Mexcala angolensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Mexcala that is endemic to Angola, after which it is named. The spider was first defined in 2009 by Wanda Wesołowska, one of over 500 that the arachnologist described during her career. The spider is medium-sized, with a brownish carapace typically 3.4 mm (0.13 in) long and a light brown abdomen typically 3.0 mm (0.12 in) long that has an indistinct dark streak that runs down the middle. It mimics ants and ant-like wasps, living alongside and preying upon them. The male can be distinguished from other Mexcala species by the small teeth at the end of its tibial apophysis, or spike, and the lack of a bump on its palpal bulb. The female has not been described.
| Mexcala angolensis | |
|---|---|
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| A related species, Mexcala quadrimaculata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Mexcala |
| Species: | M. angolensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Mexcala angolensis Wesołowska, 2009
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Taxonomy
editMexcala angolensis is a jumping spider that was first described by the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska in 2009, one of over 500 species she identified during her career.[1][2] She allocated the species to the genus Mexcala, first raised by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1902 as part of a thorough revision of the genus.[2][3] The genus was a member of the tribe Heliophaninae alongside Pseudicius and Cosmophasis, which was absorbed into Chrysillini by Wayne Maddison in 2015.[4][5] The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida.[6] A year later, in 2016, Jerzy Prószyński allocated the genus to the Heliophanines group of genera, which was named after the genus Heliophanus. The genera share characteristics, including having a rather uniform, mainly dark appearance.[7] The species itself has a name that is derived from the country where it was first found.[8]
Description
editLike all Mexcala spiders, the species is slender and medium-sized.[9] The male is covered with short brown hairs. a brownish carapace that is typically 3.4 mm (0.13 in) long. It has a short eye field. The chelicerae have a single tooth. The abdomen is typically 3.0 mm (0.12 in) long and light brown with two lighter patches to the front and an indistinct dark streak down the middle. The underside has sets of yellowish dots forming four lines. The long thin legs are brown with black lines. The pedipalps are brown with white scales on the tibia and cymbium and a rounded palpal bulb. There is a single tibial apophysis, or spike, with small teeth on its tip.[10] This tip, along with the lack of a bump on the palpal bulb, help distinguish the species from others in the genus.[8] The embolus is fixed to the tegulum.[5] The female has not been described.[1]
Like many jumping spiders, Wesołowska and Tamás Szűts noted that Mexcala spiders mimic ants.[11] Some are particularly similar to members of the Camponotus genus. However, they mainly resemble Mutillidae, species of wasp that have ant-like characteristics. The species particularly resembles the female, which is wingless, in its body proportions.[9]
Behaviour
editThe spider is typical of the genus.[12] It lives amongst various different species of ant and ant-like insect that it mimics, and preys upon.[13][14] Like other jumping spiders, it is a mainly diurnal hunter that uses its good eyesight to spot its prey.[15] It attacks from the front and captures its prey behind the head.[16] The chelicerae have short thick spines on them that may be used for digging holes to act as underground hiding places.[17] It uses visual displays during courtship and transmits vibratory signals through silk to communicate to other spiders.[18]
Distribution and habitat
editMexcala spiders can be found across Africa and the Arabian peninsula.[17] Mexcala angolensis is endemic to Angola in Southern Africa.[1] The holotype was found near Muconda in 1949.[8]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2017). "Mexcala angolensis Wesolowska, 2009". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ^ a b Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ Wesołowska 2009, p. 149.
- ^ Maddison, Bodner & Needham 2008, p. 57.
- ^ a b Maddison 2015, p. 252.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Wesołowska 2009, p. 155.
- ^ a b Wesołowska 2009, p. 152.
- ^ Wesołowska 2009, pp. 155–157.
- ^ Wesołowska & Szűts 2001, p. 523.
- ^ Wesołowska 2009, p. 150–152.
- ^ Pekár & Haddad 2011, p. 133.
- ^ Pekár, Petráková Dušátková & Haddad 2020, p. 6.
- ^ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 33.
- ^ Pekár, Petráková Dušátková & Haddad 2020, p. 5.
- ^ a b Wesołowska 2009, p. 153.
- ^ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 34.
Bibliography
edit- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Bodner, Melissa R.; Needham, Karen M. (2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)". Zootaxa. 1893: 49–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.3.
- Pekár, Stano; Haddad, Charles (2011). "Trophic Strategy of Ant-Eating Mexcala Elegans (Araneae: Salticidae): Looking for Evidence of Evolution of Prey-Specialization". The Journal of Arachnology. 39 (1): 133–38. doi:10.1636/Hi10-56.1. JSTOR 23048790. S2CID 54702906. Archived from the original on 2024-04-29. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
- Pekár, Stano; Petráková Dušátková, Lenka; Haddad, Charles R. (2020). "No ontogenetic shift in the realised trophic niche but in Batesian mimicry in an ant-eating spider". Scientific Reports. 10 (1250): 1250. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58281-3. PMC 6985134. PMID 31988373.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Richman, David B.; Jackson, Robert R. (1992). "A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society. 9 (2): 33–37.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Szűts, Tamás (2001). "A New Genus of Ant-Like Jumping Spiders from Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". Annales Zoologici. 51 (4): 523–528.
- Wesołowska, Wanda (2009). "A revision of the spider genus Mexcala Peckham and Peckham, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae)". Genus. 20 (1): 149–186.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.