

Organizations

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Think tanks

edit
 
Hoover Tower at Stanford University, location of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Acton Institute 1990– promotes "individual liberty ... sustained by religious principles" [422]
American Enterprise Institute 1938– promotes limited government [422]
Cato Institute 1974– promotes classical liberalism [422]
Claremont Institute 1979– promotes limited government [422]
Competitive Enterprise Institute 1984– promotes limited government [422]
Discovery Institute 1990– promotes teaching religious viewpoints in science classes [422]
The Heartland Institute 1984– promotes climate change denial [423][424]
The Heritage Foundation 1973– promotes "[c]onservative social values" [422]
Hoover Institution 1919– promotes "a free and peaceful society" [422]
Hudson Institute 1961– promotes conservatism [425]
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research 1977– promotes privatization and limited government [423][426]
Mercatus Center 1980– promotes conservatism [423]
Mises Institute 1982– promotes Austrian school economics and anarcho-capitalism [423]
Reason Foundation 1978– promotes classical liberalism [423]

Foundations

edit
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Bradley Foundation founded in 1942 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [427][428]
John Templeton Foundation founded in 1987 [427]
Koch family foundations founded in 1953 gives millions of dollars to a variety of organizations [427][429]
Lovett and Ruth Peters Foundation founded in 1994 [430]
Mercer Family Foundation gives millions of dollars to conservative organizations [431]
Olin Foundation defunct in 2005 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [432][428]
Pacific Legal Foundation Founded in 1973 Public interest law firm that defends Americans’ liberties when threatened by government overreach and abuse. [433]
Prager University Foundation (PragerU) 2009 publishes weekly conservative videos which have garnered over 2 billion total views [434]
Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation founded in 1970 gives millions of dollars to conservative organizations [132]
Scaife Foundations founded in 2014 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [435][428]
Searle Freedom Trust founded in 1998 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [428][435]
Smith Richardson Foundation founded in 1935 financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks [427][428]

Political, social and economic organizations

edit
 
Headquarters of Focus on the Family in Colorado Springs, Colorado
 
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building in Washington, D.C.
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Alliance Defending Freedom 1994– Christian legal organization [436][437]
American Conservative Union 1964– organization "with the aim of coordinating and guiding American conservatism" [438]
American Family Association 1977– lobbying organization [439]
American Legislative Exchange Council 1973– organization that helps state legislators write bills [440][441]
Americans for Prosperity 2004– Tea Party movement organization [442]
Club for Growth 1999– political action committee [443]
Concerned Women for America 1978– conservative women's organization formed by Beverly LaHaye [444][445]
Council for National Policy 1981– elite organization that meets three times a year [446]
Faith and Freedom Coalition 2009– Republican fundraising organization [447]
Family Research Council 1983- conservative Christian organization [448]
Federalist Society 1982– legal organization [449]
Focus on the Family 1977– Christian organization [132]
FreedomWorks 2004– grassroots organization [450]
Independent Women's Forum 1992– conservative women's organization [451]
John Birch Society 1958– far-right organization [452]
Judicial Watch 1994– educational foundation [453]
State Policy Network 1992– organization of state-based groups [454][455]
Turning Point Action 2019 political advocacy group [456][457]
Turning Point USA 2012– grassroots organization based on College, High School and Church Campuses [458][459]
US Chamber of Commerce 1912– pro-business lobbying organization [460]
Young Americans for Freedom 1960– organization formed by William F. Buckley Jr. [100]

Media

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Main article: Alternative media (U.S. political right)
 
The studios of Fox News in 2009
 
The newsroom of The Washington Times
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
The American Conservative 2002– Paleoconservative magazine founded by Patrick J. Buchanan [461]
The American Spectator 1967– publication known for its investigations of Bill Clinton during his presidency [462]
Blaze Media 2018– news outlet from 2018 merger of Glenn Beck's TheBlaze and Mark Levin's CRTV [463]
Breitbart News 2007– website formerly headed by Steve Bannon [464][465][466][467][468]
Chronicles monthly magazine that promotes "Western civilization" [461]
CNSNews 1998– website founded by L. Brent Bozell III [469]
Commentary 1945– neoconservative monthly magazine edited by John Podhoretz [470]
The Daily Caller 2010– website founded by Tucker Carlson [471]
The Daily Wire 2015– website and media company founded by Ben Shapiro and Jeremy Boreing
The Detroit News 1873– one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan [472]
Drudge Report 1995– website founded by Matt Drudge [473][168][474]
Fox News 1996– cable outlet [475]
Free Republic 1997– website that promotes "front-line conservative activism" [476][477]
FrontPage website edited by David Horowitz [478]
Human Events 1944– weekly news magazine [461]
National Review 1955– magazine founded by William F. Buckley [470]
New Hampshire Union Leader 1863– daily newspaper of Manchester, New Hampshire [479]
New York Post 1801– daily newspaper owned by News Corp [461]
Newsmax Media 1998– media firm headed by Christopher Ruddy [480]
One America News Network 2013– cable channel [481]
Reader's Digest 1922– magazine founded by George and Lila Acheson Wallace [482]
RedState 2004– website owned by Salem Media [483]
Regnery Publishing 1947– publishing house [484]
Sinclair Broadcast Group 1971– telecommunications company founded by Julian Sinclair Smith [485]
Townhall.com 1995– website that hosts conservative commentary [486]
The Bulwark 2018– founded by Charlie Sykes and Bill Kristol
The Epoch Times 2000- newspaper and news website
The Wall Street Journal 1889– daily newspaper owned by Rupert Murdoch [461]
The Washington Free Beacon 2012– news website [487]
The Washington Times 1982– daily newspaper that covers politics [461]
The Weekly Standard 1995–2018 weekly magazine that covered politics [461]
WorldNetDaily 1997– news website [488][489]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Smith, Don (2003). If It Ain't Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives. United States. p. 59. ISBN 9780595275342. Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Judeo-Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Farmer, Brian (2005). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
  3. ^ Baldwin, Robert (2000). Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
  4. ^ a b c Lipsman, Ron (2007). Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. p. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...
  5. ^ Critchlow, Donald (2009). Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
  6. ^ Langdale, John (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
  7. ^ Pilbeam, Bruce (2003). Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.
  8. ^ Merle Black, "The transformation of the southern Democratic Party." Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1001–1017.
  9. ^ Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283. doi:10.2307/2152013. JSTOR 2152013.
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  489. ^ Kathleen Odell Korgen; Jonathan M. White (1 August 2008). The Engaged Sociologist: Connecting the Classroom to the Community. Pine Forge Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4129-6900-0. Kevin C. Pyle; Scott Cunningham (7 January 2014). Bad for You: Exposing the War on Fun!. Henry Holt and Company (BYR). pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-8050-9289-9. Daryl Johnson (2012). Right Wing Resurgence: How a Domestic Terrorist Threat is Being Ignored. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4422-1896-3.
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