Electric power transmission through interconnectors using high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) involves usually two converter stations and a transmission line. Generally overhead lines are used, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.
Legend
editConverter technology:
- Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by René Thury
- Merc = Mercury-arc valve rectifier and inverter
- Thyr = Thyristor rectifier and inverter
- IGBT = Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Line status:
Existing
Under construction
Planned
Decommissioned
Africa
edit| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cahora Bassa | Mozambique - Songo 15°36′41″S 32°44′59″E / 15.61139°S 32.74972°E |
South Africa - Apollo 25°55′11″S 28°16′34″E / 25.91972°S 28.27611°E |
1420 (0/1420) |
533 | 1920 | 1979 | Thyr | First HVDC with Project up to 500kV Siemens and ABB refurb 2013-2014 |
[1][2][3] |
| Inga-Shaba | Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kolwezi 10°39′27″S 25°27′08″E / 10.65750°S 25.45222°E |
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Inga 05°31′27″S 13°36′39″E / 5.52417°S 13.61083°E |
1700 (0/1700) |
500 | 560 | 1982 | Thyr | Upgraded in 2014 Supplier: ABB, General Electric |
[1][4][5][6] |
| Caprivi Link | Namibia - Gerus 20°18′53″S 16°27′9″E / 20.31472°S 16.45250°E |
Namibia - Zambezi 17°30′6″S 24°13′20″E / 17.50167°S 24.22222°E |
950 (0/950) |
350 | 300 | 2010 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [1][7] |
| Ethiopia–Kenya HVDC Interconnector | Ethiopia - Wolayta 6°54′27″N 37°43′19″E / 6.90750°N 37.72194°E |
Kenya - Suswa 1°03′44″S 36°21′35″E / 1.06222°S 36.35972°E |
1045 (0/1045) |
500 | 2000 | On going (2022) | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | |
| Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project | Morocco - Guelmim-Oued Noun region | UK - Alverdiscott, Devon | 3800 | 3600 | Proposed (2022) | Supplier: Xlinks | [8] |
Australia and Oceania
edit| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVDC Inter-Island 1 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
270 | 600 | 1965 | Merc | Built as 250 kV 600 MW link Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992. Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| HVDC Inter-Island 2 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
350 | 700 | 1992 | Thyr | Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1) Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Terranora interconnector (Directlink) | Australia - Mullumbimby 28°34′15″S 153°27′8″E / 28.57083°S 153.45222°E |
Australia - Bungalora 28°15′20″S 153°28′20″E / 28.25556°S 153.47222°E |
59 (59/0) |
80 | 180 | 2000 | IGBT | Land cable Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Murraylink | Australia - Red Cliffs 34°17′31″S 142°14′19″E / 34.29194°S 142.23861°E |
Australia - Berri 34°14′17″S 140°36′01″E / 34.23806°S 140.60028°E |
176 (176/0) |
150 | 200 | 2002 | IGBT | Underground XLPE cable Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Basslink | Australia - Loy Yang 38°15′45″S 146°36′29″E / 38.26250°S 146.60806°E |
Australia - George Town 41°6′53″S 146°53′31″E / 41.11472°S 146.89194°E |
370 (298/72) | 400 | 500 | 2006 | Thyr | One of the longest HVDC cable in operation Supplier: Siemens |
[1][10][11] |
| HVDC Inter-Island 3 | New Zealand - Benmore 44°33′55″S 170°11′24″E / 44.56528°S 170.19000°E |
New Zealand - Haywards 41°9′1″S 174°58′52″E / 41.15028°S 174.98111°E |
611 (40/571) |
350 | 735 | 2013 | Thyr | Positive pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 2 Supplier: Siemens |
[12] |
| Australia–ASEAN Power Link | Australia - Darwin | Singapore | 4200 undersea 800 overland |
2027 | aka Sun Cable | ||||
| Marinus link | Australia - Burnie | Australia - Latrobe Valley | Approximately 340 (90/250) | 750 + 750 | late 2020s | [13] |
Asia
edit| Name | Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hokkaido - Honshu | Japan - Hakodate 41°55′55″N 140°39′47″E / 41.93194°N 140.66306°E |
Japan - Kamikita 40°48′06″N 141°11′52″E / 40.80167°N 141.19778°E |
193 (44/149) |
250 | 300 | 1979 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Hitachi, Toshiba | [1] |
| Zhou Shan | China - Ningbo 29°55′25″N 121°46′51″E / 29.92361°N 121.78083°E |
China - Gao Tongge 30°02′13″N 122°04′03″E / 30.03694°N 122.06750°E |
54 (12/42) |
100 | 50 | 1982 | Thyr | [1] | |
| Gezhouba - Shanghai | China - Gezhouba Dam 30°43′44″N 111°14′39″E / 30.72889°N 111.24417°E |
China - Nan Qiao 30°57′22″N 121°24′48″E / 30.95611°N 121.41333°E |
1046 (0/1046) |
500 | 1200 | 1989 | Thyr | Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its track
HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric |
[14] |
| Sileru-Barsoor | India - Sileru 17°52′01″N 81°39′21″E / 17.86694°N 81.65583°E |
India - Barsoor 19°8′20″N 81°23′47″E / 19.13889°N 81.39639°E |
196 (0/196) |
200 | 100 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: BHEL | [1] |
| Ekibastuz–Tambov | Kazakhstan - Ekibastuz 51°48′57″N 75°18′58″E / 51.81583°N 75.31611°E |
Russia - Tambov 52°46′25″N 41°19′17″E / 52.77361°N 41.32139°E |
2414 (0/2414) |
750 | 6000 | - | Thyr | Construction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed | |
| Rihand-Delhi | India - Rihand 24°01′13″N 82°47′21″E / 24.02028°N 82.78917°E |
India - Dadri 28°35′36″N 77°36′16″E / 28.59333°N 77.60444°E |
814 (0/814) |
500 | 1500 | 1990 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, BHEL | [15] |
| Haenam-Cheju | South Korea - Haenam 34°22′03″N 126°35′34″E / 34.36750°N 126.59278°E |
South Korea - Jeju 33°32′06″N 126°35′44″E / 33.53500°N 126.59556°E |
101 (101/0) |
180 | 300 | 1996 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | [1] |
| Leyte - Luzon | Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte 11°5′19″N 124°38′21″E / 11.08861°N 124.63917°E |
Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur 13°36′40″N 123°14′19″E / 13.61111°N 123.23861°E |
451 (21/430) |
350 | 440 | 1998 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Marubeni
HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric |
[1] |
| Chandrapur-Padghe | India - Chandrapur 20°0′36″N 79°17′06″E / 20.01000°N 79.28500°E |
India - Padghe 19°21′26″N 73°11′18″E / 19.35722°N 73.18833°E |
752 (0/752) |
500 | 1500 | 1999 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [16] |
| Kii Channel | Japan - Anan 33°49′40″N 134°38′14″E / 33.82778°N 134.63722°E |
Japan - Kihoku 34°12′50″N 135°30′07″E / 34.21389°N 135.50194°E |
100 (50/50) |
250 | 1400 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: Hitachi, Toshiba, Mitsubishi | [1] |
| Tian-Guang | China - Tianshengqiao 24°54′56″N 105°05′47″E / 24.91556°N 105.09639°E |
China - Beijiao 23°18′58″N 113°15′05″E / 23.31611°N 113.25139°E |
960 (0/960) |
500 | 1800 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens
HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric |
[1] |
| Thailand-Malaysia | Thailand - Khlong Ngae 6°42′56″N 100°27′8″E / 6.71556°N 100.45222°E |
Malaysia - Gurun 5°48′45″N 100°32′6″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E |
110 (0/110) |
300 | 300 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Shengsi | China - Shengsi 30°42′06″N 122°26′22″E / 30.70167°N 122.43944°E |
China - Anabasis Sizu 30°51′56″N 121°50′25″E / 30.86556°N 121.84028°E |
66.2 (63.21/2.99) |
50 | 60 | 2002 | Thyr | [17] | |
| Talcher-Kolar | India - Talcher, Odisha 21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E |
India - Kolar, Karnataka 13°10′39″N 78°7′0″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E |
1450 (0/1450) |
500 | 2500 | 2003 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Three Gorges - Changzhou | China - Longquan 30°47′6″N 111°31′48″E / 30.78500°N 111.53000°E |
China - Zhengping 31°36′42″N 119°59′27″E / 31.61167°N 119.99083°E |
890 (0/890) |
500 | 3000 | 2003 | Thyr | From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai |
[1][18][19] |
| Guizhou - Guangdong I | China - Anshun, Guizhou 26°16′23″N 105°48′21″E / 26.27306°N 105.80583°E |
China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong 22°54′57″N 112°29′11″E / 22.91583°N 112.48639°E |
980 (0/980) |
500 | 3000 | 2004 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Three Gorges - Guangdong | China - Jingzhou 30°27′26″N 112°08′18″E / 30.45722°N 112.13833°E |
China - Huizhou 23°16′15″N 114°12′5″E / 23.27083°N 114.20139°E |
940 (0/940) |
500 | 3000 | 2004 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][20] |
| Three Gorges - Shanghai | China - Yidu 30°31′45″N 111°22′35″E / 30.52917°N 111.37639°E |
China - Shanghai 31°14′13″N 121°11′13″E / 31.23694°N 121.18694°E |
1060 (0/1060) |
500 | 3000 | 2006 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][21] |
| Guizhou - Guangdong II | China - Xingren 25°27′56″N 105°15′14″E / 25.46556°N 105.25389°E |
China - Shenzhen 22°45′1″N 113°59′28″E / 22.75028°N 113.99111°E |
1200 (0/1200) |
500 | 3000 | 2007 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong | [1] |
| Ballia - Bhiwadi | India - Ballia 26°04′16″N 83°42′48″E / 26.07111°N 83.71333°E |
India - Bhiwadi 28°11′0″N 76°48′58″E / 28.18333°N 76.81611°E |
800 (0/800) |
500 | 2500 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Baoji - Deyang | China - Baoji 34°34′47″N 107°19′49″E / 34.57972°N 107.33028°E |
China - Denyang 31°19′22″N 104°34′51″E / 31.32278°N 104.58083°E |
574 (0/574) |
500 | 3000 | 2010 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Hulunbeir - Liaoning | China - Hulunbeir 48°31′04″N 119°43′30″E / 48.51778°N 119.72500°E |
China - Shenyang 41°07′25″N 122°46′44″E / 41.12361°N 122.77889°E |
920 (0/920) |
500 | 3000 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][22] |
| Xiangjiaba-Shanghai | China - Fulong 28°32′47″N 104°25′04″E / 28.54639°N 104.41778°E |
China - Fengxia 30°55′32″N 121°46′16″E / 30.92556°N 121.77111°E |
1980 (0/1980) |
800 | 6400 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1][23] |
| Yunnan - Guangdong | China - Yunnan province 25°11′24″N 102°11′30″E / 25.19000°N 102.19167°E |
China - Zengcheng 23°15′19″N 113°40′44″E / 23.25528°N 113.67889°E |
1418 (0/1418) |
800 | 5000 | 2010 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong II
highlight: worldwide first dc 800kv hvdc application |
[1] |
| Hubei - Shanghai | China - Jingmen 30°49′21″N 112°07′15″E / 30.82250°N 112.12083°E |
China - Fenjing 30°52′00″N 121°00′58″E / 30.86667°N 121.01611°E |
970 (0/970) |
500 | 3000 | 2011 | Thyr | Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou | ??? |
| Nanhui Wind Farm Integration | China | China | 8.4 (8.4/0) |
30 | 18 | 2011 | IGBT | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd | [24] |
| Ningdong - Shandong | China - Yinchuan 38°06′56″N 106°30′55″E / 38.11556°N 106.51528°E |
China - Qingdao 36°18′41″N 119°52′53″E / 36.31139°N 119.88139°E |
1335 (0/1335) |
660 | 4000 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd | [1] |
| Qinghai - Tibet | China - Geermu 36°21′20″N 95°11′05″E / 36.35556°N 95.18472°E |
China - Lhasa 29°52′39″N 91°11′44″E / 29.87750°N 91.19556°E |
1038 (0/1038) |
400 | 1500 | 2011 | Thyr | Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level Supplier: CET, SGCC |
[1] |
| Mundra - Haryana | India - Mundra 22°49′46″N 69°33′22″E / 22.82944°N 69.55611°E |
India - Mohindergarh 28°21′40″N 76°12′56″E / 28.36111°N 76.21556°E | 960 (0/960) |
500 | 2500 | 2012 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1] |
| Dalian City Infeed | China - Dalian North | China - Dalian South | 43 (43/0) |
320 | 1000 | 2013 | IGBT | [25] | |
| Jinping - Sunan | China - Jinping 27°50′11″N 102°08′30″E / 27.83639°N 102.14167°E |
China - Suzhou 31°03′44″N 120°37′20″E / 31.06222°N 120.62222°E |
2090 (0/2090) |
800 | 7200 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station |
[26] |
| Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC | China - Sucheng 23°26′40″N 116°48′50″E / 23.44444°N 116.81389°E |
China - Jinniu 23°26′14″N 117°01′36″E / 23.43722°N 117.02667°E; China - Qingao 23°25′46″N 117°07′45″E / 23.42944°N 117.12917°E |
32 (10/32) |
±160 | 200/100/50 | 2013 | IEGT/IGBT | SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers. | [27][28] |
| Nuozhadu - Guangdong | China - Nuozhadu 22°39′20″N 100°40′00″E / 22.65556°N 100.66667°E |
China - Jiangmen 22°42′33″N 112°52′12″E / 22.70917°N 112.87000°E |
1413 | 800 | 6400 | 2013 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Xiluodo - Guangdong | China - Zhaotong 28°07′21″N 104°22′27″E / 28.12250°N 104.37417°E |
China - Conghua 23°34′00″N 113°27′03″E / 23.56667°N 113.45083°E |
1286 (0/1286) |
500 | 6400 | 2013 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Hami - Zhengzhou | China-Hami 42°35′20″N 93°27′46″E / 42.58889°N 93.46278°E |
China-Zhengzhou 34°48′46″N 114°03′24″E / 34.81278°N 114.05667°E |
2210 | 800 | 8000 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric |
[29][30][31][32][33][34] |
| Jindo - Jeju | South Korea - Jindo 34°23′08″N 126°11′14″E / 34.38556°N 126.18722°E |
South Korea - Jeju 33°27′17″N 126°28′25″E / 33.45472°N 126.47361°E |
105 (105/0) |
250 | 400 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables). | [1][35][36] |
| Xiluodo - West Zhejiang | China - Xiluodu 28°27′37″N 104°20′20″E / 28.46028°N 104.33889°E |
China - Jinghua 28°53′46″N 119°43′00″E / 28.89611°N 119.71667°E |
1680 | 800 | 8000 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd | ??? |
| Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection | China - Zhoushan 30°09′07″N 121°59′29″E / 30.15194°N 121.99139°E |
China - Qushan 30°25′26″N 122°16′48″E / 30.42389°N 122.28000°E ; China - Daishan 30°19′37″N 122°11′35″E / 30.32694°N 122.19306°E ; China - Yangshan 30°36′26″N 122°07′40″E / 30.60722°N 122.12778°E ; China - Sijiao 30°41′45″N 122°25′50″E / 30.69583°N 122.43056°E |
134 (134/0) |
±200 | 400 | 2014 | IGBT | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric |
[37] |
| Humeng - Shandong | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2015 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Irkutsk - Beijing | Russia - Irkutsk | China - Beijing | 800 | 6400 | 2015 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Champa-Kurukshetra | India - Champa | India - Kurukshetra | 1365 (0/1365) |
800 | 2 x 3000 | 2016 | Thyr | 2 Bipoles. Supplier: Alstom | [38] |
| Goupitan - Guangdong | China | China | 3000 | 2016 | Thyr | ??? | |||
| Jinsha River II - East China | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2016 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| North-East | India - Agra 27°05′01″N 78°04′22″E / 27.08361°N 78.07278°E |
India - Biswanath 26°44′23″N 93°13′09″E / 26.73972°N 93.21917°E |
1728 (0/1728) |
800 | 6000 | 2016 | Thyr | Will supply electricity to serve 90 million people Bipole Ultra high voltage, multiterminal (intermediate converter station at Alipurdauar 26°29′23″N 89°27′41″E / 26.48972°N 89.46139°E) Supplier: ABB |
[39] |
| New HVDC Hokkaido-Honshu | Japan - Imabetsu 41°08′01″N 140°30′46″E / 41.13361°N 140.51278°E |
Japan - Hokuto 41°54′57″N 140°35′07″E / 41.91583°N 140.58528°E |
122 (24/98) |
250 | 300 | 2019 | IGBT | suppliers: Toshiba | [40][41] |
| Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line Project | Pakistan - Matiari, Sindh | Pakistan - Lahore, Punjab | 878 | 660 | 4000 | 2021 | Thyr | ±660 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations | [42] |
| Inner Mongolia - Linyi | China - Shizhustan 38°46′40″N 106°52′00″E / 38.77778°N 106.86667°E |
China - Linyi 35°33′07″N 118°37′07″E / 35.55194°N 118.61861°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Jiuquan- Xiangtan | China - Qiaowan 40°36′03″N 96°43′22″E / 40.60083°N 96.72278°E |
China - Xiangtan 27°38′55″N 112°47′25″E / 27.64861°N 112.79028°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric |
??? | |
| North Shanxi - Nanjing | China - North Shanxi 39°39′35″N 112°27′45″E / 39.65972°N 112.46250°E |
China - Nanjing 32°54′47″N 118°35′33″E / 32.91306°N 118.59250°E |
2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||||
| Northwest Yunnan - Guangdong | China - Xinsong 26°24′55″N 99°49′12″E / 26.41528°N 99.82000°E |
China - Dongfang 22°44′17″N 113°52′07″E / 22.73806°N 113.86861°E |
1953 | 800 | 5000 | 2018 | Thyr | ??? | |
| Xilin Hot - Taizhou | China - Xilin Hot 44°14′40″N 116°30′22″E / 44.24444°N 116.50611°E |
China - Taizhou 33°07′25″N 119°58′05″E / 33.12361°N 119.96806°E |
800 | 10000 | 2017 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Yinchuan - Zhuji | China - Yinchuan 37°43′45″N 106°32′22″E / 37.72917°N 106.53944°E |
China - Zhuji 29°56′25″N 120°13′12″E / 29.94028°N 120.22000°E |
800 | 6400 | 2017 | Thyr | HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric | ??? | |
| Dianxibei - Guangdong | China-Lijiang | China-Zhengzhen | 1928/0 | 800 | 5000 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd | ??? |
| Jinsha River II - Fujian | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2018 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Humeng - Liaoning | China | China | 800 | 6400 | 2018 | Thyr | ??? | ||
| Rudong Offshore Wind Connector | China - Jiangsu Rudong | China - Jiangsu Rudong Platform | 100 (100/0) |
400 | 1100 | 2022 | IGBT | Suppliers: XJ and RXHK for valve, ZTT Cable | |
| Sheyang Offshore Wind Connector | China - Jiangsu Sheyang | China - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform | 83 (83/0) |
250 | 1100 | 2022 | IGBT | ||
| Zhangbei DC Grid Project | China - Beijing | China - Zhangbei China - Fengning China - Kangbao |
495 (0/495) |
500 | 3000/3000/1500/1500 | 2021 | IGBT | Four terminal DC Grid
Suppliers: NR Electric, others |
[43] |
| Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration project | China - Yunnan | China - Guangxi China - Guangdong |
1489 (0/1489) |
800 | 8000/3000/5000 | 2021 | Thyr/IGBT | Three terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyristor), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT) | |
| Raigarh-Pugalur | India - Raigarh 21°51′21″N 83°21′01″E / 21.85583°N 83.35028°E |
India - Pugalur 10°49′33″N 77°32′13″E / 10.82583°N 77.53694°E India - Thrissur |
1830 |
800 | 6000 | 2019 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB; One of the World's biggest Multi-terminal HVDC system with Ultra High Voltage DC Transmission system (UHVDC) | [44] |
| CASA-1000 | Tajikistan - Sangtuda | Pakistan - Nowshera | 750 | 500 | 1300 | 2025 | Thyr | ±500 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter Stations | [45][46] |
| India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection | Madurai - India | Anurathapura - Sri Lanka | 285 | ±320 | 500/1000 | 2030 | Thyr | ||
| Andaman HVDC Connection | Paradip - India | Port Blair - India | 1160 | ±320 | 250/125 | 2030 | IGBT | one of the world's longest deep-sea UG cable HVDC system | [47] |
Europe
edit| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission | Germany - Miesbach | Germany - Munich | 58 (0/58) |
2 | 0.0025 | 1882 | Single machine | Demonstration facility
Dismantled |
|
| Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme | Italy - Gorzente River | Italy - Genoa | ? | 6 | ? | 1889 | Thury | Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 km
Dismantled |
|
| La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme | Switzerland - ? | Switzerland - ? | ? | 14 | ? | 1897 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme | Switzerland - St. Maurice | Switzerland - Lausanne | ? | 22 | 3.7 | 1899 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme | France - Lyon | France - Moutiers | 200 (10/190) |
75 | 30 | 1906 | Thury | Dismantled in 1936 | |
| Wilesden-Ironbridge DC transmission scheme | UK - Wilesden | UK - Ironbridge | ? | 100 | ? | 1910 | Thury | Dismantled | |
| Chambéry DC transmission scheme | France - ? | France - ? | ? | 150 | ? | 1925 | Thury | Dismantled in 1937 | |
| HVDC Zurich-Wettingen | Switzerland - Wettingen 47°27′25″N 8°19′15″E / 47.45694°N 8.32083°E | Switzerland - Zurich | 20 (0/20) |
50 | 0.5 | 1939 | Merc | Experimental facility built by BBC
Dismantled |
|
| HVDC Charlottenburg-Moabit | Germany - Berlin-Moabit | Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg | 4.6 (0/4.6) |
100 | 14 | 1942 | Merc | Experimental facility built by Siemens
Dismantled in 1945 |
|
| Lehrte-Misburg HVDC | Germany - Lehrte 52°22′54″N 9°55′03″E / 52.38167°N 9.91750°E | Germany - Hannover/Misburg | ? | 80 | 16 | 1944 | Merc | Experimental facility
Dismantled |
|
| Elbe-Project | Germany - Vockerode 51°50′32″N 12°21′26″E / 51.84222°N 12.35722°E | Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 52°25′39″N 13°22′13″E / 52.42750°N 13.37028°E | 115 (115/0) |
200 | 60 | 1945 | Merc | Never placed in service
Dismantled |
|
| HVDC Trollhättan-Mellerud | Sweden - Trollhättan | Sweden - Mellerud | 50 (0/50) |
45 | 6.5 | 1946 | Merc | Experimental facility built by ASEA
Dismantled |
|
| Moscow–Kashira | Russia - Moscow 55°39′32″N 37°38′16″E / 55.65889°N 37.63778°E | Russia - Kashira 54°51′29″N 38°14′45″E / 54.85806°N 38.24583°E | 100 (100/0) |
200 | 30 | 1951 | Merc | Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-Project
Shut down |
[1] |
| Gotland 1 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 98 (98/0) |
200 | 20 | 1954 | Merc | World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986 | [1][48] |
| Cross-Channel | France - Echingen 50°41′48″N 1°38′21″E / 50.69667°N 1.63917°E | UK - Lydd 50°54′54″N 0°56′50″E / 50.91500°N 0.94722°E | 64 (64/0) |
100 | 160 | 1961 | Merc | Shut down in 1984 | [1] |
| Volgograd-Donbass | Russia - Volzhskaya 48°49′34″N 44°40′20″E / 48.82611°N 44.67222°E | Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 48°39′13″N 38°33′56″E / 48.65361°N 38.56556°E | 475 (0/475) |
400 | 750 | 1965 | Merc/Thyr | Shut down in 2014 | [1] |
| Konti-Skan 1 | Denmark - Vester Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E | Sweden - Stenkullen 57°48′15″N 12°19′13″E / 57.80417°N 12.32028°E | 176 (87/89) |
250 | 250 | 1965 | Merc | Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors | [1] |
| SACOI 1 | Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E) | France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E | 483 (365/118) |
200 | 200 | 1965 | Merc | Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme. The line reused by SACOI 2, see below. |
[1] |
| Kingsnorth | UK - Kingsnorth 51°25′11″N 0°35′46″E / 51.41972°N 0.59611°E | UK - London-Beddington 51°22′23″N 0°7′38″W / 51.37306°N 0.12722°W | 85 (85/0) |
266 | 320 | 1975 | Merc | Bipolar scheme
Supplier: English Electric Shut down in 1987 |
[49] |
| Kingsnorth | UK - Kingsnorth | UK - London-Willesden 51°32′03″N 0°15′29″W / 51.53417°N 0.25806°W | 111 (111/0) |
266 | 320 | 1975 | Merc | Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge | |
| Skagerrak 1 + 2 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 230 (130/100) |
250 | 500 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007 | [50][51][52] |
| Gotland 2 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 99.5 (92.9/6.6) |
150 | 130 | 1983 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Interconnexion France Angleterre (new) | France - Les Mandarins 50°54′11″N 1°47′5″E / 50.90306°N 1.78472°E | UK - Sellindge 51°6′21″N 0°58′32″E / 51.10583°N 0.97556°E | 72 (72/0) |
270 | 2000 | 1986 | Thyr | 2 bipolar systems
Supplier: Alstom |
[1][53] |
| Gotland 3 | Sweden - Västervik 57°43′41″N 16°38′51″E / 57.72806°N 16.64750°E | Sweden - Yigne 57°35′13″N 18°11′44″E / 57.58694°N 18.19556°E | 98 (98/0) |
150 | 130 | 1987 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Konti-Skan 2 | Denmark - Vester, Hassing 57°3′46″N 10°5′24″E / 57.06278°N 10.09000°E | Sweden - Lindome 57°36′24″N 12°6′40″E / 57.60667°N 12.11111°E | 147 (87/60) |
285 | 300 | 1988 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Fenno-Skan | Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E | Sweden - Dannebo 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E | 233 (200/33) |
400 | 500 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| SACOI 2 | Italy - Suvereto 43°3′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E ( before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E) | France- Lucciana 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E ; Codrongianos, Italy 40°39′7″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E | 422 (118/304) |
200 | 300 | 1992 | Thyr | Multiterminal scheme
Supplier: Alstom |
|
| Skagerrak 3 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 230 (130/100) |
350 | 440 | 1993 | Thyr | Supplier: Nexans ABB | [50] |
| Baltic Cable | Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk 53°53′46″N 10°48′9″E / 53.89611°N 10.80250°E | Sweden - Kruseberg 55°30′1″N 13°8′45″E / 55.50028°N 13.14583°E | 262 (250/12) |
450 | 600 | 1994 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Kontek | Denmark - Bjæverskov 55°27′1″N 12°0′27″E / 55.45028°N 12.00750°E | Germany - Bentwisch 54°6′3″N 12°13′1″E / 54.10083°N 12.21694°E | 170 (170/0) |
400 | 600 | 1996 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | |
| Hellsjön-Grängesberg | Sweden - Hellsjön 60°02′50″N 15°08′52″E / 60.04722°N 15.14778°E | Sweden - Grängesberg 60°03′53″N 14°59′39″E / 60.06472°N 14.99417°E | 10 (0/10) |
180 | 3 | 1997 | IGBT | Experimental HVDC
Supplier: ABB |
|
| Visby-Näs | Sweden - Näs 57°05′58″N 18°14′27″E / 57.09944°N 18.24083°E | Sweden - Visby 57°37′29″N 18°21′18″E / 57.62472°N 18.35500°E | 70 (70/0) |
80 | 50 | 1999 | Thyr | ||
| SwePol | Poland - Wierzbięcin 54°30′8″N 16°53′28″E / 54.50222°N 16.89111°E | Sweden - Stärnö 56°9′11″N 14°50′29″E / 56.15306°N 14.84139°E | 245 (245/0) |
450 | 600 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [54] |
| Tjæreborg | Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge 55°26′52″N 8°35′34″E / 55.44778°N 8.59278°E | Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 55°28′07″N 8°33′36″E / 55.46861°N 8.56000°E | 4.3 (4.3/0) |
9 | 7 | 2000 | IGBT | Interconnection to wind power generating stations | |
| Italy-Greece | Greece - Arachthos 39°11′00″N 20°57′48″E / 39.18333°N 20.96333°E | Italy - Galatina 40°9′53″N 18°7′49″E / 40.16472°N 18.13028°E | 310 (200/110) |
400 | 500 | 2001 | Thyr | ||
| Moyle | UK - Auchencrosh 55°04′10″N 4°58′50″W / 55.06944°N 4.98056°W | UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 54°50′34″N 5°46′11″W / 54.84278°N 5.76972°W | 63.5 (63.5/0) |
250 | 500 | 2001 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Nexans | [55] |
| HVDC Troll | Norway - Kollsnes 60°33′01″N 4°50′26″E / 60.55028°N 4.84056°E | Norway - Offshore platform Troll A 60°40′00″N 3°40′00″E / 60.66667°N 3.66667°E | 70 (70/0) |
60 | 80 | 2004 | IGBT | Power supply for offshore gas compressor
Supplier: ABB |
[56] |
| Estlink | Finland - Espoo 60°12′14″N 24°33′06″E / 60.20389°N 24.55167°E | Estonia - Harku 59°23′5″N 24°33′37″E / 59.38472°N 24.56028°E | 105 (105/0) |
150 | 350 | 2006 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [56] |
| NorNed | Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′4″N 6°51′57″E / 53.43444°N 6.86583°E | Norway - Feda 58°16′58″N 6°51′55″E / 58.28278°N 6.86528°E | 580 (580/0) |
450 | 700 | 2008 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB, Nexans | [56] |
| BritNed | UK - Grain 51°26′24″N 0°43′0″E / 51.44000°N 0.71667°E | Netherlands - Maasvlakte 51°57′27″N 4°01′17″E / 51.95750°N 4.02139°E | 245 (245/0) |
450 | 1000 | 2010 | Thyr | Operational since April 2011. Supplier: Siemens | [56][57] |
| StoreBælt | Denmark - Fraugde 55°22′01″N 10°30′25″E / 55.36694°N 10.50694°E | Denmark - Herslev 55°31′53″N 11°19′01″E / 55.53139°N 11.31694°E | 56 (56/0) |
400 | 600 | 2010 | Thyr | Operational since August 2010. Supplier: Siemens | [56] |
| Cometa | Spain - Morvedre 39°38′28″N 0°14′7″W / 39.64111°N 0.23528°W | Spain - Santa Ponsa 39°32′2″N 2°30′21″E / 39.53389°N 2.50583°E | 247 (247/0) |
250 | 400 | 2011 | Thyr | Expected completion 2011
Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables) |
[56] |
| Fenno-Skan 2 | Finland - Rauma 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E | Sweden - Finnböle 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E | 303 (200/103) |
500 | 800 | 2011 | Thyr | ||
| SAPEI | Italy - Latina 41°25′47″N 12°48′25″E / 41.42972°N 12.80694°E | Italy - Fiume Santo 40°50′29″N 8°18′21″E / 40.84139°N 8.30583°E | 435 (435/0) |
500 | 1000 | 2011 | Thyr | The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB | [56][60][61] |
| Valhall HVDC | Norway - Lista 58°04′37″N 6°46′29″E / 58.07694°N 6.77472°E | Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform | 292 (292/0) |
150 | 78 | 2011 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, Nexans | [62] |
| BorWin1 | Germany - Diele | Germany - BorWin Alpha platform | 200 (200/0) |
±150 | 400 | 2012 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [63][64][65] |
| East West Interconnector | Ireland - Woodland 53°28′16″N 6°34′3″W / 53.47111°N 6.56750°W | UK - Shotton, Wales 53°13′38″N 3°4′22″W / 53.22722°N 3.07278°W | 130 (130/0) |
±200 | 500 | 2012 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [66] |
| Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade | Finland - Rauma | Sweden - Finnböle | 233 (200/33) |
400 | 500 | 2013 | Thyr | Upgrade
Supplier:ABB |
[67][68][69] |
| Estlink 2 | Finland - Anttila 60°22′36″N 25°22′01″E / 60.37667°N 25.36694°E | Estonia - Püssi 59°22′13″N 27°04′05″E / 59.37028°N 27.06806°E | 171 (157/14) |
450 | 650 | 2014 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens, Nexans | |
| ÅL-link | Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) 60°27′49″N 22°03′49″E / 60.46361°N 22.06361°E | Åland - Ytterby | 158 (158/0) |
80 | 100 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [70][71][72] |
| BorWin2 | Germany - Diele 53°7′30″N 7°18′29″E / 53.12500°N 7.30806°E | Germany - BorWin Beta platform 54°21′18″N 6°01′30″E / 54.35500°N 6.02500°E | 200 (200/0) |
±300 | 800 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [73] |
| DolWin1 | Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E | 165 (165/0) |
±320 | 800 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier:ABB | [74] |
| HelWin1 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 54°27′07″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45194°N 7.73889°E | 130 (130/0) |
±250 | 576 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [75] |
| HelWin2 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - HelWin Beta platform 54°27′11″N 7°44′20″E / 54.45306°N 7.73889°E | 130 (130/0) |
±320 | 690 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | |
| INELFE | France - Baixas 42°43′56″N 2°48′14″E / 42.73222°N 2.80389°E | Spain - Santa Llogaia 42°13′59″N 2°56′39″E / 42.23306°N 2.94417°E | 64 (64/0) |
±320 | 2000 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens, Cables: Prysmian. €700m, 8 km tunnel near HSR | [76] |
| LitPol Link HVDC is B2B | Lithuania - Alytus | Poland - Elk | 160 (0/160) |
70 | 500 | 20152[80] | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [81][82][83] |
| NordBalt | Sweden - Nybro 56°46′4″N 15°51′15″E / 56.76778°N 15.85417°E | Lithuania - Klaipėda 55°40′54″N 21°15′24″E / 55.68167°N 21.25667°E | 450 (450/0) |
300 | 700 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [84] |
| Skagerrak 4 | Denmark - Tjele 56°28′44″N 9°34′1″E / 56.47889°N 9.56694°E | Norway - Kristiansand 58°15′36″N 7°53′55″E / 58.26000°N 7.89861°E | 244 (244/0) |
500 | 700 | 2015 | IGBT | Suppliers: Nexans, ABB | [85] |
| SylWin1 | Germany - Büttel 53°55′01″N 9°13′55″E / 53.91694°N 9.23194°E | Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 55°03′47″N 7°14′28″E / 55.06306°N 7.24111°E | 205 (205/0) |
±320 | 864 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | [86] |
| Troll A 3&4 | Norway - Kollsnes | Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform | 70 (70/0) |
66 | 100 | 2015 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [87][88][89][90][91][92] |
| DolWin2 | Germany - Heede 52°58′52″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98111°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Beta platform 53°58′41″N 6°55′23″E / 53.97806°N 6.92306°E | 135 (135/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2016 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [93] |
| DolWin3 | Germany - Heede 52°58′57″N 7°15′26″E / 52.98250°N 7.25722°E | Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 53°59′42″N 6°25′16″E / 53.99500°N 6.42111°E | 160 (160/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2017 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom | [94] |
| HVDC MON.ITA Project | Italy-Cepagatti 42°23′41″N 14°07′30″E / 42.39472°N 14.12500°E | Montenegro - Lastva Grbaljska 42°19′03″N 18°47′41″E / 42.31750°N 18.79472°E | 415 (415/0) |
±500 | 1000 | 2019 | Thyr | Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables). | [95][96][97] |
| Western HVDC Link | UK - Hunterston 55°43′16″N 4°53′7″W / 55.72111°N 4.88528°W | UK - Flintshire Bridge 53°13′54″N 3°1′58″W / 53.23167°N 3.03278°W | 422 (422/0) |
600 | 2200 | 2017-18 | Thyr | Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens First subsea 600kV link |
[98][99] |
| Caithness - Moray Link3 | UK - Spittal 58°28′47″N 3°27′08″W / 58.47972°N 3.45222°W | UK - Blackhillock 57°31′24″N 2°56′55″W / 57.52333°N 2.94861°W | 160 | 320 | 1200 | 2018 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [100][101] |
| BorWin3 | Germany - Diele | Germany - BorWin Gamma platform | 200 (200/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2019 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens | |
| COBRAcable | Denmark - Endrup via Fanø 55°31′49″N 8°42′13″E / 55.53028°N 8.70361°E | Netherlands - Eemshaven 53°26′07″N 6°52′02″E / 53.43528°N 6.86722°E | 325 | ±320 | 700 | 20194 | IGBT | Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m | [102][103][104][105][106] |
| Johan Sverdrup Phase 1 | Norway - Haugsneset | Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform | 200 (200/0) |
±80 | 100 | 2019 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, NKT | [107] |
| France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel | France, Grand-Île | Italy, Piossasco | 190 | ±320 | 2x600 | 2019 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables). | [108][109][110][111] |
| Nemo Link | Belgium - near Bruges | UK - Richborough Energy Park | 140 (140/0) |
400 | 1000 | 2019 | IGBT | Converter stations: Siemens, cables: J-power systems[112] | [113][114] |
| ALEGrO | Belgium - Visé | Germany - Oberzier | 100 (100/0) |
320 | 1000 | 20205 | IGBT | Converter stations: Siemens
Cables: General Cable |
[115][116][117] |
| SydVästlänken | Sweden - Barkeryd 57°44′52″N 14°39′19″E / 57.74778°N 14.65528°E | Sweden - Hurva 55°49′59″N 13°36′08″E / 55.83306°N 13.60222°E | 260 (197/63) |
±300 | 2x720 | 2021 | IGBT | Supplier: Alstom | |
| IFA-2 | France - Tourbe, Normandie | UK - Chilling, Hampshire | 204 | 320 | 1000 | 2021 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [120][121][122][123] |
| NORD.LINK | Norway - Tonstad 58°40′07″N 6°45′16″E / 58.66861°N 6.75444°E | Germany - Wilster 53°55′18″N 9°20′41″E / 53.92167°N 9.34472°E | 623 (570/53) |
525 | 1400 | 2021 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [124] |
| North Sea Link | Norway - Kvilldal | UK - Blyth | 730 (730/0) |
515 | 1400 | 2021 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection | [125][126][127][128] |
| ElecLink | France - Les Mandarins | UK - Sellindge | 70 | 320 | 1000 | 2022 | IGBT | In the Channel Tunnel Cost €580m |
[129][130] |
| Johan Sverdrup Phase 2 | Norway - Haugsneset | Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform | 200 (200/0) |
±80 | 200 | 2022 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens, NKT | [107][131] |
| Viking Link | Denmark - Revsing | UK - Bicker Fen | 740 | 525 | 1400 | 2023 | IGBT | Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT | [132][133] |
| DolWin6 | Germany - Emden/Ost | Germany - DolWin Zeta platform | 90 (90/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2023 | IGBT | Supplier: Siemens, Prysmian | [134][135] |
| Dogger Bank A | UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W / 53.80917°N 0.41694°W | UK - Dogger Bank A platform | 207 (207/0) |
320 | 1200 | 2023 | IGBT | Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable | [136][137][138] |
| Shetland HVDC Connection | UK - Upper Kergord 60°17′35″N 1°16′15″W / 60.29306°N 1.27083°W | UK - near Staxigoe 58°27′50″N 3°4′52″W / 58.46389°N 3.08111°W [139] | 260 (260/0) |
320 | 600 | 20246 | IGBT | [140][141] | |
| DolWin5 | Germany - Emden/Ost | Germany - DolWin Epsilon platform | 130 (130/0) |
±320 | 900 | 2024 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian | [142] |
| Ariadne Interconnection | Greece – Athens | Greece – Heraklion | 335
(335/0) |
500 | 1000 | 2024 | [143] | ||
| Dogger Bank B | UK - Creyke Beck 53°48′33″N 0°25′1″W / 53.80917°N 0.41694°W | UK - Dogger Bank B platform | 207 (207/0) |
320 | 1200 | 2024 | IGBT | Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable | [136][137] |
| Greenlink | Ireland – County Wexford | UK – Pembrokeshire, Wales | 200 | 320 | 500 | 2024 | |||
| BorWin5 | Germany - Garrel/Ost | Germany - BorWin Epsilon platform | 230 | 320 | 900 | 2025 | [144] | ||
| Dogger Bank C | UK - Lazenby | UK - Dogger Bank C platform | 270 | 320 | 1200 | 2026 | [145][146] | ||
| Sofia | UK - Lazenby | UK - Sofia platform | 227 | 320 | 1320 | 2026 | [147][148] | ||
| Celtic Interconnector | Ireland | France | 575 | 500 | 700 | 2026 | [149] | ||
| East Anglia THREE | UK - Bramford | UK - East Anglia THREE platform | 190 | 320 | 1400 | 2026 | [150][151] | ||
| SüdOstLink | Germany – Wolmirstedt | Germany – Landshut | 500 | 525 | 2000 | 2027 | [152] | ||
| Hornsea 3 Link 1 | UK - Norwich | UK - Hornsea 3 Link 1 platform | 170 | 320 | 2027 | [153][154][155] | |||
| Hornsea 3 Link 2 | UK - Norwich | UK - Hornsea 3 Link 2 platform | 170 | 320 | 2027 | [153][154][155] | |||
| EuroAsia Interconnector | Israel - Hadera, via Cyprus - Kofinou | Greece - Korakia, Crete | 1208 | 500 | 2000 | 2027 | [156][157] | ||
| EuroAfrica Interconnector | Egypt - Damietta - via Cyprus - Kofinou | Greece - Korakia, Crete | 1396 | 500 | 2000 | 2027 | [158][159][160][161] | ||
| NeuConnect | Germany - Wilhelmshaven | UK - Isle of Grain | 725 | ±525 | 1400 | 2028 | |||
| Harmony Link | Lithuania - Darbėnai | Poland - Zarnowiec | 330 | ±320 | 700 | 2028 | |||
| DolWin4 | Germany - Hanekenfähr | Germany - DolWin4 platform | 215 | 320 | 900 | 2028 | [162][163] | ||
| BorWin4 | Germany - Hanekenfähr | Germany - BorWin4 platform | 280 | 320 | 900 | 2029 | [162][163] | ||
| IJmuiden Ver Alpha | Netherlands - Borssele | Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Alpha platform | 176 | 525 | 2000 | 2029 | [164][165][166] | ||
| IJmuiden Ver Beta | Netherlands - Maasvlakte | Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Beta platform | 525 | 2000 | 2029 | [167][168] | |||
| IJmuiden Ver Gamma | Netherlands - Maasvlakte | Netherlands - IJmuiden Ver Gamma platform | 525 | 2000 | 2029 | [169][168] | |||
| Eastern HVDC Link | UK - Peterhead | UK - Hawthorn | 305 | 400 | 2000 | 2029 | [170] | ||
| Western Isles HVDC connection | UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway | UK - Beauly | 156 | 320 | 600 | 2030 | [171] | ||
| FAB Link | France - Menuel on Cherbourg Peninsula | UK - Exeter via Alderney | 210 (210/0) |
320 | 1400 | 2030 | IGBT | [172][173] | |
| Nederwiek 1 | Netherlands - Borssele | Netherlands - Nederwiek 1 platform | 217 | 525 | 2000 | 2030 | [165][166] | ||
| Nederwiek 2 | Netherlands - Maasvlakte | Netherlands - Nederwiek 2 platform | 525 | 2000 | 2030 | [174][168] | |||
| BalWin1 | Germany - Wehrendorf | Germany - BalWin1 platform | 360 | 525 | 2000 | 2030 | [175][176] | ||
| BalWin2 | Germany - Westerkappeln | Germany - BalWin2 platform | 380 | 525 | 2000 | 2031 | [175][176] | ||
| SuedLink DC3 | Germany - Brunsbuettel | Germany - Grossgartach | 700 | ±525 | 2000 | 2027 | IGBT | Suppliers: VSC substations: Siemens Energy, DC cable: nkt
Common project of Tennet TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project |
|
| SuedLink DC4 | Germany - Wilster | Germany - Bergrheinfeld | 550 | ±525 | 2000 | 2027 | IGBT | Supplier substations: tbd
dc cable: Prysmian Common project of TenneT TSO and Transnet BW highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project |
|
| Tyrrhenian Link | Italy – Battipaglia | Italy – Sardinia | 970 | 1000 | 2028 | Connects mainland Italy to Sicily and Sardinia | [177] | ||
| Adriatic Link | Italy – Abruzzo | Italy – Marche | 250 | 1000 | 2028 | [178] | |||
| Estlink 3 | Finland | Estonia | 700–1000 | 2035 |
2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[179]
3 Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map[180]
4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017.
6 Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[181]
7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.
North America
edit| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady | USA - Mechanicville, NY 42°54′45″N 73°40′49″W / 42.91250°N 73.68028°W |
USA - Schenectady, NY | 37 (0/37) |
12 | 5 | 1932 | Merc | Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 Hz
Dismantled after WW II |
[182] |
| Vancouver Island 1 | Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W |
Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W |
75 (42/33) |
260 | 312 | 1968 - 2014 | Merc | Supplier: ASEA | [1] |
| Pacific DC Intertie | USA - Celilo, OR 45°35′39″N 121°6′51″W / 45.59417°N 121.11417°W |
USA - Sylmar, CA 34°18′39″N 118°29′21″W / 34.31083°N 118.48917°W, 34°18′42″N 118°28′53″W / 34.31167°N 118.48139°W |
1362 (0/1362) |
±500 | 3100 | 1970 | Thyr | Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984 Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982 From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004 Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric In 1989 upgraded by ABB In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens |
[1][183][184] |
| Nelson River Bipole 1 | Canada - Gillam, Manitoba 56°21′41″N 94°36′48″W / 56.36139°N 94.61333°W |
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′39″W / 49.99417°N 97.42750°W |
895 (0/895) |
463.5 | 1854 | 1971 | Thyr | Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built Original supplier: English Electric. In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom. In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens. |
[1][185] |
| Vancouver Island 2 | Canada - Delta, BC 49°5′31″N 123°2′31″W / 49.09194°N 123.04194°W |
Canada - North Cowichan, BC 48°49′39″N 123°42′55″W / 48.82750°N 123.71528°W |
75 (33/42) |
280 | 370 | 1977 - 2016 | Thyr | Supplier: General Electric | [1] |
| Square Butte | USA - Center, ND (Young) 47°4′18″N 101°11′45″W / 47.07167°N 101.19583°W |
USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead) 46°46′25″N 92°17′39″W / 46.77361°N 92.29417°W |
749 (0/749) |
250 | 500 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: General Electric In 2004 Control system upgrade by ABB | [1][186][187] |
| Nelson River Bipole 2 | Canada - Sundance, Manitoba 56°30′14″N 94°8′24″W / 56.50389°N 94.14000°W |
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba 49°59′39″N 97°25′49″W / 49.99417°N 97.43028°W |
940 (0/940) |
500 | 2000 | 1978-1985 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1][185] |
| CU | USA - Underwood, ND (Coal Creek) 47°22′24″N 101°9′23″W / 47.37333°N 101.15639°W |
USA - Rockford, MN (Dickinson) 45°6′40″N 93°48′36″W / 45.11111°N 93.81000°W |
687 (0/687) |
400 | 1000 | 1979 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB In 2004, control system upgrade by ABB | [1][188] |
| Path 27 | USA - Intermountain, UT 39°30′2″N 112°34′51″W / 39.50056°N 112.58083°W |
USA - Adelanto, CA 34°33′4″N 117°26′14″W / 34.55111°N 117.43722°W |
785 (0/785) |
±500 | 1920 | 1986 | Thyr | ||
| Quebec - New England Transmission | Canada - Radisson, Quebec OpenStreetMap 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W / 53.72583°N 77.73806°W |
Canada - Nicolet, QC 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W / 46.07972°N 72.24944°W; USA - Ayer, MA 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W / 42.57028°N 71.52417°W |
1105 (5/1100) |
450 | 2250 | 1991 | Thyr | 3 terminals[dubious – discuss] Converter stations near Windsor, Quebec and Monroe, New Hampshire were decommissioned in 2007. Supplier: ABB |
[1] |
| Cross Sound Cable | USA - New Haven, Connecticut 41°17′12″N 72°54′8″W / 41.28667°N 72.90222°W |
USA - Shoreham, New York 40°57′33″N 72°52′3″W / 40.95917°N 72.86750°W |
40 (40/0) |
150 | 330 | 2002 | IGBT | Buried underwater cable Supplier: ABB |
[189] |
| Neptune Cable | USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY 40°45′38″N 73°33′4″W / 40.76056°N 73.55111°W |
USA -Sayreville, NJ 40°28′25.38″N 74°21′11.1″W / 40.4737167°N 74.353083°W |
105 (105/0) |
500 | 660 | 2007 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [190] |
| Trans Bay Cable | USA - Pittsburg, California 38°01′51″N 121°53′48″W / 38.03083°N 121.89667°W |
USA - San Francisco, CA 37°45′17″N 122°23′09″W / 37.75472°N 122.38583°W |
85 (85/0) |
200 | 400 | 2010 | IGBT | First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter
Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli |
[191][192][193] |
| Eastern Alberta Transmission Line | Canada – Newell, AB 50°30′41″N 112°01′02″W / 50.51139°N 112.01722°W | Canada – Heathfield, AB 53°51′28″N 113°13′52″W / 53.85778°N 113.23111°W | 485 (0/485) | 500 | 1000 | 2015/2016 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [194] |
| Western Alberta Transmission Line | Canada – Genesee, AB 53°21′13″N 114°18′33″W / 53.35361°N 114.30917°W | Canada – Langdon, AB 50°57′37″N 113°43′11″W / 50.96028°N 113.71972°W | 350 (0/350) | 500 | 1000 | 2015 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [194][195] |
| Nelson River Bipole 3 | Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba 56°39′25″N 93°51′14″W / 56.65694°N 93.85389°W |
Canada - Riel, Manitoba 49°51′59″N 96°56′24″W / 49.86639°N 96.94000°W |
1324 (0/1324) |
500 | 2000 | 2018 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [1][185] |
| Labrador-Island Link | Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL | Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL | 1135 (35/1100) |
350 | 900 | 2017 | Thyr | Drilling for cable landfall began in 2014. Supplier: Alstom Grid |
[196][197] |
| Maritime Link | Canada - Bottom Brook, NL 48°31′52″N 58°15′39″W / 48.53111°N 58.26083°W | Canada - Woodbine, NS 45°59′30″N 60°16′26″W / 45.99167°N 60.27389°W |
360 (170/190) |
200 | 500 | 2017 | IGBT | Right-of-way clearing began in 2014. Supplier: ABB |
[198][199][200][201] |
| New England Clean Power Link | USA - Alburgh, VT | USA - Ludlow, VT | 248 (248/0) |
320 | 1000 | ? | Connects to Quebec | [202][203][204] [205] | |
| TransWest Express | USA – Sinclair, WY | USA – Boulder City, NV | 1165 (0/1165) |
600 | 3000 | 2027 | Ground breaking in 2023 | [206][207][208] | |
| Grain Belt Express | USA - Ford County, KS | USA - Sullivan County, IN | 750
(0/750) |
600 | 5000 | ? | [209] | ||
| SOO Green | USA - Mason City, Iowa | USA - Plano, Illinois | 563 | 525 | 2100 | 2023 | Buried along railroad right-of-way Supplier: Siemens |
[210] | |
| Clean Path NY | USA - Upstate New York | USA - New York City | 280 | 1300 | ? | [211] | |||
| Champlain Hudson Power Express | Canada–New York border | USA - New York City | 545 | 1250 | 2025 | 60% submarine under Lake Champlain and 40% underground | [212] | ||
| New England Clean Energy Connect | USA - Beattie Twp, ME | USA - Lewiston, ME | 314 | 1200 | 2024 | [213] | |||
| SunZia Transmission | USA – Torrance County, NM | USA – Pinal County, AZ | 880 | 525 | 3000 | 2026 | Project combined with 3,500 MW wind project | [214] |
South America
edit| Name |
Converter station 1 |
Converter station 2 |
Total Length (Cable/Pole) (km) |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itaipu 1 | Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W |
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W |
785 (0/785) |
600 | 3150 | 1984 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1] |
| Itaipu 2 | Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 25°27′58″S 54°32′33″W / 25.46611°S 54.54250°W |
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo 23°40′2″S 47°6′19″W / 23.66722°S 47.10528°W |
805 (0/805) |
600 | 3150 | 1987 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB | [1] |
| Rio Madeira | Brazil, Porto Velho 08°54′53″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91472°S 63.95750°W |
Brazil, Araraquara 21°49′59″S 48°20′52″W / 21.83306°S 48.34778°W |
2375 (0/2375) |
600 | 7100 | 2013 | Thyr | The longest transmission link in the world Suppliers: ABB, Alstom |
[215] |
| Xingu-Estreito (aka, Belo Monte 1) | Brazil - Anapu, Pará | Brazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais | 2077 (0/2077) | 800 | 4000 | 2017 | Thyr | Supplier: SIEMENS | [216] |
| Xingu-Rio (aka, Belo Monte 2) | Brazil - Pará | Brazil - Rio de Janeiro | 2550 | 800 | 4000 | 2019 | Thyr | Supplier: NARI/XD/CET | [216] |
Back to back
edit| Name |
Location |
Nominal Voltage (kV) |
Power (MW) |
Year |
Type |
Remarks |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnegie Steel Company B2B | USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | ? | ? | ? | Merc | built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled | [217] |
| Sakuma B2B | Japan - Sakuma 35°04′57″N 137°47′56″E / 35.08250°N 137.79889°E |
125 | 300 | 1965 | Merc | replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors | |
| Eel River B2B | Canada - Eel River, NB 48°01′05″N 66°26′39″W / 48.01806°N 66.44417°W |
80 | 320 | 1972 | Thyr | life extension project 2014 | [218][219] |
| David A. Hamil B2B | USA - Stegall, Nebraska 41°49′15″N 103°56′32″W / 41.82083°N 103.94222°W |
±50 | 100 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: GE | |
| Shin Shinano B2B | Japan - Shin Shinano 36°08′14″N 137°52′58″E / 36.13722°N 137.88278°E |
125 | 600 | 1977 | Thyr | Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi | |
| Acaray B2B | Paraguay - Ciudad de Este 25°27′26″S 54°37′26″W / 25.45722°S 54.62389°W |
25.6 | 50 | 1981 | Thyr | ||
| Vyborg B2B | Russia - Vyborg 60°40′49″N 28°55′7″E / 60.68028°N 28.91861°E |
±85 | 1065 | 1982 | Thyr | extended up to 1420 MW in 2001 | |
| Dürnrohr B2B | Austria - Dürnrohr 48°19′46″N 15°52′48″E / 48.32944°N 15.88000°E |
145 | 550 | 1983 | Thyr | shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007 | |
| Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B | USA - Artesia, NM 32°48′51.7″N 104°14′29.6″W / 32.814361°N 104.241556°W |
82 | 200 | 1983 | Thyr | ||
| Chateauguay B2B | Canada – Châteauguay, QC 45°15′11″N 73°52′11″W / 45.25306°N 73.86972°W |
140 | 1000 | 1984 | Thyr | Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009 | [220][221] |
| Oklaunion B2B | USA - Oklaunion, TX 34°5′6″N 99°11′1″W / 34.08500°N 99.18361°W |
82 | 200 | 1984 | Thyr | ABB replacement in 2014 | [222][223]
|
| Blackwater, New Mexico B2B | USA - Blackwater, NM 34°18′3″N 103°10′27″W / 34.30083°N 103.17417°W |
57 | 200 | 1984 | Thyr | Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009 | [224][225] |
| Madawaska, Quebec B2B | Canada - Dégelis, QC 47°30′31″N 68°31′25″W / 47.50861°N 68.52361°W |
140 | 350 | 1985 | Thyr | ||
| Miles City, Montana B2B | USA - Miles City, MT 46°24′31″N 105°47′36″W / 46.40861°N 105.79333°W |
82 | 200 | 1985 | Thyr | ||
| Highgate, VT B2B | USA - Highgate, VT 44°56′17″N 73°3′15″W / 44.93806°N 73.05417°W |
56 | 200 | 1985 | Thyr | Refurbishment by ABB in 2012, | [226] |
| Uruguaiana B2B | Brazil - Uruguaiana 29°48′22″S 57°0′17″W / 29.80611°S 57.00472°W |
17.9 | 53.9 | 1986 | Thyr | ||
| Broken Hill B2B | Australia - Broken Hill 31°59′10″S 141°25′9″E / 31.98611°S 141.41917°E |
8.33 | 40 | 1986 | Thyr | ||
| Virginia Smith B2B | USA - Sidney, NE 41°9′51″N 102°59′15″W / 41.16417°N 102.98750°W |
50 | 200 | 1988 | Thyr | [227] | |
| Vindhyachal B2B | India - Vindhyachal 24°05′38″N 82°40′44″E / 24.09389°N 82.67889°E |
176 | 500 | 1989 | Thyr | ||
| McNeill B2B | Canada - Mc Neill, AB 50°35′56″N 110°01′25″W / 50.59889°N 110.02361°W |
42 | 150 | 1989 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | |
| Wolmirstedt B2B | Germany - Wolmirstedt 52°16′21″N 11°38′10″E / 52.27250°N 11.63611°E |
160 | 600 | (1992) | Thyr | construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard | |
| Etzenricht B2B | Germany - Etzenricht 49°37′52″N 12°6′56″E / 49.63111°N 12.11556°E |
160 | 600 | 1993 | Thyr | shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009 | |
| Vienna-Southeast B2B | Austria - Vienna 48°7′22″N 16°25′6″E / 48.12278°N 16.41833°E |
142 | 600 | 1993 | Thyr | shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007 | |
| Chandrapur B2B | India - Chandrapur 20°5′21″N 79°8′36″E / 20.08917°N 79.14333°E |
205 | 2x500 | 1998 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | |
| Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B | USA - Titus County, TX 33°03′30.3″N 94°50′36.54″W / 33.058417°N 94.8434833°W |
162 | 600 | 1998 | Thyr | ||
| Garabi HVDC | Brazil - Garabi 28°15′19″S 55°40′18″W / 28.25528°S 55.67167°W |
±70 | 2200 | 1999 | Thyr | Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB . | [228] |
| Vizag 1 | India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka 17°38′33″N 83°7′57″E / 17.64250°N 83.13250°E |
205 | 500 | 1999 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | |
| Minami-Fukumitsu B2B | Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu 36°29′46″N 136°54′57″E / 36.49611°N 136.91583°E |
125 | 300 | 1999 | Thyr | ||
| Rivera B2B | Uruguay - Rivera 30°56′29″S 55°33′34″W / 30.94139°S 55.55944°W |
22 | 70 | 2000 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | |
| Eagle Pass, Texas B2B | USA - Eagle Pass, TX 28°42′58.8″N 100°29′26.88″W / 28.716333°N 100.4908000°W |
15.9 | 36 | 2000 | IGBT | ||
| Sasaram B2B | India - Sasaram 25°07′42″N 83°42′29″E / 25.12833°N 83.70806°E |
205 | 500 | 2003 | Thyr | Supplier: Alstom | |
| Rapid City DC Tie B2B | USA - Rapid City, SD 44°00′37″N 103°9′54″W / 44.01028°N 103.16500°W |
13 | 200 | 2003 | Thyr | [229][230] | |
| Vizag 2 | India - Visakhapatnam 17°38′26″N 83°8′10″E / 17.64056°N 83.13611°E |
176 | 500 | 2005 | Thyr | Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids. | [231] |
| Lingbao B2B | China - Lingbao 34°32′56″N 110°50′49″E / 34.54889°N 110.84694°E |
168 | 360 | 2005 | Thyr | Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010: Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd | [232][233] |
| Lamar Co., Colorado B2B | USA - Lamar, CO 38°12′25.08″N 102°31′43.92″W / 38.2069667°N 102.5288667°W |
63.6 | 210 | 2005 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC) | [234] |
| Higashi-Shimuzu B2B | Japan - Shimuzu 35°03′24″N 138°29′58″E / 35.05667°N 138.49944°E |
125 | 300 | 2006 | Thyr | ||
| Sharyland B2B | USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W |
21 | 150 | 2007 | Thyr | ||
| Al Fadhili B2B | Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili 26°53′52″N 49°20′47″E / 26.89778°N 49.34639°E |
222 | 3x600 | 2008 | Thyr | Used mainly for Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing rather than economic energy transfer. Supplier: Alstom | [235] |
| Outaouais B2B | Canada - Buckingham, QC 45°36′01″N 75°26′47″W / 45.60028°N 75.44639°W |
315 | 2x625 | 2009 | Thyr | Expected completion 2009. Supplier:ABB | [56] |
| Heihe B2B | China - Heihe 50°15′19″N 127°25′37″E / 50.25528°N 127.42694°E |
±125 | 750 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)[236] | |
| Gaoling B2B | China - Gaoling 40°10′49″N 120°00′22″E / 40.18028°N 120.00611°E |
±500 | 1500 | 2008 | Thyr | ||
| Shandong - East B2B | China | 1200 | 2011 | Thyr | |||
| Melo B2B | Uruguay - Melo 32°25′02″S 54°05′34″W / 32.41722°S 54.09278°W |
±79 | 500 | 2011 | Thyr | Supplier:Alstom | |
| North - Central B2B | China | 1000 | 2012 | Thyr | |||
| Rio Madeira B2B | Brazil – Porto Velho 8°54′46″S 63°57′27″W / 8.91278°S 63.95750°W |
100 | 600 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: ABB[237] | [238][239][240][241] |
| Ridgefield B2B ( Hudson Project) | USA - Ridgefield, NJ 40°49′56″N 74°00′44″W / 40.83222°N 74.01222°W |
185 | 660 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens[242] | |
| Bheramara B2B | Bangladesh – Bheramara 24°04′03″N 89°0′04″E / 24.06750°N 89.00111°E | 158 | 500 | 2013 | Thyr | ||
| Akhaltsikhe B2B | Georgia - Akhaltsikhe 41°42′26″N 43°06′35″E / 41.70722°N 43.10972°E |
96 | 700 | 2013 | Thyr | Supplier: Siemens | [243] |
| Mackinac B2B | USA - Saint Ignace, MI 45°51′31″N 84°44′18″W / 45.85861°N 84.73833°W |
70 | 200 | 2014 | IGBT | Supplier: ABB | [244] |
| Railroad DC Tie | USA - Mission, TX 26°10′01″N 98°19′25″W / 26.16694°N 98.32361°W |
21 | 150 | 2014 | Thyr | ||
| Alytus B2B | Lithuania - Alytus 54°26′19″N 23°58′02″E / 54.43861°N 23.96722°E |
±70 | 500 | 2015 | Thyr | [245] | |
| Mogocha B2B | Russia - Mogocha 53°43′30″N 119°47′22″E / 53.72500°N 119.78944°E |
±32 | 2x100 | 2017 | IGBT | [246] | |
| Yu - E B2B | China-Chongqing, China-Hubei | ±420 | 4x1250 | 2017 | VSC-HVDC | Supplier: XJ Group Corporation(2x1250MW), C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd(1x1250MW), Rongxin Power Electronic Co., Ltd. (1x1250MW) | |
| Khani B2B | Russia - Khani 56°55′09″N 119°59′24″E / 56.91917°N 119.99000°E |
±32 | 2x100 | 2019 | IGBT | [246] | |
| Van B2B | Turkiye - İran 38°58′37″N 43°31′58″E / 38.97694°N 43.53278°E |
420 | 600 | 2021 | IGBT | Supplier:NR-TEIAS | |
| Bentwisch B2B | Germany - Bentwisch 54°06′04″N 12°12′56″E / 54.10111°N 12.21556°E |
±140 | 410 | 2019 | IGBT | ||
| Tres Amigas SuperStation | USA - Clovis, NM | ? | 5000 | ? | IGBT |
Maps
editEurope
edit
Existing
Under construction
Options under consideration
HVDC interconnections in Europe as of 2023[update]- Shetland HVDC Connection
- Caithness Moray HVDC
- Western Isles HVDC connection
- NorthConnect
- North Sea Link: Kvilldal, Norway – Blyth, UK
- Eastern HVDC Link
- Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK
- Western HVDC Link
- East–West Interconnector: Leinster, Ireland – Shotton, Wales, UK
- Celtic Interconnector
- FAB Link
- IFA-2
- HVDC Cross-Channel: Les Mandarins, France – Sellindge, UK
- Nemo Link
- BritNed: UK – Netherlands
- Aachen Liège Electricity Grid Overlay (ALEGrO)[247]
- Viking Link
- HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3
- HVDC SylWin1
- HVDC HelWin1, HVDC HelWin2
- HVDC BorWin1, HVDC BorWin2, HVDC BorWin3
- NorNed: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands
- NORD.LINK: Germany – Norway
- Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway
- Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden
- StoreBælt: Fyn, Denmark – Zealand, Denmark
- Baltic Cable: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden
- Kontek: Bjæverskov, Denmark – Bentwisch, Germany
- SydVästlänken
- SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland
- LitPol Link
- NordBalt
- HVDC Visby–Näs
- Gotland: Västervik, Sweden – Ygne, Sweden
- Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden, Fenno-Skan 2
- ÅL-link
- Estlink: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland
- Estlink 2
- Cometa: Valencia, Spain – Mallorca, Spain
- INELFE Baixas - Santa Llogaia[248]
- HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland)
- SAPEI, Sardinia – Italian mainland
- HVDC MON.ITA Project
- HVDC Italy-Greece: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy
- EuroAsia Interconnector
- EuroAfrica Interconnector
- Greenlink
- France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel
- ElecLink: via Channel Tunnel
- INELFE Biscay Gulf[249]
- NeuConnect: Isle of Grain, UK – Wilhelmshaven, Germany
See also
edit
- Asian Super Grid
- Desertec
- Electrode line
- European super grid
- High-voltage direct current
- List of high voltage underground and submarine cables
- Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme
- Scotland-Norway interconnector
- HVDC converter station
- Super grid
- Submarine power cable
- Transmission tower
- Uno Lamm
- Valve hall
References
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