Minakari or Meenakari (Persian: میناکاری) is the process of painting and colouring the surfaces of metals and ceramic tiles through enameling, originating in Safavid Iran. It is practiced as an art form, and commercially produced mainly in Iran, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Minakari art usually involves intricate designs (mainly using geometric shapes and designs), and is applied as a decorative feature to serving dishes, containers, vases, frames, display ornaments, and jewelry.[1]
Etymology
editThe word Mīnākārī is a compound word, composed of the words mīnā and kārī. Mīnā is a feminine variation of the word mīnū, which means paradise or heaven. Kārī means to do or place something onto something else. Together, the word Mīnākārī means to place paradise onto an object.
History
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The art of enameling metal for ornamental reasons has been traced back to the Parthian and Sassanid period of Iranian history.[2] However, the meticulous ornamental work seen today can be traced back to Safavid Iran around the 15th century. The Moghuls introduced it into India and perfected the technique, making the design applied on objects more intricate. The craft reached its peak in Iran during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.[3] In the twentieth century, Iranian artisans specializing in meenakari were invited to other regions to assist with training local craftsmen.[4] In India, Rajasthan and Gujarat are most famous for their Mīnākārī artifacts and jewelry.
Process
editThe process usually includes the fusing of coloured powder glass onto a substrate (metal, glass or ceramics) through intense heat (usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius or 1382 and 1562 degrees Fahrenheit). The powder melts and cures to a smooth, durable, glassy coating on metal, glass or ceramics.[5][6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ it is very popularly found in iran .Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, The Art of Minakari, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020)
- ^ Bānk-i Millī-i Īrān (1977), A Survey of Persian handicraft: a pictorial introduction to the contemporary folk arts and art crafts of modern Iran, Survey of Persian Art. Digitised 18 Aug 2010, University of Michigan, pp.162-164
- ^ Borjian, Habib (2007), Isfahan xiii. CRAFTS, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 1, pp.48-55
- ^ The Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debate: Official Report, Volume 1, Manager of Publications, University of Minnesota, 1952, p.395
- ^ Mirrazavi, Firouzeh, The Art of Minakari, Iran Review (accessed=March 17, 2020)
- ^ Minakari (The Smaltatura), CULTURAL INSTITUTE OF THE REP. ISL. OF THE IRAN IN ROME (accessed=March 17, 2020)