Condensin complex subunit 2 also known as chromosome-associated protein H (CAP-H) or non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H (NCAPH) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCAPH gene.[5][6] CAP-H is a subunit of condensin I, a large protein complex involved in chromosome condensation. Abnormal expression of NCAPH may be linked to various types of carcinogenesis as a prognostic indicator.[7]
| NCAPH | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | NCAPH, BRRN1, CAP-H, non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H, MCPH23, CAPH | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 602332; MGI: 2444777; HomoloGene: 133986; GeneCards: NCAPH; OMA:NCAPH - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Function
editCAP-H is a member of the barr protein family and a regulatory subunit of the condensin complex. This complex is required for the conversion of interphase chromatin into condensed chromosomes.[7] CAP-H is associated with mitotic chromosomes, except during the early phase of chromosome condensation. During interphase, the protein has a distinct punctate nucleolar localization.[6]
Structure and interactions
edit
As one of the main subunits in the highly conserved SMC condensin I complex in eukaryotes, NCAPH associates with NCAPG, NCAPD2, and the N and C termini of the SMC-4 and SMC-2 proteins. NCAPH creates a bridge between the head groups of the SMC proteins and functions as a kleisin protein.[7][8][9]
The interaction between NCAPH and the globular ATPase head binding sites of the C terminus and N terminus of the SMC heterodimer allows condensin to have dynamic properties. The C terminus end of NCAPH assumes a winged-helix conformation, which then associates with either head group of the SMC protein. At the opposite end of the kleisin protein, the N terminus associates with proximal coiled coil of the other SMC protein, and creates a helical bundle.[8] This attribute enables the condensin complex to have open and closed conformations in order to associate with chromatin and aid in proper folding of DNA in the condensation process.[9][10]
Studies suggest that the sub-complex formed between NCAPH and NCAPG is critical for interactions with single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA to assist mitotic chromosome assembly in eukaryotes.[9]
Clinical significance
editNCAPH may be used as a prognostic indicator of carcinogenesis in humans, as the abnormal over-expression of NCAPH is observed in many cancer types.[11]
Studies show that, in prostate cancer,[12] nasopharyngeal carcinoma,[13] hepatocellular carcinoma,[14] and breast cancers,[15] NCAPH is commonly over-expressed, and may be used as a biomarker for various cancer types and a viable prognostic factor for identification and potential drug targeting.[12]
In colon cancer, NCAPH is shown to be higher expressed in cancerous cells compared to non-cancerous epithelial cells. supplementally, when NCAPH is depleted, studies show a decrease in colon cancer cell proliferation.[11][16] Studies show that high expression of NCAPH in colon cancer and non-small cell lung cancer patients had an increased survival rate than those with a lower expression of NCAPH.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000121152 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034906 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Cabello OA, Baldini A, Bhat M, Bellen H, Belmont JW (December 1997). "Localization of BRRN1, the human homologue of Drosophila barr, to 2q11.2". Genomics. 46 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5021. PMID 9417923.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: NCAPH non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit H".
- ^ a b c Cui F, Hu J, Xu Z, Tan J, Tang H (June 2019). "Overexpression of NCAPH is upregulated and predicts a poor prognosis in prostate cancer". Oncology Letters. 17 (6): 5768–5776. doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10260. PMC 6507296. PMID 31186803.
- ^ a b Palecek JJ, Gruber S (December 2015). "Kite Proteins: a Superfamily of SMC/Kleisin Partners Conserved Across Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes". Structure. 23 (12): 2183–2190. doi:10.1016/j.str.2015.10.004. PMID 26585514.
- ^ a b c Hara K, Kinoshita K, Migita T, Murakami K, Shimizu K, Takeuchi K, et al. (May 2019). "Structural basis of HEAT-kleisin interactions in the human condensin I subcomplex". EMBO Reports. 20 (5). doi:10.15252/embr.201847183. PMC 6501013. PMID 30858338.
- ^ Palecek JJ, Gruber S (December 2015). "Kite Proteins: a Superfamily of SMC/Kleisin Partners Conserved Across Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes". Structure. 23 (12): 2183–2190. doi:10.1016/j.str.2015.10.004. PMID 26585514.
- ^ a b Yin L, Jiang LP, Shen QS, Xiong QX, Zhuo X, Zhang LL, et al. (March 2017). "NCAPH plays important roles in human colon cancer". Cell Death & Disease. 8 (3): e2680. doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.88. PMC 5386579. PMID 28300828.
- ^ a b Cui F, Hu J, Xu Z, Tan J, Tang H (June 2019). "Overexpression of NCAPH is upregulated and predicts a poor prognosis in prostate cancer". Oncology Letters. 17 (6): 5768–5776. doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10260. PMC 6507296. PMID 31186803.
- ^ Xu L, Jiang Y, Zheng J, Xie G, Li J, Shi L, Fan S (July 2013). "Aberrant expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin is correlated with poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal cancer". Human Pathology. 44 (7): 1357–1364. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.10.025. PMID 23375645.
- ^ Sun C, Huang S, Wang H, Xie R, Zhang L, Zhou Q, et al. (December 2019). "Non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H enhances proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 58 (12): 2266–2275. doi:10.1002/mc.23114. PMC 6899668. PMID 31523845.
- ^ Lu H, Shi C, Wang S, Yang C, Wan X, Luo Y, et al. (October 2020). "Identification of NCAPH as a biomarker for prognosis of breast cancer". Molecular Biology Reports. 47 (10): 7831–7842. doi:10.1007/s11033-020-05859-9. PMID 33009967. S2CID 222157669.
- ^ a b Xiong Q, Fan S, Duan L, Liu B, Jiang X, Chen X, et al. (October 2020). "NCAPH is negatively associated with Mcl‑1 in non‑small cell lung cancer". Molecular Medicine Reports. 22 (4): 2916–2924. doi:10.3892/mmr.2020.11359. PMC 7453632. PMID 32945371.
Further reading
edit- Nomura N, Nagase T, Miyajima N, Sazuka T, Tanaka A, Sato S, et al. (1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. II. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0041-KIAA0080) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1". DNA Research. 1 (5): 223–229. doi:10.1093/dnares/1.5.223. PMID 7584044.
- Hirano T, Kobayashi R, Hirano M (May 1997). "Condensins, chromosome condensation protein complexes containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Barren protein". Cell. 89 (4): 511–521. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80233-0. PMID 9160743. S2CID 15061740.
- Kimura K, Cuvier O, Hirano T (February 2001). "Chromosome condensation by a human condensin complex in Xenopus egg extracts". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (8): 5417–5420. doi:10.1074/jbc.C000873200. PMID 11136719.
- Cabello OA, Eliseeva E, He WG, Youssoufian H, Plon SE, Brinkley BR, Belmont JW (November 2001). "Cell cycle-dependent expression and nucleolar localization of hCAP-H". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 12 (11): 3527–3537. doi:10.1091/mbc.12.11.3527. PMC 60273. PMID 11694586.
- Heale JT, Ball AR, Schmiesing JA, Kim JS, Kong X, Zhou S, et al. (March 2006). "Condensin I interacts with the PARP-1-XRCC1 complex and functions in DNA single-strand break repair". Molecular Cell. 21 (6): 837–848. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.036. PMC 7115950. PMID 16543152.
- Nousiainen M, Silljé HH, Sauer G, Nigg EA, Körner R (April 2006). "Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (14): 5391–5396. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5391N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507066103. PMC 1459365. PMID 16565220.
- Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–1292. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.
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