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Eastern Province, Sri Lanka

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The Eastern Province (Tamil: கிழக்கு மாகாணம் Kiḻakku Mākāṇam; Sinhala: නැගෙනහිර පළාත Næ̆gĕnahira Paḷāta) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils.[4][5] Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee. Kalmunai is the largest and most populous city of Eastern Province.

Eastern Province
கிழக்கு மாகாணம்
නැගෙනහිර පළාත
Province
Sunset over Batticaloa Lagoon
Sunset over Batticaloa Lagoon
Flag of Eastern Province
Flag
Location within Sri Lanka
Location within Sri Lanka
Coordinates: 07°55′N 81°30′E / 7.917°N 81.500°E / 7.917; 81.500
CountrySri Lanka
Created1 October 1833
Provincial council14 November 1987
CapitalTrincomalee
Largest CityKalmunai
Cities & Towns
List
Districts
List
Government
 • TypeProvincial council
 • BodyEastern Provincial Council
 • GovernorJayantha Lal Ratnasekera
 • MPs
List
Area
[1]
 • Total
9,996 km2 (3,859 sq mi)
 • Land9,361 km2 (3,614 sq mi)
 • Water635 km2 (245 sq mi)  6.35%
 • Rank2nd (15.24% of total area)
Population
 (2012 census)[2]
 • Total
1,551,381
 • Rank6th (7.66% of total pop.)
 • Density160/km2 (400/sq mi)
Ethnicity
(2012 census)[2]
 • Sri Lankan Tamil609,584 (39.29%)
 • Sri Lankan Moors569,182 (36.69%)
 • Sinhalese359,136 (23.15%)
 • Indian Tamil7,711 (0.50%)
 • Other5,768 (0.37%)
Religion
(2012 census)[3]
 • Muslim575,936 (37.12%)
 • Hindu539,570 (34.78%)
 • Buddhist354,772 (22.87%)
 • Christian80,801 (5.21%)
 • Other302 (0.02%)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (Sri Lanka)
Post Codes
30000-32999
Telephone Codes026, 063, 065, 067
ISO 3166 codeLK-5
Vehicle registrationEP
Official LanguagesTamil, Sinhalese
Websitewww.ep.gov.lk

History

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Batticaloa Fort, built by the Portuguese in 1628
 
Developed Batticaloa-Polonnaruwa Road
 
New Oddamavadi Bridge

In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Eastern Province was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[6] The districts of Batticaloa, Bintenna (part of present-day Badulla District), Tamankaduva (present day Polonnaruwa District) and Trincomalee formed the new Eastern Province.[7] Tamankaduva was transferred to the newly created North Central Province in 1873 and Bintenna was transferred to the newly created Uva Province in 1886.[8][5]

The Indo-Lanka Accord signed on 29 July 1987 required the Sri Lankan government to devolve powers to the provinces and, in the interim, to merge the Northern and Eastern provinces into one administrative unit. The accord required a referendum to be held by 31 December 1988 in the Eastern Province to decide whether the merger should be permanent. Crucially, the accord allowed the Sri Lankan president to postpone the referendum at his discretion.[9]

On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987, establishing provincial councils.[5][10] On September 2 and 8 1988 President Jayewardene issued proclamations enabling the Northern and Eastern provinces to be one administrative unit administered by one elected Council.[11] The North-East Province was born.

The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.[12]

The merger was bitterly opposed by Sri Lankan nationalists. The combined North-East Province occupied one fourth of Sri Lanka. The thought of the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam controlling this province, directly or indirectly, alarmed them greatly. On 14 July 2006, after a long campaign against the merger, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna political party filed three separate petitions with the Supreme Court requesting a separate provincial council for the East.[11] On 16 October 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the proclamations issued by President Jayewardene were null and void and had no legal effect.[11] The North-East Province was formally de-merged into the Northern and Eastern provinces on 1 January 2007.

Much of the Eastern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The entire province was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2007. Many community members blamed Pro-Government Tamil groups such as the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP).[13] In 2008 due to the indiscriminate firearm use by various Tamil factions government planned to disarm Tamil Paramilitary groups.[14] However the TMVP kept arms due to threat of LTTE and denied they were active in Civilian areas.[15] TMVP was finally disarmed in 2009 after the LTTE was defeated.[16]

The Eastern Province has received at least $500 million from international donors since coming under the control of the government of Sri Lanka in 2007, according to the International Crisis Group.[17] Since the end of the war the Eastern Province has seen considerable development under the Nagenahira Navodaya (Eastern Revival) program which include various agricultural, infrastructural and Social development projects. These include the construction and repairing of roads, schools, hospitals, resettlement of IDPs and construction of Nanasala ICT centers.[18] There are currently 88 Nanasala ICT education centers in the Eastern Province.[19] Other Projects include reconstructing the Walai Iravu bridge which was destroyed by the LTTE, developing the Weber stadium in the Batticaloa town, increasing agricultural production, construction of Manmunai, Vavunativu and New Oddamavadi bridges, carpeting roads, constructing 48,000 houses in the Eastern province for the people who live below the poverty line,[20] developing the Trincomalee Harbour, construction of the Sampur Power Station, Development of Maritime park and a Maritime Museum in Trincomalee, creation of the Sampur industrial zone,[21][22] development of bus stands, canals and the Oluvil Harbour in Ampara district.[23][24]

Geography

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Fishing boats on Batticaloa lagoon

Eastern province has an area of 9,996 square kilometres (3,859 sq mi).[1]

The province is surrounded by the Northern Province to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Southern Province to the south, and the Uva, Central and North Central provinces to the west.

The province's coast is dominated by lagoons, the largest being Batticaloa Lagoon, Kokkilai lagoon, Upaar Lagoon and Ullackalie Lagoon.

Administrative units, cities and towns

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Administrative units

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The Eastern Province is divided into 3 administrative districts, 45 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 1,085 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

District Capital District Secretary DS
Divisions 		GN
Divisions 		Total
Area
(km2)[1] 		Land
Area
(km2)[1] 		Population (2012 Census)[2] Population
Density
(/km2)
Sri Lankan Tamil Sri Lankan Moors Sinhalese Indian Tamil Other Total
Ampara Ampara Thusitha P Wanigasinghe 20 507 4,415 4,222 112,750 282,484 251,018 165 1,640 648,057 147
Batticaloa Batticaloa P. S. M. Charles 14 348 2,854 2,610 381,285 133,844 6,127 1,015 2,871 525,142 184
Trincomalee Trincomalee T. Thissa Ranjith de Silva 11 230 2,727 2,529 115,549 152,854 101,991 6,531 1,257 378,182 139
Total 45 1,085 9,996 9,361 609,584 569,182 359,136 7,711 5,768 1,551,381 155

Major cities and towns

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See also: List of towns in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
City/town District Population
(2012
est)[25]
Kalmunai Ampara 106,783
Trincomalee Trincomalee 99,135
Batticaloa Batticaloa 92,332
Kattankudy Batticaloa 40,883
Eravur Batticaloa 25,582
Ampara Ampara 20,309

Demographics

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Population

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The Eastern province's population was 1,551,381 in 2012.[2] The province is the most diverse in Sri Lanka, both ethnically and religiously.

The population of the province, like that of the Northern Province, was heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[26] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to the West during the war.[27] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. The conflict has also caused some of the Tamils, Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the province to flee to other parts of Sri Lanka, though most of them have returned to the province since the end of the civil war.

Ethnicity

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Population of Eastern Province by ethnic group 1881 to 2012[2][28][29][30][31]
Year Tamil[a] Muslim[b] Sinhalese Other Total
No.
No. % No. % No. % No. %
1881 Census 75,318 58.96% 43,001 33.66% 5,947 4.66% 3,489 2.73% 127,755
1891 Census 86,701 58.41% 51,206 34.50% 7,508 5.06% 3,029 2.04% 148,444
1901 Census 96,917 55.83% 62,448 35.97% 8,778 5.06% 5,459 3.14% 173,602
1911 Census 101,181 55.08% 70,395 38.32% 6,909 3.76% 5,213 2.84% 183,698
1921 Census 103,245 53.54% 75,992 39.41% 8,744 4.53% 4,840 2.51% 192,821
1946 Census 136,059 48.75% 109,024 39.06% 23,456 8.40% 10,573 3.79% 279,112
1953 Census 167,898 47.37% 135,322 38.18% 46,470 13.11% 4,720 1.33% 354,410
1963 Census 246,059 45.03% 184,434 33.75% 108,636 19.88% 7,345 1.34% 546,474
1971 Census 315,566 43.98% 247,178 34.45% 148,572 20.70% 6,255 0.87% 717,571
1981 Census 410,156 42.06% 315,436 32.34% 243,701 24.99% 5,988 0.61% 975,251
2001 Census[c] n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
2007 Enumeration 590,132 40.39% 549,857 37.64% 316,101 21.64% 4,849 0.33% 1,460,939
2012 Census 617,295 39.79% 569,738 36.72% 359,136 23.15% 5,212 0.34% 1,551,381

Religion

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Islam is the plurality religion in Eastern Province.

Population of Eastern Province by religion 1981 to 2012[3][32]
Year Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christian[d] Other Total
No.
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
1981 Census 317,354 32.54% 372,464 38.19% 237,416 24.34% 47,112 4.83% 905 0.09% 975,251
2012 Census 575,936 37.12% 539,570 34.78% 354,772 22.87% 80,801 5.21% 302 0.02% 1,551,381

Economy

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The Trincomalee Harbour which plays a huge role in Province's economy

The Eastern Province has a primarily agriculture-based economy and is commonly known as the "Granary of Sri Lanka". It contributes 25% of national paddy production, 17% of national milk production, and 21% of national fish production. Maize cultivation is expanding, large scale maize cultivation with hybrid seeds and contractual marketing has increased production significantly and it is targeted to produce 25 per cent of the country's maize requirement. The industrial sector contributed 34% of the Province's GDP and export processing zones like the Trincomalee EPZ and Sampur Heavy Industrial Zone have been developed to boost the industrial sector alongside the Trincomalee Harbour, which is being developed for Break bulk, Bulk cargo and industrial activities including heavy industries.[33][34][35][36]

The province benefits from a large tourism industry with many seaside resorts and hotels situated mainly in lagoons as well as beaches such as Pasikudah, Nilaveli, Uppuveli and Kalkudah.[36] Historic sites and other natural attractions such as Pigeon Island, coral reefs contribute to the industry.[37][38][39][40]

Government and politics

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Provincial council

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Main article: Eastern Provincial Council

The 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The first elections for provincial councils took place on 28 April 1988 in North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, and Uva provinces.[41]

Elections in the newly merged North-East Province were scheduled for 19 November 1988. However, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which at that time occupied the North-East Province, rigged the elections in the north so that the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), two Indian backed paramilitary groups, won all of the 36 seats in the north uncontested.[42] However, elections did take place for the 35 seats in the east. The Sri Lanka Muslim Congress won 17 seats, EPRLF 12 seats, ENDLF 5 seats and the United National Party 1 seat. On 10 December 1988 Annamalai Varatharajah Perumal of the EPRLF became the first Chief Minister of the North-East Provincial Council.[42]

On 1 March 1990, just as the IPKF were preparing to withdraw from Sri Lanka, Permual moved a motion in the North-East Provincial Council declaring an independent Eelam.[43] President Premadasa reacted to Permual's UDI by dissolving the provincial council and imposing direct rule on the province.

The north-east was ruled directly from Colombo until May 2008 when elections were held in the demerged Eastern Province (the Northern Province continued to be governed from Colombo).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian Tamil.
  2. ^ Sri Lankan Moors and Sri Lankan Malays.
  3. ^ 2001 Census was only carried out partially in the Eastern province.
  4. ^ Roman Catholic and Other Christian.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Area of Sri Lanka by province and district" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  2. ^ a b c d e "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2017-04-28. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  3. ^ a b "A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  4. ^ "Provinces of Sri Lanka". Statoids.
  5. ^ a b c "Provincial Councils". Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.
  6. ^ Mills, Lennox A. (1933). Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
  7. ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. pp. 39–40.
  8. ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. p. 84.
  9. ^ "Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987". Tamil Nation. Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  10. ^ "The Constitution". Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  11. ^ a b c "North-East merger illegal: SC". LankaNewspapers.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-24.
  12. ^ Sambandan, V. S. (14 November 2003). "Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2004.
  13. ^ East offers glimpse of post-war Sri Lanka Archived May 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, by Maura R. O'Connor, Global Post, 1 May 2009
  14. ^ "TMVP to be disarmed". 2008.
  15. ^ "Suicidal for us to disarm right now: TMVP". 9 April 2008.
  16. ^ ""TMVP to disarm completely" Global Tamil News". 12 February 2009.
  17. ^ Development Assistance and Conflict in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Eastern Province Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Asia Report No. 165, International Crisis Group, 16 April 2009
  18. ^ "Northern Spring (Uthuru Wasanthaya) and Eastern Revival (Negenahira Navodaya) | ICES". Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  19. ^ "The Island". www.island.lk. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14.
  20. ^ "Features | Sundayobserver.lk - Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  21. ^ "Daily Mirror - Sri Lanka Latest Breaking News and Headlines".
  22. ^ "Development.lk". Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  23. ^ "Ampara to become major transport hub". Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  24. ^ "Features | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers".
  25. ^ "Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer.[dead link‍]
  26. ^ Gray, David (20 May 2009). "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News. ABC News (Australia).
  27. ^ Harrison, Frances (23 July 2003). "Twenty years on - riots that led to war". BBC News.
  28. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Ampara" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  29. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Batticaloa" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  30. ^ "Special Enumeration 2007, Trincomalee" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  31. ^ "Demographic Changes by the LTTE Peace Secretariat, April 2008" (PDF). Sangam.
  32. ^ "Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  33. ^ "investineast.lk Eastern Province economy". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  34. ^ "Sundaytimes.lk "Developing the varied resources of the Eastern Province".
  35. ^ "ceylontoday Sampur Project Commences". 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Investineast.lk Infrastructure". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  37. ^ Fernando, Shashini. "A treasure of dreams just waiting to open - Nilaveli Beach". Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  38. ^ Fernando, Shashini. "An Ideal destination for a sea bath - Pasikuda beach". Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  39. ^ "Lapping up the luxury and the view on Nilaveli beach". www.sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  40. ^ "A 'hotel away from hotel' rises in the East | The Sunday Times Sri Lanka". www.sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  41. ^ Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES Archived December 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ a b Sri Lanka" The Untold Story by K T Rajasingham (via Asia Times)
  43. ^ "I'm no traitor, says Perumal, Sunday Island 10 September 2000". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
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