Wikipedia

List of weapons of the Rhodesian Bush War

The Rhodesian Bush War, also referred to as the Rhodesian Civil War, Zimbabwe Independence War or Zimbabwean War of Liberation, as well as the Second Chimurenga, was a military conflict staged during the Decolonisation of Africa that pitted the armed and security forces loyal to the Rhodesian white minority-led government of Prime-minister Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa) against the guerrilla forces of the African nationalist Liberation movements in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe-Rhodesia), between 1965 and 1979. Main combatants comprised:

Two black soldiers of the Rhodesian African Rifles (RAR) manning a FN MAG General-purpose machine gun (GPMG) aboard a patrol boat on Lake Kariba, December 1976.

An eclectic variety of weapons was used by all sides in the Rhodesian Bush War. The Rhodesian Security Forces were equipped with a mix of Western-made weapon systems from World War II and more modern military equipment, mainly British in origin, but also included Portuguese, Spanish, French, Belgian, West German, American, Brazilian and South African military hardware. Following the Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence in 1965, and the institution by the United Nations of mandatory trade sanctions between December 1966 and April 1968, which required member states to cease all trade and economic links with Rhodesia, severely restricted purchases of military hardware suitable for Counter-insurgency operations.[2] While South Africa and Portugal (until 1974) gave economic, military and limited political support to the post-UDI government,[31][32] Rhodesia was also heavily reliant on international smuggling operations, commonly referred to as "sanction-busting", in which other armaments and non-lethal military supplies were secretly purchased (often with a third country acting as broker) from West Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Israel, Brazil, Iran (until 1979), the Philippines, South Vietnam (until 1975), Taiwan, Japan, Bermuda and Grenada,[33][34] and smuggled to Rhodesia via clandestine air freighting through Oman, Iran, Gabon and the Comoros.[35][36] Such illegally-purchased weaponry was complemented by the use of captured enemy arms and munitions late in the war, seized in the course of the Rhodesian Security Forces' own cross-border covert raids ("externals") against ZIPRA and ZANLA guerrilla bases in the neighbouring countries.

Unexpectedly, the UN sanctions provided the impetus for a shift towards the establishment of a domestic arms industry in Rhodesia. With South African technical assistance, the Rhodesians developed in coordination with the private sector their own military manufacturing capacity and began producing substitutes for items which could not be easily imported or were unaffordable in the international Black market. By the late 1970s, Rhodesia was producing an impressive array of military hardware, including automatic firearms, anti-personnel and anti-vehicle mines, bombs, mortars and a wide range of unique Mine and Ambush Protected (MAP) vehicles, which used commercial running gear to meet the specific requirements of the warfare being waged.[5]

During the early phase of the War, the African nationalist guerrilla movements were largely equipped with WWII-vintage Western and Eastern arms and munitions, though as the war went on, more modern Soviet, Eastern Bloc and Chinese weaponry began to play a major role, particularly after 1972. The African host countries that provided sanctuary to ZIPRA and ZANLA, mainly Tanzania, Zambia, Angola and Mozambique, served as conduits for arms shipments coming from the sponsor countries, although the guerrillas themselves made use of captured enemy stocks (which included small-arms and land mines) and they were able to manufacture some of their own anti-personnel mines, anti-vehicle roadside bombs and other home-made explosive devices.[37][38]

Rhodesian Security Forces equipment

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Revolvers

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Enfield No. 2 Mk I Revolver.
 
Smith & Wesson Model 49 Bodyguard .38 Special.

Pistols

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Browning Hi-Power.
 
An unloaded Star Model BM.
 
Walther P1.

Submachine guns

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Sten Mk II.
 
Uzi with a folding stock.
 
American-180.
  • Sten Mk II: used early in the War.[53][54]
  • Austen "Machine Carbine" Mk I: used early in the War.[54]
  • Owen gun: used early in the War.[54][55][56]
  • Sterling submachine gun: Issued to the BSAP's Police Support Unit (PSU).[57][42][58]
  • Uzi: manufactured under license; issued to the BSAP's Urban Emergency Unit (SWAT) and Rhodesian Air Force helicopter crews.[59][42][60][61]
  • American-180: used by the Rhodesian SAS.[62][63]
  • Sa 25: Captured.[64]
  • GM15/GM16: locally-produced, slightly modified copy of the Czechoslovakian Sa 25 in 9×19mm Parabellum; used by the INTAF and civilians late in the War. Manufacture was later transferred to South Africa where it was briefly marketed as the Sanna 77 in semi-automatic fire only.[65]
  • Cobra Mk1: locally-produced 9mm pistol-carbine; used by civilians late in the War.[66]
  • Scorpion: locally-produced 9mm light pistol-carbine derived from the Cobra Mk1; used by civilians late in the War.[64]
  • LDP/Kommando (nicknamed "Land Defence Pistol" and "Rhuzi"): locally-produced pistol-carbine; widely used by civilians late in the War. Later manufactured in South Africa as the Paramax.[67]
  • Northwood R-76/R-77: locally-produced submachine gun/carbine; used by civilians late in the War.[68]

Bolt-action rifles

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Semi-automatic rifles

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Ruger Mini-14.

Battle rifles

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L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle.
 
FN FAL assault rifle (50.00 model).
 
FN FAL 50.61 variant.
 
Heckler & Koch G3A3 rifle.
 
M16A1 assault rifle.

Sniper rifles

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Shotguns

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Browning Auto-5
 
Remington Model 870

Light machine guns

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General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and Heavy machine guns

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Browning .303 Mk 2 medium machine gun.
 
Browning M2HB .50 Cal heavy machine gun.

Grenade systems

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Land mine systems

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  • Box Mine: locally-produced wood box anti-personnel blast mine based on the German World War II Schü-mine 42; used early in the War.[126]
  • Shrapnel Mine No.2: South African copy of the US M18A1 Claymore anti-personnel mine; used in small numbers.[126]
  • Mine Shrapnel HE Anti-Personnel Claymore: locally-produced anti-personnel blast mine based on the South African Shrapnel Mine No.2, but smaller in size; trip-wired as a static mine in the border minefields (CORSAN).[127][128]
  • No. 5 (Mark I) anti-personnel mine
  • Mine Shrapnel HE Anti-Personnel Plough Disc (nicknamed "Ploughshare Mine"): locally-produced anti-personnel blast mine; trip-wired as a static mine in the border minefields (CORSAN).[129]
  • Mine Pressure HE Anti-Personnel Carrot or RAP No.1 (nicknamed "Carrot Mine"): locally-produced pressure mine, made of brown plastic tubing 7-8 inches long, with a pointed end at the bottom.[130]
  • RAP No.2 (nicknamed "Adams Grenade"): locally-produced fragmentation grenade/mine based closely on the Soviet POMZ-type stake mounted anti-personnel mine; trip-wired as a static Booby trap for protecting military camps and rural homesteads.[131]
  • Mine Pressure HE AP Non-detectable: locally-produced anti-personnel round convex pressure mine, moulded in Green plastic.[130]
  • "The Cutter": locally-produced anti-personnel blast mine, based on captured guerrilla's home-made Disc Mines. It was made of two plough discs lightly welded together, packed with all-weather Semtex and an inserted 4-second delay fuse; used by the BSAP's Special Branch.[130]
  • M969 anti-personnel mine: Portuguese copy of the Belgian NR 409 plastic cased AP blast mine.
  • Shrapnel No.2 R2M1/2: South African-produced anti-personnel blast mine.
  • Mk 5 anti-tank mine
  • Mine Pressure HE Anti-Vehicle: locally-produced round convex pressure mine, moulded in Drab Green plastic and fitted with an anti-lift device.[130]
  • TM-46 blast anti-tank mine: Captured.[132]
  • TMN-46 blast anti-tank mine: Captured.[132]

Bombs and explosive devices

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  • "Golf" and "Mini Golf" General-purpose bombs: locally-produced 460 kg pressure bombs used by the Rhodesian Air Force on Fireforce missions.[133][134][135]
  • 20 lb Fragmentation Bomb Mk 1: locally-produced bomb used by the Rhodesian Air Force; not very reliable, retired in 1974.[136][137]
  • Mk 1/2 Fragmentation Bomb (nicknamed "Alpha"): locally-produced blast and shrapnel 450 lb (200 kg) Cluster-type bomb used by the Rhodesian Air Force.[138][134][139][140][141]
  • 17 gall and 50 gall "Frantans" (acronym for "frangible tanks"): locally-produced Napalm-filled drop tanks used by the Rhodesian Air Force on Fireforce missions.[142][143]
  • Bunker bomb: locally-produced explosive device, consisting of a length of plastic pipe or old grenade packing tubes filled with explosive and fitted with a grenade fuse at one end; used by the Rhodesian Light Infantry (RLI) during external "camp attack" operations to clear enemy bunkers.[120][119]
  • Tin bunker bomb: locally-produced explosive device, consisting of 1Kg of explosive packed into a cylindrical tin, used for taking the roof off bunkers and buildings; not very reliable.[120]
  • "The Hulk": locally-produced bunker bomb, consisting of a 5Kg explosive charge with a 20 second fuse designed to blow holes in the walls of buildings under attack; not very reliable.[120]
  • Charge Demolition Special No 1: locally-produced demolition charge.[120]
  • Charge Demolition Special No 3 (Hayrick): locally-produced demolition charge.[120]
  • Shape-charge Beehive: locally-produced demolition charge.[120]
  • Firing Mechanism Demolition 4 (Pull): locally-produced demolition charge.[120]
  • Pipe bomb: locally-produced shotgun-like explosive device, made of steel piping of 100mm with one end plugged, packed with explosives and shrapnel; used by the BSAP's Special Branch in targeted assassinations within Rhodesia.[120]
  • Car bomb: Semtex-rigged civilian cars were used by the Selous Scouts and the BSAP's Special Branch to assassinate enemy VIPs in Zambia.[144]
  • Suitcase bomb: four captured (and modified) Soviet-made suitcase bombs were used by the Selous Scouts to attack ZIPRA's HQ in Francistown, Botswana.[144]
  • Radio bomb: portable commercial transistor radio receiver or record player fitted by the Selous Scouts with explosives and a switch that detonated after three or so on/offs; they could also be remotely triggered by transmitters carried in Rhodesian Air Force's "Trojan" Signals intelligence (SIGINT) aircraft flying overhead.[130]

Rocket systems

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Anti-tank rockets and Grenade launchers

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M72 LAW

Recoilless rifles

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Mortars

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Howitzers

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Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons

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Armoured and mine-protected vehicles

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BSAP Marmon-Herrington MkIII armoured cars in the Zimbabwe Military Museum, Gweru.
 
Eland-90 Mk 6 armoured cars of the Rhodesian Armoured Corps parked at the Inkomo weapons range, 1979.
 
Rhodesian T-55LD tank of the Rhodesian Armoured Corps parked at the Inkomo weapons range, 1979.
 
A Leopard APC, mine-protected vehicle, designed and built in Rhodesia during the late 1970s and based on a Volkswagen Kombi engine. This example is displayed in the Imperial War Museum North, Manchester, UK.
 
A Rhodesian Pookie mine detecting vehicle deployed in 1979.

Escort, transport and recovery vehicles

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Rail vehicles

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  • Rhino rail-mounted MAP vehicle: adapted to run on rails by the Rhodesian Railways; employed in reconnaissance for ambushes and spotting (or safely detonating) any anti-tank mines that were laid on the rail tracks, travelling ahead of civilian trains.[262]
  • Tusker rail-mounted MAP vehicle: adapted to run on rails by the Rhodesian Railways; employed in reconnaissance for ambushes and spotting (or safely detonating) any anti-tank mines that were laid on the rail tracks, travelling ahead of civilian trains.[263]
  • Kudu rail-mounted MAP vehicle: adapted to run on rails by the Rhodesian Railways; employed in reconnaissance for ambushes and spotting (or safely detonating) any anti-tank mines that were laid on the rail tracks, travelling ahead of civilian trains.[264]
  • Cougar rail-mounted MAP vehicle: adapted to run on rails by the Rhodesian Railways; employed in reconnaissance for ambushes and spotting (or safely detonating) any anti-tank mines that were laid on the rail tracks, travelling ahead of civilian trains.[265]

Helicopters

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A Rhodesian Air Force SE 3160 Alouette III helicopter lifting a short wheelbase Mini Moke, August 1962. The Rhodesian Light Infantry (RLI) later used these helicopters for its Fireforce operations.

Aircraft

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ex-Rhodesian Air Force De Havilland Vampire T.11 (DH.115) fighter jet at the Zimbabwe Military Museum, Gweru.
 
ex-Rhodesian Air Force English Electric Canberra B.2 at the Datangshan Aviation Museum, Beijing, 2012.

Watercraft

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Patriotic Front equipment

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Pistols

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Tokarev TT-33 pistol
 
Makarov PM pistol

Submachine guns

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MP 40 Submachine gun
 
PPSh-41 Submachine gun
 
PPS-43 Submachine gun
 
Sa vz. 23/25 Submachine gun
 
Škorpion vz. 61 Submachine gun

Bolt-action rifles

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Steyr Mannlicher M95/30 rifle.
 
Chinese Type 53 carbine.

Semi-automatic rifles

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SKS semi-automatic rifles were used by the guerrillas before the full introduction of AK-47 and AKM assault rifles.
 
Type 63 assault rifle

Battle rifles

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AK-47 assault rifle, widely used by the African guerrilla movements.

Sniper rifles

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Hungarian M/52 rifle with PU 3.5× optics
 
Dragunov SVD-63 sniper rifle

Light machine guns

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General-purpose machine guns

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Medium and Heavy machine guns

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Grenade systems

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Land mine systems

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Bombs and explosive devices

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Rocket systems

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Anti-tank rockets and Grenade launchers

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Recoilless rifles

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  • Type 56 75 mm: Chinese copy of the US M20 recoilless rifle, used on occasions against military camps and INTAF Keeps.[52]
  • B-10 82 mm: used mainly in the defence of guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.
  • B-11 107 mm: used mainly in the defence of guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.

Mortars

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Anti-aircraft guns and autocannons

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  • ZPU-1 14.5mm AA autocannon: employed in both air defence and direct fire supporting roles, usually placed close to guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.[117][365]
  • ZU-23-2 twin-barrelled AA autocannon: employed in both air defence and direct fire supporting roles, usually placed close to guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.[365]
  • ZPU-4 14.5mm Quadruple AA autocannon: employed in both air defence and direct fire supporting roles, usually placed close to guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.[365]
  • Zastava M55 A2 20mm triple-barrelled automatic anti-aircraft gun: employed in both air defence and direct fire supporting roles, usually placed close to guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.[176]
  • Type 65 37 mm twin-barrelled anti-aircraft gun: employed in the air defence role, usually placed close to guerrilla staging-bases and training camps.[386]

Armoured vehicles

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ex-ZIPRA T-34/85 medium tank at the Zimbabwe Military Museum, Gweru.

transport vehicles

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Aircraft

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Watercraft

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Notes

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  1. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 11–12.
  2. ^ a b c d e Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 5.
  3. ^ Combined Operations – Brothers in Arms Archived 22 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 6; 9.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 6.
  6. ^ Preston, Ending civil war: Rhodesia and Lebanon in perspective (2004), p. 66.
  7. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 20.
  8. ^ Baxter, Bush War Rhodesia 1966-1980 (2014), pp. 77; 88.
  9. ^ Mutanda, The Rhodesian Air Force in Zimbabwe's war of liberation, 1966-1980 (2017), p. 177.
  10. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 114–116.
  11. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 6; 9; 11.
  12. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 114–116.
  13. ^ Lohman, Major Charles M.; MacPherson, Major Robert I. (7 June 1983). "Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat" (PDF). War Since 1945 Seminar and Symposium. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Command and Staff College. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  14. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 11–12; 37; 42.
  15. ^ Pitta, Fannell & McCouaig, South African Special Forces (1993), pp. 52; 57; 61.
  16. ^ Wood, Operation Dingo – Rhodesian Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, 1977 (2011), p. 11.
  17. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 74–75.
  18. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 91.
  19. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 116–117.
  20. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 11.
  21. ^ Thomas, The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960 (1995), pp. 200–202.
  22. ^ Moorcraft & Chitiyo, Mugabe's War Machine: Saving or Savaging Zimbabwe? (2011), pp. 46–59.
  23. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 64.
  24. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 116–117.
  25. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 45.
  26. ^ Abbott, Ribeiro Rodrigues and Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74 (2005), pp. 13–15.
  27. ^ a b Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 13.
  28. ^ Hall & Young, Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique since independence (1997), pp. 117–120.
  29. ^ Baxter, Selous Scouts: Rhodesian Counter-Insurgency Specialists (2011), p. 65.
  30. ^ a b c Wessels, A Handful of Hard Men: The SAS and the Battle for Rhodesia (2015), pp. 133–142.
  31. ^ Wood, A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969 (2008), p. 6.
  32. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 17.
  33. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 4; 6.
  34. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 84–87.
  35. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 4.
  36. ^ Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), pp. 120–121.
  37. ^ a b Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 12.
  38. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 5; 75–76; 135–136.
  39. ^ Hogg, Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1988-89 (1988), p. 775.
  40. ^ Walther, P.P.K. Rhodesia's Hangover: An African Dilemma. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4567-8485-0.
  41. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 3.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 100.
  43. ^ a b Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (2009), p. 140.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), p. 21.
  45. ^ Valpolini, Paolo (June 2009). "There are Two Types of Men in this World..." (PDF). Armada International (Online). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2016. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  46. ^ Hogg, Ian (1989). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989–90, 15th Edition. Jane's Information Group. pp. 826–836. ISBN 978-0-7106-0889-5.
  47. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 108–109.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (2009), pp. 31–141.
  49. ^ Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), pp. 22; 60–61.
  50. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 145.
  51. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 236.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 101.
  53. ^ Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 92.
  54. ^ a b c Small Arms (Museum exhibit), Saxonwold, Johannesburg: South African National Museum of Military History, 2012
  55. ^ "The Owen Gun". Nazarian's Gun Recognition Guide. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021.
  56. ^ Diamond, Jon. "Australia's Owen Gun". Warfare History Network. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022.
  57. ^ MacDonald, Soldiers of Fortune – The Twentieth Century Mercenary (1986), p. 125.
  58. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), p. 121.
  59. ^ a b c d Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 39.
  60. ^ a b c Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), p. 26.
  61. ^ "IMI Uzi Submachine gun". www.Military-Today.com. ARG. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2011-04-27. It was license-produced in ... Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
  62. ^ Steyn and Söderlund, Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978-1988 (2015), pp. 96; 102.
  63. ^ "Stille Vuurkrag:-Documented Combat Usage of the American-180 by SADF/Rhodesian SAS". TheFirearmBlog. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  64. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 104.
  65. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 104–105.
  66. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 103–104.
  67. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 107–108.
  68. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 109–110.
  69. ^ a b Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 42.
  70. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 24.
  71. ^ Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), p. 14.
  72. ^ a b Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 129.
  73. ^ "A BRITISH MERC, SOLDIER OF FORTUNE, AND A FIREFIGHT, Part One". 30 December 2021. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
  74. ^ MacDonald, Soldiers of Fortune – The Twentieth Century Mercenary (1986), p. 126.
  75. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 72; 97; 99; 108.
  76. ^ a b c Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (2009), pp. 139–141.
  77. ^ Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle (2013), pp. 15; 40.
  78. ^ a b c d e Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 15.
  79. ^ a b Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 99.
  80. ^ Wood, A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969 (2008), p. 191.
  81. ^ a b Baxter, Selous Scouts: Rhodesian Counter-Insurgency Specialists (2011), p. 76.
  82. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 51; 127
  83. ^ Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle (2013), p. 43.
  84. ^ a b Baxter, Bush War Rhodesia 1966-1980 (2014), p. 145.
  85. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), pp. 132–133, note 24.
  86. ^ Buckles, Vincent (11 June 2015). "The African Rifles: The HK G3 and FN FAL". Firearms News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  87. ^ "The military rifle cartridges of Rhodesia Zimbabwe: from Cecil Rhodes to Robert Mugabe". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  88. ^ Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (2009), p. 139.
  89. ^ Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), pp. 32–34.
  90. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), p. 47.
  91. ^ a b c d e f Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 128.
  92. ^ a b c Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), pp. 100–101.
  93. ^ Wells, Part-Time War: Recollections of the Terrorist War in Rhodesia 1975-78 (2011), p. 155.
  94. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 99; 108.
  95. ^ "Operation Quartz – Rhodesia 1980". Archived from the original on April 7, 2023.
  96. ^ "FEG AMD-65 Assault Rifle - Hungary". Archived from the original on 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  97. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 258.
  98. ^ Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), pp. 17; 22; 39.
  99. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 113.
  100. ^ a b c Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 29–30.
  101. ^ a b c Mortimer, Morshead & Rodriguez, SAS Combat Vehicles 1942–91 (2021), pp. 40–44.
  102. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  103. ^ Wood, Operation Dingo – Rhodesian Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, 1977 (2011), p. 32.
  104. ^ Wessels, A Handful of Hard Men: The SAS and the Battle for Rhodesia (2015), pp. 161; 164; 169; 171; 198–200; 229; 249.
  105. ^ Wood, Operation Dingo – Rhodesian Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, 1977 (2011), p. 32.
  106. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 4–5; 13; 15; 36; 39.
  107. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 29–30; 90.
  108. ^ Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry (2009), p. 102.
  109. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 126.
  110. ^ Grant & Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80 (2015), pp. 21–22.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g Touchard, Guerre dans le bush! Les blindés de l'Armée rhodésienne au combat (1964-1979), p. 71.
  112. ^ McNab, The FN MAG Machine Gun: M240, L7 and other variants (2018), pp. 42; 70.
  113. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 112; 116.
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  364. ^ Wessels and Scheepers, We Dared to Win: The SAS in Rhodesia (2018), p. 97.
  365. ^ a b c d Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 107.
  366. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 115–116; 251.
  367. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 115–116.
  368. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 115–116.
  369. ^ "Stickgrenade, Type67". Archived from the original on June 23, 2013.
  370. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 42; 58.
  371. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 75–76.
  372. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 192.
  373. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 257.
  374. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 7–9.
  375. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), p. 154, note 24.
  376. ^ Ellert and Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia (2020), p. 154, note 24.
  377. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 99; 115–116.
  378. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 227.
  379. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 227.
  380. ^ Abbott, Botham & Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80 (1986), pp. 10; 13.
  381. ^ Trethowan, Delta Scout: Ground Coverage operator (2008), p. 184.
  382. ^ Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), pp. 106–107.
  383. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 99; 116; 132.
  384. ^ Baxter, Selous Scouts: Rhodesian Counter-Insurgency Specialists (2011), p. 132.
  385. ^ Moorcraft & McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History (2008), p. 108.
  386. ^ Wood, Operation Dingo – Rhodesian Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, 1977 (2011), pp. 44–45.
  387. ^ Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), p. 147.
  388. ^ a b c Touchard, Guerre dans le bush! Les blindés de l'Armée rhodésienne au combat (1964-1979), p. 70.
  389. ^ a b Locke & Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80 (1995), pp. 146–147.
  390. ^ a b Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 96–97.
  391. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), pp. 22; 102.
  392. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 160.
  393. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 229.
  394. ^ a b Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 102.
  395. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 59.
  396. ^ Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations (2012), p. 94.

See also

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References

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  • Alexandre Binda & Chris Cocks, The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2007. ISBN 978-1-920143-07-7
  • Andrew Thomas, "'Booms' Over the 'Bush': De Havilland Vampires in Rhodesian Service", Air Enthusiast No. 119, September–October 2005, pp. 30–39. ISSN 0143-5450
  • Anthony Trethowan, Delta Scout: Ground Coverage operator, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2008. ISBN 978-1-920143-21-3
  • Barry C. Wheeler, "World's Air Forces 1979", Flight International, August 4, 1979, Vol. 116, No. 3672, pp. 333–386.
  • Beryl Salt, A Pride of Eagles: History of the Rhodesian Air Force, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2013. ISBN 978-1908916266
  • Bob Cashner, The FN FAL Battle Rifle, Weapon series 27, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2013. ISBN 978 1 78096 903 9
  • Bryan Perrett & Terry Hadler, Mechanised Infantry, Vanguard series 38, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1984. ISBN 0 85045 526 X
  • Chris Cocks, Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2009. ISBN 978-0958489096
  • Chris McNab, The FN MAG Machine Gun: M240, L7 and other variants, Weapon series 63, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018. ISBN 9781472819673
  • Darlington Mutanda, The Rhodesian Air Force in Zimbabwe's war of liberation, 1966-1980, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina 2017. ISBN 978-1476666204
  • Douw Steyn and Arné Söderlund, Iron Fist From The Sea: South Africa's Seaborne Raiders 1978-1988, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2015. ISBN 978-1909982284
  • Gavin Mortimer, Henry Morshead & Irene Cano Rodriguez, SAS Combat Vehicles 1942–91, New Vanguard series 295, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2021. ISBN 9781472846808
  • Gordon L. Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles, Weapon series 8, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2011. ISBN 978-1-84908-461-1
  • Glenn Ashley, Joe Sewell and Don Greer, Hawker Hunter in action, Aircraft Number 121, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1992. ISBN 978-0897472739, 0-89747-273-X
  • Hannes Wessels, A Handful of Hard Men: The SAS and the Battle for Rhodesia (illustrated ed.), Casemate Publishers UK, Oxford 2015. ISBN 978-1-61200-345-0 – [1]
  • Hannes Wessels and Andre Scheepers, We Dared to Win: The SAS in Rhodesia, Casemate Publishers UK, Oxford 2018. ISBN 978-1-61200-588-1
  • Harold D. Nelson, Zimbabwe: A Country Study (DA PAM 550-171), United States Govt Printing Office, Washington D.C., 2nd edition (January 1, 1983). ISBN 978-0160015984
  • Henrik Ellert and Dennis Anderson, A Brutal State of Affairs – The Rise and Fall of Rhodesia, Weaver Press, Avondale, Harare (Zimbabwe) 2020. ISBN 978-1-77922-375-3
  • Ian V. Hogg, Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1988-89, Jane's Information Group, Croydon, London 1988. ISBN 978-0-7106-0857-4
  • Kerrin Cocks, Rhodesian Fire Force 1966-80, Africa@War Volume 20, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2015. ISBN 978-1910777534
  • Klaus P. Storkmann, Geheime Solidarität: Militärbeziehungen und Militärhilfen der DDR in die "Dritte Welt", Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. 2012. ISBN 978-3-86153-676-5 (in German)
  • John Andrade, Latin-American Military Aviation, Midland Counties Publications, Leicester UK 1982. ISBN 0-904597-31-8
  • John Richard Taylor Wood, A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969, Trafford Publishing, Victoria (British Columbia) 2008. ISBN 978-1-4251-4807-2
  • John Richard Taylor Wood, Operation Dingo – Rhodesian Raid on Chimoio and Tembué, 1977 (revised edition), Africa@War Volume 35, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2011. ISBN 978-1-915113-12-2
  • John Richard Taylor Wood, Zambezi Valley Insurgency: Early Rhodesian Bush War Operations, Africa@War Volume 5, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2012. ISBN 9781909384323
  • Laurent Touchard, Guerre dans le bush! Les blindés de l'Armée rhodésienne au combat (1964-1979), Batailles & Blindés Magazine No. 72, April–May 2016, Caraktère, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 64–75. ISSN 1765-0828 (in French)
  • Leroy Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle, Weapon series 68, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019. ISBN 9781472828620
  • Scott Thomas, The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960, I.B. Tauris Academic Studies, London 1995. ISBN 978-1850439936
  • Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94, New Vanguard series 20, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1996. ISBN 1 85532 535 7
  • Simon Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual, Haynes Publishing UK, Somerset 2019. ISBN 978-1-78521-194-2
  • Toc Walsh, Mampara: Rhodesia Regiment Moments of Mayhem by a Moronic, Maybe Militant, Madman, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2014. ISBN 978-1-92821-130-3
  • Tom Cooper, Peter Weinert, Fabian Hinz and Mark Lepko, African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe, Harpia Publishing, Houston, Texas 2011. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5
  • Various, Fireforce Exposed: Rhodesian Security Forces and Their Role in Defending White Supremacy, The Anti-Apartheid Movement, London 1979. ISBN 978-090006504-0
  • Margaret Hall & Thomas Young, Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique since independence, Ohio University Press, Athens 1997. ISBN 0-8214-1191-8
  • Matthew Preston, Ending civil war: Rhodesia and Lebanon in perspective, I.B. Tauris, London 2004. ISBN 978-1-85043-579-2
  • Michael Raeburn, We Are Everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian Guerillas, Random House, New York 1978. ISBN 978-0-39450-530-5
  • Neil Grant & Peter Dennis, Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80, Warrior series 177, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2015. ISBN 978-1-4728-0962-9
  • Paul L. Moorcroft, A Short Thousand Years: The End of Rhodesia's Rebellion, Galaxie Press, Salisbury (Rhodesia) 1979. ISBN 978-0-86925-106-5
  • Paul L. Moorcraft & Knox Chitiyo, Mugabe's War Machine: Saving or Savaging Zimbabwe?, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, South Yorkshire 2011. ISBN 978-1848844100
  • Paul L. Moorcraft & Peter McLaughlin, The Rhodesian War: A Military History, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, South Yorkshire 1983 (2008 ed.). ISBN 978-1-84415-694-8
  • Peter Abbott, Manuel Ribeiro Rodrigues and Ron Volstad, Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74, Men-at-Arms series 202, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2005. ISBN 978-0-85045-843-5
  • Peter Abbott, Philip Botham & Mike Chappell, Modern African Wars (1): Rhodesia 1965–80, Men-at-arms series 183, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1986. ISBN 9780850457285
  • Peter Baxter, Selous Scouts: Rhodesian Counter-Insurgency Specialists, Africa@War Volume 4, Helion & Company Limited and South Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Solihull UK 2011. ISBN 978-1-907677-38-0
  • Peter Baxter, Bush War Rhodesia 1966-1980, Africa@War Volume 17, Helion & Company Limited and South Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Solihull UK 2014. ISBN 978-1-910294-86-4
  • Peter Baxter, Hugh Bomford & Gerry van Tonder (eds.), Rhodesia Regiment 1899–1981, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2014. ISBN 978-1-92014-389-3
  • Peter Gerard Locke & Peter David Farquharson Cooke, Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80, P&P Publishing, Wellington (New Zealand) 1995. ISBN 0-473-02413-6
  • Peter Stiff, Taming the Landmine, Galago Publishing (Pty) Ltd., Alberton (South Africa) 1986. ISBN 9780947020040
  • Peter Stiff & Ron Reid-Daly, Selous Scouts Top Secret War, Galago Publishing (Pty) Ltd., Alberton (South Africa) 1983. ISBN 978-0620066747
  • Peter MacDonald, Soldiers of Fortune – The Twentieth Century Mercenary, Gallery Books and Multimedia Publications (UK) Ltd, New York 1986. ISBN 0 8317 8884 4
  • Peter J. H. Petter-Bowyer, Winds of Destruction: The Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot, 30 Degrees South Publishers, Johannesburg (South Africa) 2005. ISBN 0-9584890-3-3. – [2]
  • Robert K. Brown, The Black Devils, Soldier of Fortune Magazine, January 1979, Omega Group Ltd., Boulder, Colorado.
  • Robert Pitta, Jeff Fannell & Simon McCouaig, South African Special Forces, Elite series 47, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1993. ISBN 185532 295 1
  • Robert Jackson, Hawker Hunter, Modern Combat Aircraft 15, Ian Allan Ltd., Shepperton, Surrey UK 1982. ISBN 0-7110-1216-4
  • Rod Wells, Part-Time War: Recollections of the Terrorist War in Rhodesia 1975-78, Fern House, 2011. ISBN 978-1-902702-25-4
  • Ronald Pretty, Jane's Weapon Systems, 1986–87 (1986 ed.), Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0710608321
  • W. A. Brent, Rhodesian Air Force – A Brief History 1947–1980, Freeworld Publications, 1988. ISBN 0620118059
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