Wikipedia

List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention

The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques.

Participation in the Environmental Modification Convention
  Parties
  Only signed
  Non-signatory

On May 18, 1977, the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) was opened for signature. North Yemen became the first state to deposit the treaty on 20 July 1977. The treaty came into force and closed for signature on October 5, 1978. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of 2022, 78 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the State of Palestine on 29 December 2017. A further 16 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

As of March 2013 the third review conference had not been scheduled as there were under 10 respondents showing interest in reconvening.[1][2]

List of parties

edit
State[1][2][3] Signed Ratified or Acceded Method
  Afghanistan Oct 22, 1985 Accession
  Algeria Dec 19, 1991 Accession
  Antigua and Barbuda Oct 25, 1988 Succession from   United Kingdom
  Argentina Mar 20, 1987 Accession
  Armenia May 15, 2002 Accession
  Australia May 31, 1978 Sep 7, 1984 Ratification
  Austria Jan 17, 1990 Accession
  Bangladesh Oct 3, 1979 Accession
  Belarus May 18, 1977 Jun 7, 1978 Ratification as   Byelorussian SSR
  Belgium May 18, 1977 Jul 12, 1982 Ratification
  Benin Jun 10, 1977 Jun 30, 1986 Ratification
  Brazil Nov 9, 1977 Oct 12, 1984 Ratification
  Bulgaria May 18, 1977 May 31, 1978 Ratification
  Cameroon Apr 18, 2011 Accession
  Canada May 18, 1977 Jun 11, 1981 Ratification
  Cape Verde Oct 3, 1979 Accession
  Chile Apr 26, 1994 Accession
  China Jun 8, 2005 Accession
  Costa Rica Feb 7, 1996 Accession
  Cuba Sep 23, 1977 Apr 10, 1978 Ratification
  Cyprus Oct 7, 1977 Apr 12, 1978 Ratification
  Czech Republic Feb 22, 1993 Succession from   Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
  Denmark May 18, 1977 Apr 19, 1978 Ratification
  Dominica Nov 9, 1992[4] Succession from   United Kingdom
  Egypt Apr 1, 1982 Accession
  Estonia Apr 14, 2011 Accession
  Finland May 18, 1977 May 12, 1978 Ratification
  Germany May 18, 1977 May 24, 1983 Ratification as   West Germany
Also   East Germany
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 25 May 1978
  Ghana Mar 21, 1978 Jun 22, 1978 Ratification
  Greece Aug 23, 1983 Accession
  Guatemala Mar 21, 1988 Accession
  Honduras Aug 16, 2010 Accession
  Hungary May 18, 1977 Apr 19, 1978 Ratification
  India Dec 15, 1977 Dec 15, 1978 Ratification
  Ireland May 18, 1977 Dec 16, 1982 Ratification
  Italy May 18, 1977 Nov 27, 1981 Ratification
  Japan Jun 9, 1982 Accession
  Kazakhstan Apr 25, 2005 Accession
  Kuwait Jan 2, 1980 Accession
  Kyrgyzstan Jun 15, 2015 Accession
  Laos Apr 13, 1978 Oct 5, 1978 Ratification
  Lithuania Apr 16, 2002 Accession
  Malawi Oct 5, 1978 Accession
  Mauritius Dec 9, 1992 Accession
  Mongolia May 18, 1977 May 19, 1978 Ratification
  Netherlands May 18, 1977 Apr 15, 1983 Ratification
  New Zealand Sep 7, 1984 Accession,
includes   Cook Islands
and   Niue
  Nicaragua Aug 11, 1977 Sep 6, 2007 Ratification
  Niger Feb 17, 1993 Accession
  North Korea Nov 8, 1984 Accession
  Norway May 18, 1977 Feb 15, 1979 Ratification
  Pakistan Feb 27, 1986 Accession
  Palestine Dec 29, 2017 Accession
  Panama May 13, 2003 Accession
  Papua New Guinea Oct 28, 1980 Accession
  Poland May 18, 1977 Jun 8, 1978 Ratification
  Romania May 18, 1977 May 6, 1983 Ratification
  Russia May 18, 1977 May 30, 1978 Ratification as   Soviet Union
  Saint Lucia May 27, 1993[5] Succession from   United Kingdom
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Apr 27, 1999[6] Succession from   United Kingdom
  Sao Tome and Principe Oct 5, 1979 Accession
  Slovakia May 28, 1993 Succession from   Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
  Slovenia Apr 20, 2005 Accession
  Solomon Islands Jun 19, 1981 Succession from   United Kingdom
  South Korea Dec 2, 1986 Accession
  Spain May 18, 1977 Jul 19, 1978 Ratification
  Sri Lanka Jun 8, 1977 Apr 25, 1978 Ratification
  Sweden Apr 27, 1984 Accession
   Switzerland Aug 5, 1988 Accession
  Tajikistan Oct 12, 1999 Accession
  Tunisia May 11, 1978 May 11, 1978 Ratification
  Ukraine May 18, 1977 Jun 13, 1978 Ratification as   Ukrainian SSR
  United Kingdom May 18, 1977 May 16, 1978 Ratification
  United States May 18, 1977 Jan 17, 1980 Ratification
  Uruguay Sep 16, 1993 Accession
  Uzbekistan May 26, 1993 Accession
  Vietnam Aug 26, 1980 Accession
  Yemen May 18, 1977 Jul 20, 1977 Ratification as   North Yemen
  South Yemen also acceded 12 June 1979 prior to Yemeni unification.

States that have signed but not ratified

edit
State[1][2][3] Signed
  Bolivia May 18, 1977
  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Signed as   Zaire 		Feb 28, 1978
  Ethiopia May 18, 1977
  Holy See May 27, 1977
  Iceland May 18, 1977
  Iran May 18, 1977
  Iraq Aug 15, 1977
  Lebanon May 18, 1977
  Liberia May 18, 1977
  Luxembourg May 18, 1977
  Morocco May 18, 1977
  Portugal May 18, 1977
  Sierra Leone Apr 12, 1978
  Syria Aug 4, 1977
  Turkey May 18, 1977
  Uganda May 18, 1977

States that have not signed

edit

101 UN member states have never signed the treaty.

The Cook Islands and Niue, two associated states of New Zealand which have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by United Nations Secretariat,[7] are not parties to the treaty but are bound by its provisions by virtue of their administration by New Zealand when the latter ratified the ENMOD convention.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  2. ^ a b c "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  3. ^ a b "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  4. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Dominica as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 8 November 1978.
  5. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Lucia as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 22 February 1979.
  6. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Vincent and The Grenadines as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 27 October 1979.
  7. ^ "Organs Supplement", Repertory of Practice (PDF), UN, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-03
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_parties_to_the_Environmental_Modification_Convention&oldid=1173520460"