This is a list of plants that are endemic to the Appalachian mountains of North America.
Significance
editThe Appalachian mountains of Eastern North America are a biodiversity hotspot.[1][2] Like other mountains, the Appalachians have high rates of endemism because they create isolated "islands" of unique habitat conditions distant from other, similar habitats. The high elevations of the Appalachians functioned as refugia at the end of the last ice age, and house many relict taxa that were more widespread in Southeastern North America when the climate was cooler.[3][4] Together with the rugged, heterogenous topography and mild, wet climate, these factors make the Appalachians one of the most biodiverse temperate regions in the world.[5]
List
edit- Abies fraseri - Fraser fir.Endemic to high elevations of the Appalachian mountains.[6][7]
- Aconitum reclinatum - trailing white monkshood.[8][9]
- Actaea podocarpa - mountain bugbane.[10][11]
- Ageratina luciae-brauniae - endemic to sandstone rockhouses in Tennessee and Kentucky.[12][13]
- Ambrosia porcheri- exists only in Pickens County and Greenville County of South Carolina.[17] [18]
- Amorpha glabra - Appalachian indigo-bush. It grows in the mountains of western North Carolina.[19][20]
- Anemone minima - tiny anemone.[21]
- Borodinia serotina- shale-barrens rockcress. It is found only in Virginia and West Virginia.[25][26]
- Bryodesma tortipilum - twisted-hair spikemoss, found only in a narrow range from western North Carolina to north Georgia.[28][29]
- Buckleya distichophylla- piratebush. It is a hemiparasitic shrub that is only found in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.[30][31]
- Campanula divaricata- small bonny bellflower.[33][34]
- Cardamine micranthera- small-anther bittercress, found only in Virginia and North Carolina.[37][38]
- Clematis viticaulis - Millboro leather flower. It is found only in Bath, Augusta, and Rockbridge counties of the U.S. state of Virginia.[50][51]
- Clethra acuminata- mountain pepperbush.[52][53]
- Clintonia umbellulata- white clintonia. It is found in the Appalachian mountains, from as far south as Georgia to as far north as New York.[55][56]
- Convallaria pseudomajalis - American lily-of-the-valley. It is found in the Southern Appalachians, in mountain forests at elevations between 700 and 1,500 feet.[58][59]
- Corallorhiza bentleyi -Bentley's coralroot. It is found only in the mountains of West Virginia and Virginia.[61][62]
- Draba ramosissima- branched draba or rocktwist. It is found in the central area of the southern Appalachian mountains, mainly on rocky outcrops of limestone or mafic rocks.[71][72]
- Eubotrys recurva- mountain fetterbush. It is common at higher elevations of the southern Appalachian mountains.[74][75]
- Eutrochium steelei - Appalachian Joe Pye weed.[76][77]
- Eurybia chlorolepis - Mountain wood aster. It is found in the red spruce-Fraser fir forests of the high elevation Appalachian mountains.[78][79]
- Eurybia saxicastelli- Rockcastle aster. It is found only in Tennessee and Kentucky.[80][81]
- Gentiana austromontana- Appalachian gentian. It is found only in mountainous areas of West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, with populations in Roan Mountain State Park and Cherokee National Forest.[85][86]
- Gymnocarpium appalachianum - Appalachian oakfern.[91][92]
- Ilex collina- Hill Holly or longstalk holly. It is found at high elevations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Georgia.[107][108]
- Liatris helleri- Heller's blazing star. It grows only on high rocky cliffs and grassy balls of the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina.[116][117]
- Lilium grayi- Gray's lily.[118][119]
- Marshallia grandiflora (Presumed extinct)[121]
- Narthecium montanum (believed extinct)[127]
- Orbexilum macrophyllum (possibly extinct)[132]
- Phacelia fimbriata - fringed phacelia. It is found only in the southern Appalachian mountains, at elevations above 3,500 feet.[140][141]
- Pycnanthemum beadlei - Beadle's mountainmint, found only in the Southern Appalachian mountains.[149][150]
- Stachys subcordata - Blue Ridge hedgenettle.[180][181]
- Taenidia montana - mountain parsley. It is found only in the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland.[186][187]
- Vaccinium altomontanum- Blue Ridge blueberry. It is found strictly in the high elevations of the Appalachian mountains in a narrow range.[195][196]
- Viola appalachiensis - Appalachian violet.[200][201]
Notes
edit- ^ Lendemer, James C.; Tripp, Erin A.; Sheard, John (2014). "A review of Rinodina (Physciaceae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park highlights the growing significance of this "island of biodiversity" in eastern North America". The Bryologist. 117 (3).
- ^ Ulrey, Christopher; Quintana-Ascensio, Pedro F.; Kauffman, Gary; Smith, Adam B.; Menges, Eric S. (2016). "Life at the top: Long-term demography, microclimatic refugia, and responses to climate change for a high-elevation southern Appalachian endemic plant". Biological Conservation. 200: 80–92.
- ^ White, Peter S.; Miller, Ronald I.; Ramseur, George S. (1984). "The Species-Area Relationship of the Southern Appalachian High Peaks: Vascular Plant Richness and Rare Plant Distributions". Castanea. 49 (2).
- ^ "Conserving the Appalachians". The Nature Conservancy.
- ^ "Biodiversity of Highlands". highlandsbiological.org. Western Carolina University.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 149.
- ^ Beck, Donald E. "Abies fraseri". USDA.gov.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 688.
- ^ "Aconitum reclinatum". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 689.
- ^ "Actaea podocarpa". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1682.
- ^ Walck, Jeffrey L.; Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin, Jerry M. (1997). "Comparative Achene Germination Requirements of the Rockhouse Endemic Ageratina luciae-brauniae and its Widespread Close Relative A. altissima (Asteraceae)". The American Midland Naturalist. 137 (1).
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 303.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 304.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 305.
- ^ "Ambrosia porcheri". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1683.
- ^ "Appalachian indigo-bush (Amorpha glabra)". Carolina Nature.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 761.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 691.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1909.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 721.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1584.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1188.
- ^ "Borodinia serotina". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 722.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 83.
- ^ "Account for Twisted-hair Spikemoss- Bryodesma tortipilum (A.Braun) Sojak". Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1219.
- ^ Huish, Ryan D.; Manow, Melissa; McMullen, Conley K. (2015). "Floral Phenology and Sex Ratio of Piratebush (Buckleya distichophylla), a Rare Dioecious Shrub Endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains". Castanea. 80 (1).
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 536.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1653.
- ^ "Campanula divaricata Michx". USDA Plants Database.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1193.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1194.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1195.
- ^ "Cardamine micranthera". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 405.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 408.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 409.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 416.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 422.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 423.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 427.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 428.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 695.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 696.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 697.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 698.
- ^ "Clematis viticaulis". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1367.
- ^ "Clethra acuminata". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1588.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 246.
- ^ "US Wildflower- White Clinton, Clinton's Lily, Speckled Woodlily". uswildflowers.com.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1591.
- ^ "Convallaria pseudomajalis (Lily of the valley, Lily-Of-The-Valley)". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 318.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1475.
- ^ "Corallorhiza bentleyi". fs.usda.gov.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 260.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1722.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 879.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 887.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1479.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 675.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 562.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1889.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 684.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1198.
- ^ "Account for Branched Draba- Draba ramosissima Desvaux". Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1229.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1373.
- ^ "Mountain Fetterbush (Eubotrys recurva)". carolinanature.com.
- ^ "US Wildflower- Appalachian Joe Pye Weed, Steele's Eupatorium, Steele's Joe Pye Weed - Eurotrichum steelei". uswildflowers.com.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1750.
- ^ "Eurybia chlorolepis". uwaterloo.ca. 2 April 2013.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1746.
- ^ "Eurybia saxicastelli". NatureServe Explorer. 2 April 2013.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1747.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1402.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1375.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1376.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1420.
- ^ "Gentiana austromontana". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1421.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1251.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 897.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 597.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 116.
- ^ "Gymnocarpium appalachianum". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1766.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 723.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 725.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d Weakely 2024, p. 176.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1408.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1409.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1170.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1327.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1462.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 96.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 995.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 996.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 998.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1650.
- ^ "Ilex collina". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1651.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1152.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 80.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 177.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1780.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 131.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1378.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1788.
- ^ "Liatris helleri, Heller's blazing star". fs.usda.gov.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 249.
- ^ "Lilium grayi". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 179.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 1794.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1599.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 236.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 726.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1603.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1798.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 223.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 273.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1100.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1103.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1104.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 822.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1801.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1802.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1803.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1255.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 984.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1534.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1535.
- ^ "US wildflower- Fringed Phacelia, White Fringed Phacelia, Fringed Scorpion-Weed, Blue Ridge Phacelia, Mountain Phacelia- Phacelia fimbriata". uswildflowers.com.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1464.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1337.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1340.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1382.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1811.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 153.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 277.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1814.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1612.
- ^ "Pycnanthemum beadlei". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1613.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 706.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1385.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1386.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1387.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 720.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1825.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 206.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 208.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1364.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1365.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 491.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1621.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 735.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1360.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1833.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 299.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 924.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 925.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1840.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1841.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1843.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1842.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1844.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1845.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1848.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1849.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1624.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 1625.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 1626.
- ^ "Stachys subcordata". Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1355.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 238.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1627.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 1865.
- ^ "Taenidia montana". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1929.
- ^ a b c Weakely 2024, p. 710.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 845.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 729.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 712.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 231.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 233.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 155.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1390.
- ^ "Account for Blue Ridge Blueberry- Vaccinium altomontanum Ashe". Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
- ^ a b Weakely 2024, p. 1391.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1392.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1885.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1014.
- ^ "Viola appalachiensis". NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1021.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 1028.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 113.
- ^ Weakely 2024, p. 364.
References
edit- Weakely, Alan S. (2024). Flora of the Southeastern United States. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.