Wikipedia

List of heads of state and government who took their own lives

(Redirected from List of heads of state and government who committed suicide)

A number of heads of state and heads of government have taken their own lives, either while in office or after leaving office. National leaders who take their own lives while in office generally do so because their leadership is somehow threatened – for instance, by a coup or an invading army. Some have done so under compulsion.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Heads of state

edit
Name State Year In
office?		 Method (Probable)
motive		 Ref.
Zhou Shang dynasty 1046 BC Yes Immolation Impending defeat by rebels under Jiang Ziya [1]
Zimri Israel 885 BC? Impending defeat by rebels under Omri [2]
Rusa I Urartu 714 BC Stabbing Defeat by Sargon II, looting of Musasir [3]
Midas Phrygia 676 BC? Poisoning Impending defeat by the Cimmerians [4]
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (disputed) Babylonia 648 BC Immolation Defeat by Ashurbanipal [5]
Cheng Chu 626 BC Hanging Palace coup by Prince Shangchen [6]
Sîn-šar-iškun (disputed) Assyria 612 BC Defeat by Nabopolassar [7]
Ling Chu 529 BC Hanging Palace coup by Duke Qiji of Cai [8]
Psamtik III Egypt 525 BC No Poisoning Defeated and deposed by the Achaemenid king Cambyses II [4]
Cleomenes I (disputed) Sparta 490 BC Yes Mutilation by sword Imprisonment on grounds of insanity [9]
Fuchai Wu 473 BC Hanging or slitting throat (disputed) Defeat by Goujian of Yue [10]
Chetaka Licchavi Republic 468 BC Drowning Defeat by Ajatashatru of Magadha [11]
Huai Qin 425 BC Compelled after palace coup [12]
Chandragupta Maurya (disputed) Maurya Empire 295 BC No Starvation (sallekhana) Piety [13]
Cleomenes III Sparta 219 BC Failure of revolt against Ptolemy IV [14]
Qin Er Shi Qin dynasty 207 BC Yes Compelled after palace coup by Zhao Gao [15]
Xiang Yu Chu 202 BC Slitting throat Defeat by Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia [16]
An Dương Vương Âu Lạc 179 BC Drowning Defeat by Zhao Tuo [17]
Quintus Fulvius Flaccus Roman Republic 172 BC No Hanging Depression after death of son [18]
Diaeus Achaean League 146 BC Yes Poisoning Defeat by Romans under Lucius Mummius [19][20]
Diodotus Tryphon (disputed) Seleucid Empire 138 BC Defeat by Antiochus VII Sidetes [21]
Gaius Papirius Carbo Roman Republic 119 BC No Poisoning Prosecution for treason [22]
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo Roman Republic 112 BC Prosecution for losing the Battle of Noreia [23]
Gaius Marius the Younger Roman Republic 82 BC Yes Defeat at the Battle of the Colline Gate and impending capture by Sulla [24]
Gaius Norbanus Roman Republic 82 BC No Threat of extradition from Rhodes after proscription by Sulla [25]
Mithridates VI Eupator Pontus 63 BC Yes Stabbed by bodyguard on command after failed poisoning Impending defeat by rebellion [26]
Ptolemy of Cyprus Cyprus 58 BC Poisoning Threat of Roman annexation [27]
Juba I Numidia 46 BC Duel as part of suicide pact with Marcus Petreius Impending defeat by Julius Caesar after the Battle of Thapsus [19]
Mark Antony Roman Republic 30 BC No Stabbing Defeat by Octavian at the Battle of Alexandria [28]
Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemaic Kingdom 30 BC Yes Poisoning Death of Mark Antony and defeat by Octavian [29]
Nero Roman Empire 68 Stabbing (assisted by Epaphroditus) Impending overthrow [19]
Otho Roman Empire 69 Stabbing Impending defeat by Vitellius [30]
Decebalus Dacia 106 Slitting throat Defeat by Trajan [31]
Uthiyan Cheralathan Chera dynasty 130? Starvation (vaṭakkiruttal) Defeat by Karikala at the Battle of Venni [32]
Gordian I Roman Empire 238 Hanging Death of son and co-emperor Gordian II at the Battle of Carthage [33]
Sun Liang Eastern Wu 260 No Accused of plotting to assassinate successor after deposition [34]
Bongsang Goguryeo 300 Yes Hanging Palace coup owing to popular unrest [35]
Maximian Roman Empire 310 No Failure of rebellion against Constantine I [36]
Diocletian (disputed) Roman Empire 312? Starvation Fear of reprisal by Constantine I [37]
Li Qi Cheng Han 338 Hanging Palace coup and deposition by Li Shou [38]
Lü Shao Later Liang 400 Yes Palace coup by Lü Zuan [39]
Juqu Mujian Northern Liang 447 No Compelled by Taiwu of Northern Wei on suspicion of plotting rebellion [40]
Yujiulü Anagui Rouran Khaganate 552 Yes Defeat by Turkic rebellion led by Bumin Qaghan [41]
Gao Wei Northern Qi 577? No Compelled by Wu of Northern Zhou on suspicion of plotting rebellion [42]
Kōbun Japan 672 Yes Strangulation Defeat by Prince Ōama in Jinshin War [43][44]
Huigang Silla 838 Hanging Impending defeat by rebels under Kim Myeong [45]
Zhangxin Qaghan Uyghur Khaganate 839 Defeat by Zhuyue Chixin [46]
Zhu Yougui Later Liang 913 Palace coup by Zhu Youzhen [47]
Zhu Youzhen Later Liang 923 Impending defeat by Later Tang [48]
Gyeongae Silla 927 Compelled after defeat by Kyŏn Hwŏn [49]
Li Congke Later Tang 937 Immolation Impending defeat by Taizong of Liao [50]
Marasimha II Western Ganga dynasty 975 No Starvation (sallekhana) Failure against Siyaka and Tailapa II, piety [51]
Indra IV Rashtrakuta 982 Collapse of Rashtrakuta, failure against Tailapa II, piety [51]
Jayapala Hindu Shahis 1001 Immolation Defeat by Mahmud of Ghazni and abdication [52]
Someshvara I Western Chalukya Empire 1068 Yes Drowning Defeat by Virarajendra Chola and illness [53]
Ananta Lohara dynasty 1081 No Stabbing Breakdown of relationship with son and successor Kalaśa after abdication [54]
Zhang Bangchang Da Chu 1127 Hanging Compelled by Gaozong of Song after abdication [55]
Aizong Jin dynasty 1234 Yes Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty [56]
Prataparudra Kakatiya dynasty 1323 Defeat and capture by the Delhi Sultanate [57]
Bayezid I Ottoman Empire 1403 No Defeat and imprisonment by Timur [58]
Tezozomoctli Cuauhtitlan 1430 Yes Poisoning Defeat in the Tepanec War [59]
Hasan Ali Qara Qoyunlu 1469 Defeat by Uzun Hasan [60]
Moquihuix (disputed) Tlatelolco 1473 Jumped off pyramid Defeat by Aztecs in the Battle of Tlatelolco [61]
Lê Cung Hoàng Lê dynasty 1527 No Hanging Compelled after palace coup by Mạc Đăng Dung [62]
Muzaffar Shah III Gujarat 1592 Slitting throat Capture by Mughal forces after failed rebellion
Chongzhen Emperor Ming dynasty 1644 Yes Hanging or suffocation (disputed) Impending defeat by rebels under Li Zicheng [63]
Lê Duy Phường Lê dynasty 1735 No Hanging Compelled after palace coup by Trịnh Giang [62]
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve   France 1794 Gunshot Impending arrest after proscription [64]
Philippe Rühl   France 1795 Stabbing Prosecution after failure of Prairial uprising [65]
Louis-Joseph Charlier   France 1797 Gunshot Mental breakdown [66]
Osei Kwame Panyin Ashanti Empire 1803 Poisoning or strangulation (disputed) Deposition by Konadu Yaadom [67]
Henri Christophe   Haiti 1820 Yes Gunshot Poor health, impending overthrow [68]
Juan Larrea   Argentina 1847 No Gunshot or slitting throat (disputed) Business failure [69][70]
Anson Jones   Texas 1858 Gunshot Political failure [71]
Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid   Jabal Shammar 1868 Yes Ill-health [72]
Tewodros II   Ethiopia 1868 Defeated by the British Expedition to Abyssinia [73]
Abdulaziz (disputed)   Ottoman Empire 1876 No Arms cut by scissors Forced abdication [74]
Fridolin Anderwert    Switzerland 1880 Yes Gunshot Adverse press coverage, depression, exhaustion [75]
José Manuel Balmaceda   Chile 1891 No Defeat in the Chilean Civil War of 1891 [76]
Nikolay Chkheidze   Georgia 1926 Slitting throat Depression over the Bolsheviks' conquest of Georgia [77][78]
Germán Busch   Bolivia 1939 Yes Gunshot Political frustration, depression [79]
Otto Strandman   Estonia 1941 No Impending arrest by NKVD [80][81]
Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski   Poland 1942 Jumped off a building Defeat of Poland and political frustration in exile [82]
Adolf Hitler   Germany 1945 Yes Gunshot Pending defeat in the European theatre of World War II [83]
Nguyen Van Thinh   French Cochinchina 1946 Hanging Political failure [84]
Omer Nishani (disputed)   Albania 1954 No Gunshot Poor health, political failure [85][86]
Getúlio Vargas   Brazil 1954 Yes Opposition from the military [87]
Salvador Allende   Chile 1973 Military coup [88][89][90]
Chivu Stoica   Romania 1975 No Out of favour with leadership of the Romanian Communist Party [91]
Carlos Prío Socarrás (disputed)   Cuba 1977 Faced questioning by the House Select Committee on Assassinations [92][93]
Antonio Guzmán Fernández   Dominican Republic 1982 Yes Corruption allegations [94][95]
Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado   Cuba 1983 No Poor health, bereavement [96]
Lazarus Salii   Palau 1988 Yes Corruption allegations [97]
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (disputed)   Georgia 1993 No Defeat in the Georgian Civil War [98][99]
Dipendra   Nepal 2001 Yes Unknown: had just killed nine family members [100]
Carlos Roberto Reina   Honduras 2003 No Ill-health [101]
Milan Babić   Serbian Krajina 2006 Hanging Imprisonment over war crimes [102]
Roh Moo-hyun   South Korea 2009 Jumped off a cliff Corruption allegations [103]
Alan García Pérez   Peru 2019 Gunshot Allegations of corruption [104]

Heads of government

edit
Name Country Year In
office		 Method Probable
motive		 Reference
Hurshid Pasha   Ottoman Empire 1822 Yes Poison Defeat in the Greek War of Independence and execution threat [105]
Bhimsen Thapa   Nepal 1839 No Slit throat with a kukri Disgrace of third wife [106]
Abdul Muhsin al-Sa'dun   Iraq 1929 Yes Gunshot Political frustration [107][108]
Iosif Adamovich   Byelorussian SSR 1937 No Being taken to Moscow under arrest [109]
Walery Sławek   Poland 1939 Political failure [110][111]
Pál Teleki   Hungary 1941 Yes Distress over entry of German troops into Hungary [112][113]
Alexandros Koryzis   Greece 1941 German invasion of Greece [114]
Joseph Goebbels   Germany 1945 No Gunshot or cyanide Defeat in European theatre of World War II [115][116]
Fumimaro Konoe   Japan 1945 Cyanide Accused of war crimes [117]
Milan Nedić (disputed)   Serbia 1946 Jumped from prison window Imprisonment after defeat in World War II [118]
Johannes Vares (disputed)   Estonia 1946 Gunshot Disillusion with Soviet system [119][120]
Tawfik Abu Al-Huda   Jordan 1956 Hanging Dying of cancer[121] [122][123]
John McEwen   Australia 1980 Starvation (refused food) Ill-health [124][125]
Mehmet Shehu (disputed)   Albania 1981 Yes Gunshot Nervous breakdown [126][127]
Hailu Yimenu   Ethiopia 1991 or 1993 No Avoiding capture by the EPRDF [128][129]
Pierre Bérégovoy   France 1993 Gunshot Depression and being investigated [130]
Mahmoud Zuabi   Syria 2000 Allegations of corruption [131]
Alan García Pérez   Peru 2019 Allegations of corruption [104]
Dries van Agt   Netherlands 2024 No Assisted suicide Poor health [132]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Ma, Chengyuan (1986). Ancient Chinese Bronzes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780195837957.
  2. ^ Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John H. (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. The Westminster John Knox Press. p. 265. ISBN 9780664212629.
  3. ^ Potts, D. T. (2018). "Toul-E Gilan and the Urartian Empire". In Simpson, Elizabeth (ed.). The Adventure of the Illustrious Scholar: Papers Presented to Oscar White Muscarella. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 247. ISBN 9789004361706.
  4. ^ a b Mayor, Adrienne (2018). Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology. Princeton University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780691202266.
  5. ^ Frame, Grant (1992). Babylonia 689–627 B.C.: A Political History. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. pp. 153–54. ISBN 9789062580699.
  6. ^ Zhu Yi-ting (2021). A Panoramic History of Traditional Chinese Ethics. Translated by Wei, Xiao-fei Matthew. Singapore: Springer Nature. p. 37. ISBN 9789811612527.
  7. ^ Berney, K. A.; Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle, eds. (2013). "Nineveh". International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 4: Middle East and Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 548. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.
  8. ^ Zhang Zhengming (2021). A History of Chu. Vol. 2. Translated by Cao, Barbara; Chan, Christopher; Hung Sze Ching. Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 9781623201371.
  9. ^ Hart, John (1982). Herodotus and Greek History. Beckenham: Croom Helm. p. 176. ISBN 9780709912927.
  10. ^ Milburn, Olivia (2010). The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu. Leiden: Brill. p. 112 n86. ISBN 9789004179691.
  11. ^ Sikdar, Jogendra Chandra (1964). Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra. Muzaffarpur: Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa. p. 498.
  12. ^ Lewis, Mark Edward (1997). "Warring States: Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 602. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
  13. ^ Mookerji, Radhakumud (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times (4th ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 40. ISBN 81-208-0405-8.
  14. ^ Samuelsson, Gunnar (2013). Crucifixion in Antiquity (2nd ed.). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 115. ISBN 9783161525087.
  15. ^ Sanft, Charles (2005). "Rituals That Don't Reach, Punishments That Don't Impugn: Jia Yi on the Exclusions from Punishment and Ritual". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 125 (1): 42. JSTOR 20064282.
  16. ^ Tao Hanzhang (1998). "Commentary on The Art of War". The Art of War; The Book of Lord Shang. Translated by Yuan Shibing. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. p. 74. ISBN 1-85326-779-1.
  17. ^ An Introduction to Vietnam. Embassy of Vietnam, Washington, D.C. 1969. p. 11.
  18. ^ Lennon, Jack L. (2014). Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781107037908.
  19. ^ a b c Van Hooff, Anton J. L. (1990). From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0-415-04055-8.
  20. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.16.6.
  21. ^ Chrubasik, Boris (2016). Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780198786924.
  22. ^ Steel, Catherine (2010). "Lost Orators of Rome". In Dominik, William; Hall, Jon (eds.). A Companion to Roman Rhetoric. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 9781444334159.
  23. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2020). Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780190887841.
  24. ^ Konrad, C. F. (2010). "From the Gracchi to the First Civil War (133–70)". In Rosenstein, Nathan; Morstein-Marx, Robert (eds.). A Companion to the Roman Republic. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 9781405102179.
  25. ^ Telford, Lynda (2014). Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. p. 193. ISBN 9781783030484.
  26. ^ Macinnis, Peter (2004). Poisons: From Hemlock to Botox and the Killer Bean of Calabar. New York: Arcade Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 1-55970-761-5.
  27. ^ Strauss, Barry S. (2022). The War that Made the Roman Empire: Antony, Cleopatra, and Octavian at Actium. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 258. ISBN 9781982116675.
  28. ^ Southern, Patricia (2012). Mark Antony: A Life. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445609263.
  29. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2018). Cleopatra's Daughter: And Other Royal Women of the Augustan Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780190618827.
  30. ^ Edwards, Catherine (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0300112085.
  31. ^ Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. London: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9781134709144.
  32. ^ Nadar, G. Krishnan (2001). Historiography and History of Kerala. Kottayam: Learners' Book House. p. 53.
  33. ^ Edwards, Catherine (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0300112085.
  34. ^ Lin, Fu-shih (2009). "Shamans and politics". In Lagerwey, John; Lü Pengzhi (eds.). Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220–589 AD). Leiden: Brill. p. 281. ISBN 9789004175853.
  35. ^ Samguk Sagi, quoted in de Bary, William Theodore, ed. (2008). "Ch'ang Chori". Sources of East Asian Tradition. Vol. 1. p. 494. ISBN 9780231143042.
  36. ^ Fratantuono, Lee (2023). Diocletian and the Military Restoration of Rome. Yorkshire, PA: Pen & Sword Books. p. 205. ISBN 9781526771834.
  37. ^ Doležal, Stanislav (2022). The Reign of Constantine, 306–337: Continuity and Change in the Late Roman Empire. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 440–42. ISBN 9783030974633.
  38. ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). "Li Qi". Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780810860537.
  39. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 351, "Lü Shao".
  40. ^ Rong, Xinjiang (2023). The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West. Translated by Church, Sally K. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 465. ISBN 9789004512580.
  41. ^ Linden, Eugene (2006). The Winds of Change: Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of Civilizations. Simon & Schuster. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-6848-6352-8.
  42. ^ Xiong 2009, p. 199, "Gao Wei".
  43. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 53.
  44. ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Kōbun Tennō". Japan Encyclopedia. Translated by Roth, Käthe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 538.
  45. ^ Yang, Sung Chul (1994). The North And South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Westview Press. p. 50. ISBN 9781000304008.
  46. ^ Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Leiden: Brill. p. 35. ISBN 9004141294. OCLC 56318277.
  47. ^ Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, 13.
  48. ^ Wen Hu (2017). "Later Liang 907–23". In Dillon, Michael (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese History. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 367. ISBN 9780415426992.
  49. ^ Seth, Michael J. (2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 70. ISBN 9780742540040.
  50. ^ McLaren, Anne Elizabeth (1998). Chinese Popular Culture and Ming Chantefables. Brill. p. 236. ISBN 9004109986.
  51. ^ a b A. S. Altekar (1960). "The Rāshtrakūtas". In Ghulam Yazdani (ed.). The Early History of the Deccan Parts. Vol. 1 (Parts I-IV). Oxford University Press. p. 299. OCLC 59001459.
  52. ^ Smith, Vincent A. (1999). The Early History of India: From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 382. ISBN 81-7156-618-9.
  53. ^ Smith 1999, p. 431.
  54. ^ Ganga Ram Garg, ed. (1992). "Ananta (1028–1063)". Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 425–26. ISBN 81-7022-375-X.
  55. ^ Xi Chen (2021). A Study of Criminal Proceeding Conventions in Tang Dynasty. Translated by Guang Shi. Singapore: Springer Nature. p. 418. ISBN 9789811630408.
  56. ^ Toqto'a (c. 1345). "Volumes 17–18: Biography of Emperor Aizong". History of Jin. China.
  57. ^ Eaton, Richard M. (2005). The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I/8: A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761. Eight Indian Lives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-521-25484-1.
  58. ^ Mengüç, Murat Cem (2020). "Bringing the Past Together: Ahmedi's Narrative of Ottoman History and Two Later Texts". In Massoud, Sami G. (ed.). Studies in Islamic Historiography. Leiden: Brill. p. 126. ISBN 9789004415164.
  59. ^ Codex Chimalpopoca, 41:34–48, in History and Mythology of the Aztecs: The Codex Chimalpopoca. Translated by Bierhorst, John. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 1992. p. 93. ISBN 9780816518869.
  60. ^ Roemer, H. (1986). "The Türkmen Dynasties". In Jackson, Peter (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
  61. ^ Bell, Karen Elizabeth (1992). Kingmakers: The royal women of ancient Mexico (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. p. 185.
  62. ^ a b Vu Hong Lien; Sharrock, Peter D. (2014). Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam (ebook ed.). London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780233888.
  63. ^ Mingji beilüe, quoted in Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520048041, p. 266.
  64. ^ Bertrand, Gilles (2013). La République en voyage, 1770-1830 (in French). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. p. 152. ISBN 9782753528055.
  65. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexandre (2007). "Prairial Insurrection". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815. Westport: Greenwood. p. 594. ISBN 9780313049514.
  66. ^ Clause, Georges (1975). "Un journal républicain de l'époque directoriale à Châlons-sur-Marne, le Journal du département de la Marne, 1796–1800". Mémoires de la Société d'agriculture, commerce, sciences et arts du departement de la Marne (in French). 110: 300.
  67. ^ Parker, John (2021). In My Time of Dying: A History of Death and the Dead in West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780691193151.
  68. ^ Monfried, Walter, "The Slave Who Became King: Henri Christophe", Negro Digest, Volume XII, Number 12, October, 1963.
  69. ^ National Academy of History of Argentina (2010). Revolución en el Plata (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emece. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-950-04-3258-0.
  70. ^ Caraffa, Pedro Isidro (1961) [1929]. D. Juan Larrea (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales. p. 60.
  71. ^ "Anson Jones Left Behind", from Triumph and Tragedy: Presidents of the Republic of Texas, Texas State Library and Archives Commission.
  72. ^ Baran, Michael John (1992). The Rashidi Amirate of Hayl: The Rise, Development and Decline of a Pre-Modern Arabian Principality, 1835–1921 (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. p. 79. ProQuest 303993600.
  73. ^ "Tewodros II". EthiopianHistory.com. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  74. ^ McMeekin, Sean (2015). The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923 (ebook ed.). London: Penguin UK. ISBN 9780718199722.
  75. ^ Clive H. Church; Randolph Conrad Head (2013). A Concise History of Switzerland. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-521-19444-0.
  76. ^ Collier, Simon; Sater, William F. (2004) [1996]. "Santa Maria and Balmaceda Studies". A History of Chile, 1808-2002. Cambridge Latin American (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-521-53484-0.
  77. ^ Spencer Tucker (2005). World War I: Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2.
  78. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. p. 346. ISBN 9781780230306.
  79. ^ Laura Gotkowitz (2008). A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880–1952. Duke University Press. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-8223-9012-1.
  80. ^ Miljan, Toivo (2015). "Strandman, Otto (1875–1941)". Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 429. ISBN 9780810875135.
  81. ^ Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. "Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity". Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  82. ^ Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman (July 2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 1995. ISBN 978-1-317-47593-4.
  83. ^ Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. pp. 160–182. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
  84. ^ Reilly, Brett (14 June 2019). "Saigon's hidden presidential palace and forgotten president: the Republic of Cochinchina and Nguyễn Văn Thinh". New Mandala. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  85. ^ Robert Elsie (2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
  86. ^ Uran Butka (December 2014). The Bomb and the Soviet Embassy in Tirana. Booktique.al. pp. 69–70. GGKEY:RDANRJTP09G.
  87. ^ "The Death of Getulio Vargas, Witness - BBC World Service". BBC. 25 August 2014.
  88. ^ "Socialist Says Allende Once Spoke of Suicide". The New York Times. 12 September 1973. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  89. ^ "Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms". The Guardian. 19 July 2011.
  90. ^ "Chilean court confirms Allende suicide - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. 2012-09-12.
  91. ^ Ion Mihai Pacepa (1990). Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption. Regnery Gateway. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-89526-746-7.
  92. ^ Kathleen Tracy (2010). We Visit Cuba. Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-61228-039-4.
  93. ^ Richard Belzer; David Wayne (June 2016). Hit List: An In-Depth Investigation into the Mysterious Deaths of Witnesses to the JFK Assassination. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-62636-284-0.
  94. ^ Pablo González Casanova (1993). Latin America Today. United Nations University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-92-808-0819-3.
  95. ^ John E. Jessup (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-313-28112-9.
  96. ^ "OSVALDO DORTICOS, AN EX-PRESIDENT AND AIDE TO CASTRO, KILLS HIMSELF". The New York Times. 1983-06-25. ISSN 0362-4331.
  97. ^ Wypijewski, JoAnn. "Broken Trust." The Nation. The Nation Institute. September 26, 1988.
  98. ^ Reburial for Georgia ex-president. BBC News. 1 April 2007.
  99. ^ Christoph Zurcher (September 2009). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. NYU Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8147-9724-2.
  100. ^ Mullins, Lisa (1 Jun 2011). "Why Nepal's Crown Prince Went on a Killing Spree". PRI.
  101. ^ "Carlos Roberto Reina, 77, President of Honduras in the 1990s". The New York Times. August 21, 2003.
  102. ^ "UN finds no foul play in Serb's death", New York Times, June 9, 2006.
  103. ^ "S Korea's opposition party demands president's apology for ex-president's death". People's Daily. 1 June 2009.
  104. ^ a b "Alan García: Peru's former president kills himself ahead of arrest". BBC News. 17 April 2019.
  105. ^ George Georgiades Arnakis; Wayne S. Vucinich (1969). The Near East in modern times. Pemberton Press. p. 157.
  106. ^ Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 164, ISBN 9789937241748
  107. ^ Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 512. ISBN 9780300127324.
  108. ^ Tripp, Charles (2002). A History of Iraq (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-521-82148-7.
  109. ^ "Index Aa-Ag|Adamovich, Iosif Aleksandrovich". rulers.org. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  110. ^ Włodzimierz Kalicki: 2 kwietnia 1939. Stary browning. Gazeta Wyborcza, 2 April 2006.
  111. ^ Ivan T. Berend (2001). Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II. University of California Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-520-22901-3.
  112. ^ Horthy, Miklós; Simon, Andrew L. "The Annotated Memoirs of Admiral Milklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary". Ilona Bowden. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  113. ^ András Bán (2004). Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations. Psychology Press. pp. 142–3. ISBN 978-0-7146-8565-6.
  114. ^ Antony Beevor (2011). Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84854-635-6.
  115. ^ Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
  116. ^ Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  117. ^ Grant Kohn Goodman (2005). America's Japan: The First Year, 1945-1946. Fordham Univ Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8232-2515-6.
  118. ^ Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan, eds. (2015). "Nedić, Milan". Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (ebook ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315706139. ISBN 9780765610270.
  119. ^ Laar, M. (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956. Howells House. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-929590-08-0.
  120. ^ Alexander Shtromas (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Lexington Books. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
  121. ^ Bidwell, R. L. (1998:8). Dictionary of modern Arab history: an A to Z of over 2000 entries from 1798 to the present day. United Kingdom: Kegan Paul International.
  122. ^ Massad, Joseph A. (1998). Identifying the nation: the juridical and military bases of Jordanian national identity. Columbia University. p. 281.
  123. ^ Massad, Joseph A. (2012). Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan. Columbia University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-231-50570-3.
  124. ^ Jean, Peter (3 November 2014). "Former PM's secret pain led to tragic end". The Advertiser (South Australia).
  125. ^ Julian Fitzgerald, On Message: Political Communications of Australian Prime Ministers 1901 – 2014. Clareville Press, 2014. p.2 92.
  126. ^ Crampton, R. J. (July 2014). The Balkans Since the Second World War. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-317-89117-8.
  127. ^ Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-134-58328-7.
  128. ^ "Languishing in an Addis embassy". BBC News. 28 December 2005.
  129. ^ Girma, Yehwalashet (1996). The Rape of a Nation. Minerva. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-85863-848-5.
  130. ^ Parrot, clément (11 July 2000). "Suicide de Pierre Bérégovoy, vingt ans déjà : retour en vidéos sur une mort tragique". The New York Times.
  131. ^ Kifner, John (1 May 2013). "Syrians Vote To Confirm Assad's Son As President". Le HuffPost.
  132. ^ "Oud-premier Dries van Agt (93) overleden". nos.nl (in Dutch). 2024-02-09. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives&oldid=1255938527"