This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. (April 2017) |
The nervous system of gastropods consists of a series of paired ganglia connected by major nerve cords, and a number of smaller branching nerves. It is sometimes called ganglionic.[1]
LBuG and RBuG: left and right buccal ganglia
LCeG and RCeG: left and right cerebral ganglia
LPeG and RPeG: left and right pedal ganglia
LPIG and RPIG: left and right pleural ganglia
LPaG and RPaG: left and right parietal ganglia
VG: visceral ganglion.
Description
editThe brain of a gastropod consists of three pairs of ganglia, all located close to the oesophagus and forming a nerve ring around it. In some primitive forms, these ganglia are relatively discrete, but in most species they have become so closely bound together as to effectively form separate lobes of a single structure.
The cerebral ganglia are located above the oesophagus and supply nerves to the eyes, tentacles, and other sensory organs in the head. Beneath the oesophagus, at the forward part of the foot, lie the pedal ganglia. As their name implies, these supply nerves to the foot muscles.
The third pair of ganglia within the brain lie slightly behind and below the cerebral ganglia. These are the pleural ganglia, and supply nerves to the mantle cavity. Bundles of nerves connect the cerebral, pedal, and pleural ganglia together, as well as running above and below the oesophagus to connect the right and left cerebral and pedal ganglia to each other.
In most gastropods, a short pair of nerve cords passes forward from the cerebral ganglia to a pair of buccal ganglia located above the back of the mouth. These supply nerves to the radula and other parts of the mouth.
Main nerve cords
editThe main nerve cords of the central nervous system run through the length of the body from the pleural ganglia. In the ancestral gastropod, these would presumably have run down either side of the animal, but because of the torsion of the visceral mass found in many modern forms, they now cross over each other. However, a number of species have undergone de-torsion, restoring their original bilateral symmetry.
A pair of parietal ganglia lie along the length of the main nerve cords, supplying nerves to the gill and associated olfactory organ. Because of the torsion of the nerve cords, one parietal ganglion is typically higher in the body than the other. Finally, the nerve cords terminate in a linked pair of visceral ganglia, which supply nerves to the remaining organs of the visceral mass.
In air-breathing freshwater snails of the genus Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799 goal-directed decision-making during the hunt for food is performed by just two neuron types. Through measuring the action potentials between neurons, just two neurons were able to come to a complicated form of decision making. One neuron in the brain tells the snail if food is nearby, the second neuron signals whether the snail is hungry or not. Such decision making helps the snail save energy by reducing complex brain activity when there is no food nearby and adapts its behavior in the absence of food. Thus the snail can switch between a low-use mode and a high-use mode depending on the decision. [2]
Neurons of Helix, Helix aspersa, are used for study of epileptogenesis, because they are sensistive to epileptogenic drugs including pentylenetetrazol.[3]
References
edit- ^ Shigeno S, Parnaik R, Albertin CB, Ragsdale CW (2015-09-07). "Evidence for a cordal, not ganglionic, pattern of cephalopod brain neurogenesis". Zoological Letters. 1 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0026-z. PMC 4657373. PMID 26605071.
- ^ Crossley M, Staras K, Kemenes G (June 2016). "A two-neuron system for adaptive goal-directed decision-making in Lymnaea". Nature Communications. 7: 11793. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711793C. doi:10.1038/ncomms11793. PMC 4895806. PMID 27257106.
- ^ Giachello CN, Premoselli F, Montarolo PG, Ghirardi M (2013). "Pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptiform activity affects basal synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity in monosynaptic connections". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56968. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856968G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056968. PMC 3577694. PMID 23437283.
Further reading
edit- Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 366–368. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6.
- Benjamin PR, Kemenes G, Kemenes I (May 2008). "Non-synaptic neuronal mechanisms of learning and memory in gastropod molluscs". Frontiers in Bioscience. 13 (13): 4051–7. doi:10.2741/2993. PMID 18508499.
- Richter S, Loesel R, Purschke G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Scholtz G, Stach T, Vogt L, Wanninger A, Brenneis G, Döring C, Faller S, Fritsch M, Grobe P, Heuer CM, Kaul S, Møller OS, Müller CH, Rieger V, Rothe BH, Stegner ME, Harzsch S (November 2010). "Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary". Frontiers in Zoology. 7: 29. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-29. PMC 2996375. PMID 21062451.
- Chase R, Antkowiak T, Geoffroy E, Weatherill D (2004). "Why the ovotestis of Helix aspersa is innervated". Acta Biologica Hungarica. 55 (1–4): 239–49. doi:10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.29. PMID 15270240.
External links
edit