Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.
Muda | |
---|---|
Native to | China |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2007)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ymd |
Glottolog | muda1235 |
ELP | Muda |
Muda is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会[2] (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).[3]
Classification
editXu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).
Hsiu (2018)[4] classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.
Phonology
editMuda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).
Vocabulary
editThe following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).
English gloss | Chinese gloss | Muda | Page |
---|---|---|---|
White | 白 | pʰlu⁵⁵ | 35 |
Full | 满 | blaŋ³³ | 35 |
Pus | 脓 | ()blaŋ⁵⁵ | 36 |
Arrow | 箭 | ()mla³¹ | 36 |
Broom | 扫帚 | ()pʰjɔ⁵⁵ | 36 |
Bee | 蜜蜂 | bja³¹ | 36 |
Lose, to | 遗失 | ()bjo̱³³ | 36 |
Fly, to | 飞 | jɔ³³ | 36 |
Monkey | 猴子 | ()mjo̱³¹ | 36 |
Many | 多 | mja³¹ | 36 |
Foot | 脚 | kʰɯ⁵⁵ | 37 |
Six | 六 | ko̱³¹ | 37 |
Gallbladder | 胆 | ()kʰɯ⁵⁵ | 37 |
Star | 星星 | ()gɯ⁵⁵ | 37 |
Copper | 铜 | gɯ³¹ | 37 |
Tendon | 筋 | ()gu³¹ | 37 |
Manure | 粪 | cçʰe³¹ | 38 |
Root (classifier) | 根(量词) | cçʰaŋ³¹ | 38 |
Wide | 宽 | ()ɟje⁵⁵ | 38 |
Drop, to | 掉 | ɟja³³ | 38 |
Day (time) | 天(日子) | naŋ³³ | 38 |
Soft | 软 | nø̱³¹ | 38 |
Cook, to | 煮 | tɕa̱³¹ | 38 |
Sour | 酸 | tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ | 38 |
Narrow | 窄 | tɕu̱³¹ | 38 |
Lick, to | 舔 | tɕʰy⁵⁵ | 38 |
Stick (classifier) | 条 | tɕa̱³³ | 38 |
Cry, weep | 哭 | ɴo⁵⁵ | 39 |
Steal, to | 偷 | qʰø³¹ | 39 |
Bitter | 苦 | qʰa³¹ | 39 |
Smoke (fog) | 烟(雾) | ()qʰø³¹ | 39 |
Nine | 九 | ɢø³¹ | 39 |
Curved | 弯 | ɢaŋ³¹ | 39 |
Play, to | 玩耍 | ()ɢa³³ | 39 |
Enter, to | 进 | aŋ⁵⁵ | 40 |
Horse | 马 | maŋ³¹ | 40 |
Open (door) | 开(门) | pʰaŋ³³ | 40 |
Sell, to | 卖 | aŋ³¹ | 40 |
Throat | 喉咙 | kʰaŋ³¹() | 40 |
Dark | 暗 | jaŋ⁵⁵ | 40 |
Pus | 脓 | ()blaŋ⁵⁵ | 40 |
Full | 满 | blaŋ³³ | 40 |
Money | 钱 | ()kʰaŋ⁵⁵ | 40 |
Bear | 狗熊 | ()xum⁵⁵ | 40 |
Otter | 水獭 | ()ɕum⁵⁵ | 40 |
Iron | 铁 | ɕʰum⁵⁵ | 41 |
Pile (of soil) | 堆(土) | blum⁵⁵ | 41 |
House | 房屋 | ʑum⁵⁵ | 41 |
Roast, to | 烤 | lum⁵⁵ | 41 |
Round | 圆 | laŋ³³ | 41 |
Surround, to | 包围 | ()laŋ⁵⁵ | 41 |
Pond | 池塘 | laŋ³³() | 41 |
Axe | 斧子 | ()dzɿ³³ | 41 |
Woman | 女人 | ()mi³¹ | 41 |
Louse | 虱子 | ɕɛ⁵⁵() | 41 |
Goose | 鹅 | gɛ̱³³() | 41 |
Push, to | 推 | dɛ³¹ | 41 |
Edge | 边上 | ()dzɛ⁵⁵() | 41 |
Eagle | 老鹰 | ()dzɛ⁵⁵ | 41 |
Saddle | 鞍子 | ()qɔ̱³³ | 41 |
Shallow | 浅 | tɛ̱³³ | 41 |
Change, to | 改 | pʰa³³ | 41 |
Winnow (rice), to | 簸(米) | ja⁵⁵ | 41 |
See, to | 看见 | ()mɔ⁵⁵ | 41 |
Mosquito | 蚊子 | ()gɔ³¹ | 41 |
Change, to | 变 | pʰa⁵⁵ | 41 |
Stick (classifier) | 条 | tɕa̱³³ | 41 |
Leg | 腿 | bɔ⁵⁵() | 41 |
Store, to | 铺 | qʰɔ³¹ | 41 |
References
edit- ^ Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
- ^ Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
- ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
- Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). "Several types of sound changes in Lolo-Burmese languages [缅彝语几种音类的演变]." In Minzu Yuwen 1991(3), 34-41.
- http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf