Wikipedia

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

(Redirected from OEF-HOA)

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is a component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF).[14] The Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is the primary (but not sole) military component assigned to accomplish the objectives of the mission. The naval components are the multinational Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) and Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) which operates under the direction of the United States Fifth Fleet. Both of these organizations have been historically part of United States Central Command. In February 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.[15]

Operation Enduring Freedom
Horn of Africa
Part of the War on Terror and the conflicts in the Horn of Africa

French Naval commandos (green) and United States soldiers from the 3rd Infantry Regiment (tan) participate in an exercise at Djibouti in June 2004.
Location
Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel
Result
  • 21 high level Al-Shabaab leaders killed[5]
Belligerents
  •  NATO
  •  European Union
  •  SADC
  •  Australia
  •  Azerbaijan
  •  Belarus
  •  Canada
  •  Colombia
  •  Djibouti
  •  Ethiopia
  •  France
  •  Georgia
  •  Germany
  •  Greece
  •  India
  •  Indonesia
  •  Italy
  •  Japan
  •  Kenya
  •  South Korea
  •  Kyrgyzstan
  •  Malaysia
  •  New Zealand
  •  Norway
  •  Pakistan
  •  Poland
  •  Portugal
  •  Russia
  •  Seychelles
  •  Singapore
  •  South Africa
  •  Somalia
  •  Spain
  •  Tajikistan
  •  Thailand
  •  Turkey
  •  Turkmenistan
  •  Uganda
  •  Ukraine
  •  Uzbekistan
  •  United Kingdom
  •  United States
    		•

    Insurgents:

    Pirates:

    • Somali Marines[1]
    • National Volunteer Coast Guard (NVCG)[1]
    • Marka group[1]
    • Puntland Group[1]
    • Yemeni Pirates[2][3][4]
    Commanders and leaders

    United States CIC George W Bush (2001–2009)

    United States CIC Barack Obama (2009–2014)
    United States GEN Tommy Franks (2001–2003)
    United States GEN John Abizaid (2003–2007)
    United States ADM William J. Fallon (2007–2008)
    United States GEN Martin Dempsey (2008–2015)
    United Kingdom MRAF Sir Graham Stirrup (2003–2011)
    United States GEN David Petraeus (2008–2010)

    Ahmad Umar
    Islamic State Abdul Qadir Mumin
    Adan Eyrow  †
    Abu Mansoor*
    Abdirahman Godane  †
    Omar Iman Abubakar*
    Hassan Turki  †
    Mohamed Hayle*
    Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha*
    Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan  †
    Fazul Mohammed  †[6]

    Garaad Mohamed*[1]
    Indho Ade*[1]
    Mohamed Garfanji*[7]
    Strength
    United States 500 personnel in Somalia
    South Africa Unknown
    Casualties and losses

     United States
    2 killed in action, 6 wounded[8]
    35 non-combat fatalities (see below)

    North Korea 3 wounded

    Islamic insurgents:
    1,230–1,367 militants killed in Somalia[9][10][11]

    • 555+ killed (2017-18)
    • 10 killed (2019)
      (American operations only)
    Pirates:
    More than 1,200 captured[12]
    22–37 civilians killed[13]
    (American operations only)
    Dis: Disbanded
    *: Former commanders

    CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 servicemen and women from the United States military and allied countries. The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Seychelles and Kenya. Outside this Combined Joint Operating Area, the CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, the Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.[16]

    Anti-piracy operations

    edit
    Further information: Operation Ocean Shield and Operation Atalanta

    Pirates were rampant along the coast of Somalia and present a hazard to all shipping there. Anti-piracy operations were done primarily by the Combined Task Force 150, the Combined Task Force 151, Operation Atalanta, Operation Copper and in parallel to other independent anti-piracy operations conducted off the coast of Somalia by other countries such as China, India and Russia.

    2005

    edit

    The United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC Munro, working with the British aircraft carrier HMS Invincible and destroyer HMS Nottingham in the Gulf of Aden, intercepted a hijacked vessel at around noon on 17 March. The interception was ordered after Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) received telephone reports from the International Maritime Bureau's Piracy Reporting Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, concerning the hijacking of the Thai-flagged fishing boat Sirichai Nava 12 by three Somalis on the evening of 16 March, as well as a fax indicating that the hijackers demanded U.S. $800,000 in ransom for the vessel's crew.

    Commander, Combined Task Force (CTF) 150 tasked Invincible, Nottingham and Munro to investigate the situation. A Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS) team from Munro boarded Sirichai Nava, while a boarding team from Nottingham went on to a second fishing vessel, Ekhwat Patana, which was with the Thai vessel. Munro's boarding team detained the Somalis without incident.

    One of the crew members of the Thai vessel had a minor flesh wound, which was treated by the Munro boarding team. The Coast Guardsmen also discovered four automatic weapons in the pilothouse, expended ammunition shells on the deck of the vessel, as well as ammunition on the detained suspects. The three suspects were transferred to Munro.

    2006

    edit

    On 21 January 2006, USS Winston S. Churchill, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, captured a vessel operating off the Somali coast whose crew were suspected of piracy.[17]

    On 18 March 2006, USS Cape St. George, a Ticonderoga-class cruiser and USS Gonzalez, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, engaged pirate vessels after receiving fire from them.[18] 12 (including 5 wounded) pirates were captured. The U.S. government chose not to prosecute the captured men for piracy and repatriated them over a period of several months.

    2007

    edit

    On 3 June 2007, USS Carter Hall, a landing ship dock, engaged pirates attacking a freighter, but failed to repel them.[19]

    On 28 October 2007, the destroyer USS Porter, opened fire on pirates who had captured a freighter and with other vessels blockaded a port the pirates attempted to take refuge in.

    2010

    edit

    On 30 March 2010, the Seychelles Coast Guard patrol vessel Topaz rescued a captured vessel, saving 27 hostages near Somalia.[20][21]

    On 28 November 2010 the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer announced that the United States has no intention of committing troops to Somalia to root out al-Qaeda.[22]

    2011

    edit

    On 20 January, a 14 Royal Malaysian Navy PASKAL assault teams engaging seven Somali pirates on board the Japanese-Malaysian chemical freighter MT Bunga Laurel, about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) east of Oman, near Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea, resulting in 3 pirates wounded, 4 remaining pirates captured, and the freeing of 23 Filipino hostages after gunfighting aboard the vessel.[23][24][25]

    In the early morning of 22 January, 15 ROKN UDT/SEAL members boarded the 11,000-ton chemical freighter Samho Jewelry which was taken by 13 pirates six days prior;[26][27] killed 8 pirates and captured 5 without taking any casualties after three hours of intense firefighting. All 21 hostages were secured, with one hostage suffering a non-fatal gunshot wound to the abdomen.

    On 12 April, HDMS Esbern Snare intercepted a pirate vessel, capturing 34 pirates and freeing 34 hostages. Later that day, HNLMS Tromp opened fire on another pirate vessel, killing 2 pirates.[28]

    A hijacked dhow was hailed by USS Bainbridge on 10 May, after which 7 pirates on board immediately surrendered. The ship's 15 crew members claimed they were hijacked six months prior and their ship was used as a mothership for the pirates.[29]

    On 16 May, USS Stephen W. Groves exchanged fire with Jih Chun Tsai 68, a known pirate mothership. When a boarding team arrived, they found 3 pirates dead and captured 2 pirates.[30]

    The Danish Navy vessel, HDMS Esbern Snare exchanged fire with a hijacked boat, killing 4 pirates on 17 May. A boarding team subsequently captured 24 injured pirates and freed 16 hostages.[30]

    On 11 September, a Spanish Navy patrol boat engaged Somali pirates, freeing a French hostage after sinking the pirate skiff and capturing 7 pirates.[31] The woman was taken hostage after pirates killed her husband and left her catamaran off the coast of Yemen.[31]

    On 11 October, Royal Marines embarked on board RFA Fort Victoria freed 23 crew members of a hijacked Italian cargo ship after it had been captured by pirates five days earlier. USS DeWert was the first vessel to arrive on scene after gathering intelligence on the whereabouts of the vessel and deploying counter intelligence surveillance units in the area.[32]

    On 3 October, the Tanzania navy freed a hijacked vessel and apprehended seven pirates, They are handed over to civilian police for further action.

    On 31 October, the Kenyan military announced that they had captured two pirate skiffs, sunk three, and killed 18 pirates.[33]

    2012

    edit

    Acting on intelligence from other counter-piracy forces, USS Carney boarded the Indian-flagged dhow, Al Qashmi on 6 January. By the time the search team boarded, all evidence of potential piracy had been disposed of, though the crew said they were hijacked by the nine pirates on board from a different vessel. The nine suspected pirates were disarmed and given sufficient fuel and provisions to return to Somalia.[34]

    The next day, the Danish warship HDMS Absalon intercepted an Iranian-flagged dhow after identifying it as a potential pirate mother ship. Warning shots had to be fired before a search team boarded. In addition to the crew of 5 Iranian and 9 Pakistani nationals, the team seized 25 pirates. The captured pirates were then taken aboard Absalon to determine whether they should be prosecuted.[34]

    A third pirate vessel was intercepted on 13 January. RFA Fort Victoria fired off warning shots to stop the vessel and then launched a boarding party. The pirates surrendered without incident and search uncovered several rocket-propelled grenades and automatic weapons. Royal Marines held the pirates for further investigation.[35]

    HDMS Absalon had been observing a pirate mother ship for several days when it attempted to leave the coast of Somalia on 28 February.[36] Danish forces fired on the ship, forcing it to stop.[36] On board were 17 pirates and 18 hostages, though two of the hostages later died from wounds sustained.[36] NATO said that an investigation would be held regarding the hostages' deaths.[36]

    Somali civil war

    edit
    Main article: Somalia War (2006–2009)

    The New York Times declared the US backing of a Somali Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism a failed policy.[37] A Reuters report said that support of the ARPCT had backfired and destabilized the area.[38]

    United States anti-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included drone strikes targeted at Al-Shabaab.[13] Other American combat operations include manned airstrikes, cruise missile strikes, and special forces raids.

    On 1 July 2006, a web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.[39]

    On 27 December 2006, The New York Times reported analysts in Nairobi, Kenya claimed U.S. surveillance aircraft were funneling information to Ethiopian forces. Major Kelley Thibode, a spokeswoman for the task force of American military personnel based in Djibouti, said she was "not at liberty to discuss" the matter.[40] Sean Naylor's Relentless Strike describes U.S. SOF personnel accompanying the invading Ethiopian forces. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi declared one of the key objectives of the offensive on Kismayo was the capture of three alleged al-Qaeda members, suspects wanted for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa: Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan and Abu Taha al-Sudani. At the time, one of the United States Fifth Fleet's task forces (Combined Task Force 150[41]) based out of Bahrain, was patrolling off the Somali coast to prevent terrorists launching an "attack or to transport personnel, weapons or other material," said Commander Kevin Aandahl.[42] The announcement did not say what particular ships comprised the cordon, but the task force includes vessels from Canada, France, Germany, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the U.S. American ships of Combined Task Force 150 include the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Ramage and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Bunker Hill.[43] The aim of the patrols shifted on 2 January 2007, according to diplomats, to "... stop SICC leaders or foreign militant supporters escaping".[44]

    On 2 January 2006, U.S. Marines operating out of Lamu, Kenya, were said to be assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia with the interception of Islamists.[45] On 8 January it was reported that an AC-130 gunship belonging to the United States military had attacked suspected al-Qaeda operatives in southern Somalia. It was also reported that the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower had been moved into striking distance.[46] The aircraft flew out of its base in Djibouti. Many bodies were spotted on the ground, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on 28 December.[47] It was reported that the leader of al-Qaeda in East Africa, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, was killed in the attack, but later officials confirmed that he survived and also that none of the al-Qaeda operatives were killed. However, at least 10 civilians were killed. On 9 January it was reported U.S. special forces and CIA operatives were working with Ethiopian troops on the ground in operations inside Somalia from a base in Galkayo, in Puntland, and from Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti.[48][citation needed] On 12 January, a small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.[49]

    On 17 January 2006, the Assistant Deputy Secretary of Defense for African affairs, Theresa Whelan, clarified the airstrike conducted on 8 January was not the work of the CJTF-HOA, but of another force which she did not specify. The target of the strike was confirmed to be Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, who was believed wounded or possibly dead, while eight members of his group were killed in the attack.[50] Likewise, many airstrikes which resulted in civilian casualties around Afmadow conducted by Ethiopian aircraft were mis-attributed to the United States. On 21 January the capture of U.S. troops was reported by the Qaadisiya.com site, as well as the death of one due to malaria, but this assertion was denied as "utterly bogus" by Michael Ranneberger, U.S. Envoy to Kenya and Somalia.[51] On 24 January, the U.S. admitted to have made a second airstrike, but did not confirm the exact date or location of the strike.[52] United States involvement in the conflict continued through 2008 with airstrikes targeting suspected Al Qaeda affiliated militants including a strike of dubious success conducted on 2 March 2008 where at least one U.S. naval vessel launched cruise missiles against an Al Qaeda target in a strike on the village of Dobley and a successful strike on Dhusamareb which killed several militant leaders

    Alleged operations in Somaliland

    edit

    On 6 May 2005, a United States Marine Corps unit reportedly landed in Somaliland, the autonomous and self-declared state in northern Somalia. The landings were purportedly conducted to carry out searches, as well as to question locals regarding the whereabouts of terrorist suspects. United States military officials denied the allegations and said operations were not being conducted in Somaliland.[53]

    Somali Civil War (2009–present)

    edit
    Main article: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

    Operations against al-Qaeda linked terrorists continued in 2009 when on 14 September several U.S. Navy helicopters launched a raid in Baraawe against Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, killing him as well as five other militants. Also in 2009, Operators from the SAS and the SRR were deployed to Djibouti as part of Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa to conducting operations against Islamist terrorists in Somalia; carrying out missions focusing on surveillance and targeting of terrorists, alongside their US counterparts, they have also been carrying out this role in Yemen.[54][55] On 25 January 2012, two U.S. Navy SEAL teams raided a compound 12 miles (19 km) north of Adow, Somalia, freeing two hostages while killing nine pirates and capturing five others.[56] On 5 October 2013, American commandos from DEVGRU launched an amphibious raid on the town of Baraawe engaging with al-Shabaab militants and inflicting some casualties on them before withdrawing.[57] On 5 March 2016, U.S. airstrikes carried out by aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 Al-Shabaab terrorists at a terrorist training camp called "Camp Raso", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were completing "training for a large-scale attack" according to a Pentagon spokesman. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike.[58] In the early hours of 9 March 2016, U.S. special forces and Somali national army special forces killed between 1 and 15 Al-Shabaab terrorists in a heliborne-attack on the Al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value Al-Shabaab figures the militants were training for a major operation against coalition forces.[59][60][61] On 11/12 April 2016, two U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an "imminent threat" to American troops in the country.[62][63] As of May 2016, roughly 50 U.S. special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against Al-Shabaab. Also in that month, U.S. personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints.[64] On 13 May, a U.S. strike targeted nine al-Shabab militants, three of them were allegedly killed.[65] On 1 June 2016, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior Al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May.[66] On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed.[67] On 29 September 2016, the Military Times reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of U.S. and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the U.S. military "conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters." Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants "began to maneuver in an offensive manner" so the U.S. conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants.[68]

    Drone attacks

    edit
    See also: American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)
    • On 25 June 2011, U.S. Predator drones attacked a Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.[69]
    • On 6 September 2011, a U.S. drone struck a large Al-Shabaab base, killing 35 militants.[citation needed]
    • A drone strike on 17 September killed 17 militants.[citation needed]
    • A U.S. drone strike occurred near Mogadishu on 21 January 2012, killing British al-Qaeda operative Bilal el-Berjawi.[70]
    • 4 Al-Shabaab fighters, including a white Kenyan and a Moroccan jihadist named Abu Ibrahim, were killed in a drone strike in the K60 area (60 miles south of Mogadishu) of the Lower Shabelle region in southern Somalia late on 24 February 2012.[71][72]

    Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa

    edit

    The U.S. Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was created aboard the U.S. Navy command ship Mount Whitney off Djibouti in late 2002.

    In February 2007, United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.[73][74]

    CJTF-HOA consists of about 2,000 servicemen and women from the United States military and allied countries. The official area of responsibility comprises Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, the Seychelles and Kenya. Outside the Combined Joint Operating Area, CJTF-HOA has operations in Mauritius, Comoros, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania.[75]

    27 U.S. servicemen have been killed in non-hostile incidents in Djibouti since the start of operations in the Horn of Africa.[76][77][78][79][80][81]

    Four U.S. soldiers were killed in accidents in Kenya.[82][83]

    Two U.S. soldiers were killed in a vehicle accident in Ethiopia.[84]

    Two U.S. servicemen were killed in the Republic of Seychelles and in the Gulf of Oman, respectively.[85]

    See also

    edit

    References

    edit
    1. ^ a b c d e f Pike, John. "Pirates". Global security. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
    2. ^ "Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
    3. ^ "UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
    4. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 July 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
    5. ^ "Somalia Leaders Killed". New America Foundation. 740 15th Street, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005. 19 May 2016.
    6. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (11 June 2011). "Somalis kill Mastermind of 2 US Embassy Bombings". The New York Times.
    7. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (1 September 2010). "In Somali Civil War, Both Sides Embrace Pirates". The New York Times.
    8. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Cooper, Helene (8 June 2018). "1 U.S. Soldier Is Killed and 4 Are Wounded in Somalia Firefight". The New York Times.
    9. ^ New America Foundation: Somalia. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
    10. ^ "The Bureau of Investigative Journalism", Somalia Datasheet. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
    11. ^ Cooper, Helene. ""US Strikes Kill 150 Shabab fighters in Somalia, officials say". Washington Post. March 7 2016. "American warplanes on Saturday struck a training camp in Somalia belonging to the Islamist militant group the Shabab, the Pentagon said, killing about 150 fighters who United States officials said were preparing an attack against American troops and their regional allies in East Africa." New York Times. 7 March 2016.
    12. ^ Marthe Van Der Wolf (20 March 2013). "Group Envisions Legal Plan to Prosecute Somali Pirates". Voice of America.
    13. ^ a b "The Bureau of Investigative Journalism", Somalia Datasheet. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
    14. ^ Rozoff, Rick. "AFRICOM's First War: U.S. Directs Large-Scale Offensive in Somalia". Information Clearing House. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
    15. ^ "DoD Establishing U.S. Africa Command". United States Department of Defense. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
    16. ^ "CJTF-HOA Factsheet". Hoa.africom.mil. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
    17. ^ "Suspected Pirates Captured Off Somali Coast". United States Central Command. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
    18. ^ "U.S. warship can't stop pirates off Somalia". CNN. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    19. ^ "Seychelles coastguard vessel rescues fishermen from Somali pirates". France 24. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    20. ^ Thome, Wolfgang H. (30 March 2010). "Robust Response Seychelles Coast Guard intercepts pirates and rescues crew". eTurboNews.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    21. ^ US Does Not Plan to Send Troops Against Al-Qaida in Somalia, US: State Department, archived from the original on 28 November 2010.
    22. ^ Adrian David (21 January 2011). "Royal Malaysian Navy commandos save crew from Somali pirates". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    23. ^ "Paskal commandos foil hijack attempt in Gulf of Aden". The Star online. 22 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    24. ^ "Malaysia navy foils ship hijack attempt, seizes pirates". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    25. ^ "South Korean commandos storm hijacked freighter". CTV Television Network. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    26. ^ "Navy storms hijacked ship, rescues all 21 sailors". Korea Joong Ang Daily. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
    27. ^ "News Release" (PDF). NATO. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012.
    28. ^ "News Release" (PDF). NATO. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012.
    29. ^ a b "Press Statement" (PDF). NATO. 18 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012.
    30. ^ a b "French Hostage Rescued from Pirates after Gunfight". Reuters Africa. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012.
    31. ^ "Navy frees hostages from pirates in Indian Ocean". GOV.UK.
    32. ^ "Kenya military claims to kill 18 pirates". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 31 October 2011.
    33. ^ a b "NATO Task Force Neutralizes Two Pirate Mother Ships" (PDF). NATO. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2012.
    34. ^ "NATO Warship Disrupts Another Pirate Ship" (PDF). NATO. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012.
    35. ^ a b c d "Denmark Piracy Raid off Somalia Leaves Two Dead". BBC. 28 February 2012.
    36. ^ Efforts by C.I.A. Fail in Somalia, Officials Charge New York Times
    37. ^ US cash support for Somali warlords 'destabilising' Reuters
    38. ^ "Bin Laden releases Web message on Iraq, Somalia". USA Today. 1 July 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
    39. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (27 December 2006), "Islamists in Somalia Retreat From Ethiopia-Backed Forces", The New York Times,
    40. ^ "Navy tries to block fleeing jihadists from Somalia". Air Force Times. 3 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
    41. ^ "Thousands Flee Somalia Fighting". Associated Press. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.[dead link]
    42. ^ "Ramage, Bunker Hill keeping an eye on Somalia". MarineTimes.com. 4 January 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2007.[permanent dead link]
    43. ^ "Ethiopian troops to stay in Somalia weeks". Reuters. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007.
    44. ^ Kibaki meets Somalia president as tension at border persists[usurped] The Standard
    45. ^ "U.S. targets al Qaeda suspects in Somalia, Pentagon official says". CNN. 8 January 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
    46. ^ "Reports say U.S. targeted al Qaeda suspects in Somalia". 9 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.[dead link]
    47. ^ "U.S. Special Forces Engaged in Operations on the Ground in Somalia". ABC News. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
    48. ^ "U.S. troops seek airstrike dead in Somalia". United Press International. 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
    49. ^ "U.S. raid may have hit top Somali militant: Pentagon". Reuters. 17 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2006.
    50. ^ "U.S. has ground troops in southern Somalia: Journalist". Garowe Online. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.[dead link]
    51. ^ "Military Official Reports Second US Air Strike in Somalia". Voice of America. 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
    52. ^ "US denies Somali terror landing". BBC News. 6 May 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
    53. ^ "Cargo bomb plot: SAS hunting al-Qaeda in Yemen". The Telegraph. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
    54. ^ "UK and US spend millions to counter Yemeni threat". The Independent. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
    55. ^ "U.S. commandos free two hostages in daring Somalia raid". Reuters. 25 January 2012.
    56. ^ "US commando raids: What did they achieve?". BBC News. 6 October 2013.
    57. ^ "US strike kills at least 150 Shebab fighters in Somalia". yahoo news. 7 March 2016.
    58. ^ "US troops in helicopter-borne raid in Somalia: Pentagon". yahoo news. 9 March 2016.
    59. ^ "Somalia al-Shabab: US forces took part in raid on militants". BBC News. 9 March 2016.
    60. ^ "U.S., Somali commandos nab valuable Al-Shabaab figures, spokesman says". CNN. 10 March 2016.
    61. ^ "U.S. air strikes kill suspected al Shabaab militants in Somalia". reuters. 12 April 2016.
    62. ^ "U.S. airstrikes hit Al-Shabaab camp in Somalia after 'imminent threat'". CNN. 12 April 2016.
    63. ^ "U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists". CNN. 12 May 2016.
    64. ^ "4 US airstrikes targeted al-Shabab militants in Somalia last month". stars and stripes. 17 June 2016.
    65. ^ "Al Shabaab commander killed in US airstrike in Somalia". fox news. 1 June 2016.
    66. ^ "Somali Forces, Backed by U.S., Kill Shabab Militants in Raid". The New York Times. 16 August 2016.
    67. ^ "Attacks on U.S. troops in Somalia leads to airstrikes on al-Shabab". militarytimes. 29 September 2016.
    68. ^ Roggio, Bill; Joscelyn, Thomas (9 July 2011). "Senior Shabaab commander rumored to have been killed in recent Predator strike". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
    69. ^ Cobain, Ian (22 January 2012). "British 'al-Qaida member' killed in US drone attack in Somalia". The Guardian. London.
    70. ^ "US Drone Strike Kills 4 in Somalia". Fox News. 24 February 2012.
    71. ^ Roggio, Bill, "Moroccan jihadist killed in Somalia airstrike", Long War Journal, 24 February 2012; Retrieved 27 February 2012.
    72. ^ "DoD Establishing U.S. Africa Command". United States Department of Defense. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
    73. ^ "Africans Fear Hidden U.S. Agenda in New Approach to Africom". Fox News. Associated Press. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
    74. ^ "CJTF-HOA Factsheet". Hoa.africom.mil. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
    75. ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom, Djibouti, Fatalities". iCasualties. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. (Note: apply filter for Country = Djibouti)
    76. ^ "Plane crash kills four US military personnel in Djibouti", Voice of America, 20 February 2012.
    77. ^ "Army Pvt. 2 James Henry Ebbers| Military Times". thefallen.militarytimes.com.
    78. ^ "Army Staff Sgt. Bradley C. Hart| Military Times". thefallen.militarytimes.com.
    79. ^ DOD Identifies Navy Casualty, AFRICOM, 19 June 2018.
    80. ^ "DOD Identifies Army Casualty". U.S. Department of Defense.
    81. ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom, Kenya, Fatalities". iCasualties. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. (Note: apply filter for Country = Kenya)
    82. ^ "Army Staff Sgt. Marek Soja| Military Times". thefallen.militarytimes.com.
    83. ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom, Ethiopia, Fatalities". iCasualties. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011. (Note: apply filter for Country of Death = Ethiopia)
    84. ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom, Fatalities". iCasualties. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011. (Note: apply filter for Country of Death accordingly)
    edit
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Enduring_Freedom_–_Horn_of_Africa&oldid=1256478946"