Wikipedia

Modern history of Switzerland

This article deals with the history of Switzerland since 1848.

Swiss Confederation
Five official names
    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
    • Confédération suisse (French)
    • Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
    • Confederaziun svizra (Romansh)
    • Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)
1848–present
Anthem: 
Various
Location of Modern history of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey)
Location of Modern history of Switzerland (green)

in Europe (green and dark grey)

Capital

46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E / 46.950; 7.450
Largest cityZürich
Official languages
Religion
  • 29.4% no religion
  • 5.4% Islam
  • 0.6% Hinduism
  • 0.9% other
  • 1.1% unanswered
Demonym(s)
GovernmentFederal assembly-independent[2][3] directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy
First:

Current:

Johann Ulrich Schiess (first)
Viktor Rossi (currently)
LegislatureFederal Assembly
Historical eraModern era
• Creation of the Swiss Federal Constitution
12 September 1848
1914–1918; 1939–1945
• Dissolution of the 1848 constitution
1 January 2000
25 February 2020
Area
• Total
41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd)
• Water (%)
4.34%
Population
• Estimate
8,902,308[4]
• 2002
1.28 billion
CurrencySwiss franc (franc) (CHF)
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Drives onright
Calling code+41
ISO 3166 codeCH
Internet TLD
Preceded by
Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland

See Early Modern Switzerland for the Early Modern period, Switzerland in the Napoleonic era for the period of 1798–1814, and Restoration and Regeneration (Switzerland) for the period of 1815–1848.

Formation of the Federal State (1848)

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Main articles: Sonderbundskrieg and Switzerland as a federal state

Following a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the Sonderbundskrieg, the Swiss Federal Constitution was passed on 12 September 1848. The constitution was heavily influenced by the US Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution. The constitution establishes the Swiss Confederation, governed by a comparatively strong federal government, instead the model of a confederation of independent cantons bound by treaties.

Industrialisation and economic growth (1848–1914)

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From 1847 to 1914, the Swiss railway network was developed. The Schweizerische Nordbahn (SNB) society opened the first railway line on Swiss soil in 1847, connecting Zürich and Baden. The Gotthard Rail Tunnel was completed in 1881.

The Swiss watchmaking industry has its origins in the 18th century, but boomed during the 19th century, turning the village of La Chaux-de-Fonds into an industrial center. Rapid urban growth also enlarged Zürich, which incorporated its industrial suburb Aussersihl into the municipality in 1891.

Banking emerged as a significant factor in Swiss economy with the foundation of the Union Bank of Switzerland in 1862, and the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1872.

The Golden age of alpinism in the 1850s to 1860s lay the foundation to the tourism industry.

World wars (1914–1945)

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Main article: Switzerland during the World Wars

During World War I and World War II, Switzerland maintained a stance of armed neutrality, and apart from minor skirmishes was not involved militarily. Because of its neutral status, Switzerland was of considerable interest to the warring parties, as a scene for diplomacy, espionage, commerce, and as a safe haven for refugees.

During World War I, Switzerland was situated between the Central Powers to the north and east, and the Entente Powers to the south and west. During World War II, Switzerland was entirely surrounded by the Axis Powers from 1940 to 1944.

1945 to present

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Government

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See also: Politics of Switzerland

From 1959, the Federal Council, elected by the parliament, is composed of members of the four major parties, the liberal Free Democrats, the Catholic Christian Democrats, the left-wing Social Democrats and the right-wing People's Party, essentially creating a system without a sizeable parliamentary opposition (see concordance system), reflecting the powerful position of an opposition in a direct democracy.

Women were granted the right to vote in the first Swiss cantons in 1959, at the federal level in 1971[5] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden in 1990. After suffrage at the federal level women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp who served from 1984 to 1989. The first female president was Ruth Dreifuss, elected in 1998 to become president during 1999. The Swiss president is elected every year from those among the seven member high council and cannot serve two consecutive terms.

During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[6] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility. In a nationwide referendum held in April 1962, the Swiss people chose not to prohibit nuclear arms in Switzerland.[7] However, financial problems with the defense budget prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. All remaining plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[8]

Domestic

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See also: Demographics of Switzerland

In 1979, parts of the Bernese Jura attained independence while remaining in the Federation, forming the new canton of Jura.

The Demographics of Switzerland has changed in similar ways as in other states in Western Europe. Since 1945, the population of Switzerland has grown from roughly 4.5 to 7.5 million, mostly between 1945 and 1970, with a brief negative growth in the late 1970s, and a population growth hovering around 0.5% per year since the 1990s, mostly due to immigration. With a population composed of a roughly balanced combination of Roman Catholics and Protestants, together amounting to more than 95%, the population without any religious affiliation has grown to more than 10% in the 2000s, while the Muslim population grew from practically nil to some 4% over the past decades. Italians had been the largest group of resident foreigners since the 1920, but with the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, large-scale immigration of refugees has changed this picture, and residents with origins in the former Yugoslavia now constitute the largest group of resident foreigners, with some 200,000 people (roughly 3% of the population).

Relations with the European Union

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Main article: Switzerland–European Union relations
See also: Euroscepticism § Switzerland

With the exception of Liechtenstein, Switzerland has been completely surrounded by the European Union since 1995. Swiss-EU relations are a major issue in the country.

Swiss voters narrowly rejected a December 1992 referendum to join the European Economic Area, with 50.3% of voters opposed. Swiss voters rejected EU membership in a March 2001 referendum, with 76.8% opposed.

Despite Swiss opposition to joining the EU, voters have accepted bilateral agreements with the union. In a May 2000 referendum, for example, Swiss voters approved such agreements. In a June 2005 referendum, Swiss voters approved joining the Schengen Area.

In February 2014, Swiss voters approved a referendum to reinstitute quotas on immigration to Switzerland, setting off a period of finding an implementation that would not violate the EU's freedom of movement accords that Switzerland adopted.

Switzerland co-founded the European Free Trade Association in 1960, which is a parallel organization to the EU.

Notes and references

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  1. ^ Holenstein, André (2012). "Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht". UniPress – Forschung und Wissenschaft an der Universität Bern (scientific article) (in German). 152 (Sonderfall Hauptstatdtregion). Berne: Department Communication, University of Berne: 16–19. doi:10.7892/boris.41280. S2CID 178237847. Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: "Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung." Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden. [In 1848, when a political and administrative centre was being determined for the new federation, the founders of the constitution abstained from designating a capital city for Switzerland and instead formulated in Article 108: "Everything, which relates to seat of the authorities, is the subject of the federal legislation." The federal city is therefore no more and no less than the seat of the federal authorities.]
  2. ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. S2CID 73642272.
  3. ^ Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round". Insight Turkey. 18 (4): 79–92. ISSN 1302-177X. JSTOR 26300453.
  4. ^ "Bevölkerungsstand am Ende des 2. Quartals 2023 | Bundesamt für Statistik". 20 September 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  5. ^ Country profile: Switzerland UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Retrieved on 2009-11-25
  6. ^ 7.4 States Formerly Possessing or Pursuing Nuclear Weapons Retrieved March 6, 2014
  7. ^ "Historical Outline on the Question of Swiss Nuclear Armament". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  8. ^ Swiss nuclear bomb International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War October 9, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2014

Further reading

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  • Bonjour, E., H. S. Offler, G. R. Potter. A Short History of Switzerland (1952) online
  • Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head. A Concise History of Switzerland (Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61 online
  • Codevilla, Angelo M. Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and the Rewriting of History (2000) excerpt and text search
  • Dawson, William Harbutt. Social Switzerland: Studies of Present-day Social Movements and Legislation (1897) 302 pp; with focus on social and economic history, poverty, labour online
  • Fahrni, Dieter. An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day (8th ed. 2003, Pro Helvetia, Zürich).
  • Lerner, Marc. A Laboratory of Liberty: The Transformation of Political Culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750–1848 (Brill, 2011).
  • Luck, James Murray. A History of Switzerland. The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present. SPOSS, Palo Alto CA. (1985)
  • Lüthi, Barbara, and Damir Skenderovic, eds. Switzerland and Migration: Historical and Current Perspectives on a Changing Landscape (Springer, 2019).
  • Oechsli, Wilhelm. History of Switzerland, 1499–1914 (1922) full text online
  • Schelbert, Leo. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (2007) excerpt and text search
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