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October 1959

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The following events occurred in October 1959:

October 5, 1959: IBM 1401, the first business computer, is introduced
October 26, 1959: Earth's people see the other side of the Moon for the first time
October 25, 1959: The last propeller driven Air Force One flight ends

October 1, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • Aleksandr Alekseyev, a Soviet KGB agent and correspondent for TASS, arrived in Cuba to forge a relationship between the U.S.S.R. and the Castro government. By October 12, he had met with Che Guevara, and by October 15 with Fidel Castro, creating a Soviet ally 90 miles (140 km) from the United States.[1]
  • NFL Enterprises, the forerunner to NFL Properties, was created as a joint project between Western star Roy Rogers and the owners of the 12 NFL teams. The first licensed product was glassware, to be given away at Standard Oil filling stations.[2]
  • NASA approved funds for major changes to the Mercury spacecraft, including installation of an egress hatch, an astronaut observation window and a reefed ringsail landing parachute, as well as redesign of the rate stabilization and control system, the main instrument panel. The original contract with McDonnell had only specified configuration, research and development flight tests for the original spacecraft.[3]
  • Born:

October 2, 1959 (Friday)

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October 3, 1959 (Saturday)

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October 3, 1959: Theodore Roosevelt's daughter at the submarine christening

October 4, 1959 (Sunday)

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  • Lunik 3, billed by the Soviet Union as "the first automatic space station", was launched into space. It would orbit the Moon and show a side never before seen by humanity.[10]
 
October 4, 1959: Little Joe rocket
  • A Little Joe launch vehicle carrying a boilerplate Mercury spacecraft was successfully launched from Wallops Island. The flight, lasting 5 minutes 10 seconds, gained a peak altitude of 37.12 miles (59.74 km), and a range of 79.4 miles (127.8 km). The destruct packages on the rocket were successfully activated well after the flight reached its apex. There was a slight malfunction when ignition of the two second-stage Pollux motors happened before the exact time planned, but the planned trajectory was only slightly affected and the structural test of the vehicle was greater than planned.[3]
  • Born: Chris Lowe, British musician for the Pet Shop Boys; in Blackpool, Lancashire

October 5, 1959 (Monday)

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  • The IBM 1401 computer and data processing system was introduced, providing the first fully transistorized computer intended for business use.[11] The three-piece system, which could be rented for $2,500 a month, had a memory ranging from 1.4 KB to 16K, could read 800 punchcards per minute and could print 600 lines per minute. More than 14,000 units were installed.[12]
  • The Mead Johnson food company introduced two powdered nutrition products, both of which became popular, on the same day. Enfamil, which remains an active brand 60 years later, was the first infant formula designed to be "a low protein duplication of mother's milk", while Metrecal was a low-calorie diet food, to be mixed with water for form a milk shake like product and "containing the essential nutrients of protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins and minerals" to be consumed four times a day for 900 calories of nutrition.[13]
  • Born:

October 6, 1959 (Tuesday)

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October 7, 1959 (Wednesday)

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  • From 0330 to 0410 GMT, the Lunik 3 probe took the first pictures of the far side of the Moon, 29 images that were later transmitted back to Earth.[10]
  • A Taiwanese RB-57 surveillance plane, flying at an altitude of 20,000 metres (66,000 ft), was downed by three V-750 missiles as it flew near Beijing. It was the first time that a surface-to-air missile (SAM) had brought down an aircraft.[19]
  • On Baghdad's al-Rashid Street, Iraq's President Abd al-Karim Qasim was ambushed on his way to the East German embassy. The five-man team, led by future Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, killed Qasim's driver and wounded Qasim. One assassin died and Saddam himself was injured, but escaped to a farm.[20] After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Saddam fled to the same farm, where he was captured on December 13 of that year.[21]
  • The U.S. Court of Claims ruled that the Tlingit and Haida Indian tribes had been the original owners of southeast Alaska and entitled to monetary compensation. An award for $7.5 million was made in 1968.[22]
  • Born:
 
Mario Lanza

October 8, 1959 (Thursday)

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October 9, 1959 (Friday)

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  • Russell Langelle, a CIA agent with a cover as security officer at the Embassy of the United States in Moscow, was arrested as he stepped off a city bus, where he had met Soviet double-agent Pyotr Popov. Langelle was expelled from the Soviet Union, and Popov was later executed for treason.[26]
 
Bullard

October 10, 1959 (Saturday)

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  • Fatah, a Palestinian nationalist political party, was founded by Yasser Arafat, Khalil al-Wazir, and others to fight for Palestinian independence. "Fatah" is a reverse acronym for Harakat al Tahir al Filastini.[28]
  • A courageous letter of protest from author Viktor Nekrasov appeared in the Soviet weekly Literaturnaya Gazeta, after Nekrasov learned that the city planners of Kiev planned to pave over Babi Yar, site of the 1941 Nazi massacre of more than 30,000 Ukrainians, mostly Jews. Learning that a soccer stadium was to be built there, Nekrasov wrote, "How is this possible? Who could have thought of such a thing? On the site of such a colossal tragedy to make merry and play football? No! This must not be allowed!" [29] Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Anatoly Kuznetsov were inspired by Nekrasov's protest to write their own works about Babi Yar.[30]
 
Watts Towers
  • The Watts Towers, a metal sculpture by Simon Rodia, withstood a "10,000 pound pull" stress test and earned its right to remain a Los Angeles landmark. The city's Building and Safety Department had ordered the demolition of the landmark, but agreed to let Rodia prove that the 99-foot-tall (30 m) structure would not collapse.[31]
  • James Earl Ray was arrested after robbing a supermarket in St. Louis, and given a 20-year sentence in the Missouri State Penitentiary. With more than twelve years remaining on his jail term, Ray would escape on April 23, 1967, and would carry out the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. the following year.[32]
  • Born: Kirsty MacColl, British singer and songwriter; in Croydon, London (killed in boating accident, 2000)

October 11, 1959 (Sunday)

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  • The Malagasy Republic on the island of Madagascar held elections for the leaders of 739 rural communes, scheduled to take office on January 1. "The great majority of rural voters," a historian would later note, "had no idea what the new communes were for, and most of the officers elected not only were illiterate but lacked a sense of civic responsibility."[33]
  • War broke out in the Belgian Congo between two rival tribes, the Lulua and the Baluba, in the city of Luluabourg (now Kananga).[34] Fighting would continue throughout the first campaigns for the first elected legislature in May 1960, in advance of the Congo's independence from Belgium.[35]
  • Died:
    • Bert Bell, 64, the Commissioner of the National Football League, died of a heart attack while attending the Eagles-Steelers game in Philadelphia.[36] Bell, who had been Commissioner since 1946, had owned both teams earlier in his career. Sports columnist Red Smith later wrote, "It was like Caruso dying in the third act of Pagliacci".[a][37]
    • Nop Bophann, the editor of Pracheachon, a leftist newsweekly in Cambodia, published by Krom Pracheachon, a front organization for the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, died of his wounds two days after he was shot by the kingdom's security police while leaving his office. One author would comment later, "His death was probably intended as a gesture of reassurance to the Right that, notwithstanding Cambodia's difficulties with America, the communists would be held in check."[38]
    • Rex Griffin, 53, American country singer, died of tuberculosis.

October 12, 1959 (Monday)

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October 13, 1959 (Tuesday)

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October 14, 1959 (Wednesday)

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  • Ruth Urdanivia, a widow in Allentown, Pennsylvania, murdered her five children with overdoses of barbiturates, and unsuccessfully attempted suicide. After being found sane to stand trial, she pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled in 1967.[42]
 
Errol Flynn as Robin Hood, with Olivia de Havilland

October 15, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • Ukrainian nationalist Stepan Bandera was murdered in Munich, West Germany, by Soviet KGB agent Bogdan Stashinsky. The weapon was a gun that fired hydrogen cyanide gas into Bandera's face. Stashinsky, who had killed newspaperman Lev Rebet in the same manner in 1957, swallowed an antidote and escaped.[44]
  • The Antarctic Conference opened in Washington with representatives of 12 nations in attendance. The Antarctic Treaty was signed on December 1 and became effective in 1961.[45]
  • A B-52F Stratofortress bomber, carrying two nuclear weapons, collided with a KC-135 refueling tanker, causing both planes to explode in mid-air[46] and killing seven of the 12 people on the two airplanes, though four members of the bomber crew were able to parachute to safety.[47] The collision happened over Breckinridge County, Kentucky in the U.S., with the bomber (and its nuclear weapons) crashing on a farm near the community of Glen Dean and the tanker hitting a hillside near McQuady.[48] The two nuclear weapons on the bomber were recovered without release of radiation.[49]
 
The cast of The Untouchables, with Stack on far right

October 16, 1959 (Friday)

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  • Lee Harvey Oswald arrived in Moscow on a six-day visa, and applied for Soviet citizenship. Coincidentally, he would begin work at the Texas School Book Depository four years to the day later, on October 16, 1963.[51]
  • Television was inaugurated in the State of Western Australia as TVW7 went on the air.[52]
 
Marshall

October 17, 1959 (Saturday)

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October 18, 1959 (Sunday)

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  • The X-3C, a circular wing hovercraft designed at Princeton University, made its first flight. 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and constructed of aluminum, the X-3C has been described as the closest approximation to a flying saucer.[56]
  • Former President Harry S. Truman appeared in a series of comic sketches on The Jack Benny Program. Critics disagreed on whether the dignity of the American presidency had been compromised.[57]
  • Died: Boughera El Ouafi, 61, Algerian runner and 1928 Olympic marathon winner, was shot to death while dining in a cafe.[58]

October 19, 1959 (Monday)

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October 20, 1959 (Tuesday)

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October 21, 1959 (Wednesday)

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The Guggenheim

October 22, 1959 (Thursday)

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  • Rioting broke out in San'ya, the ghetto area of Tokyo, as a crowd of about 300 attacked the local police station.[66]
  • The Franco-German Extradition Treaty, adopted in 1951, went into effect.[67]
  • VES (vesicular exanthema of swine), which had caused a 15-month-long epizootic in 1952 and 1953, was declared to be eradicated.[68]
  • Died: Joseph Cahill, 68, Premier of New South Wales since 1952, died of a heart attack.

October 23, 1959 (Friday)

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October 24, 1959 (Saturday)

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  • Cuba instituted Law 851, nationalizing more than 150 American investments, including the hotels, casinos and racetrack. Foreign tourism, which had been nearly 275,000 in 1957, fell to 87,000 by 1960.[74]
  • Playboy's Penthouse began a brief run on syndicated television. Broadcast live from Chicago, the program was in the format of a cocktail party hosted by Hugh Hefner. Besides increasing sales of the magazine, the program paved the way to the creation of the Playboy Clubs.[75]

October 25, 1959 (Sunday)

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October 26, 1959 (Monday)

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October 27, 1959 (Tuesday)

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  • More than 1,000 people in Mexico were killed by a hurricane that struck the states of Colima and Jalisco. The town of Minatitlán was heaviest hit, with winds, floods and landslides.[80]
  • Pakistan's President Muhammad Ayub Khan instituted the program he called "Basic Democracy", whereby the nation would be divided into 80,000 constituencies, each of which would elect its own representative. These 80,000 persons would elect members of parliament and provincial legislatures, as well as the President, and would carry out governmental programs.[81]
  • Born: Rick Carlisle, American NBA player, later coach of the NBA 2010-11 champion Dallas Mavericks; in Ogdensburg, New York

October 28, 1959 (Wednesday)

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  • The synthetic fabric spandex (trademarked as Lycra) was introduced by DuPont, relying upon a "Fiber K", a synthetic elastomer that was lighter and more durable than conventional elastic, making it ideal for swimsuits.[82]
  • U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts began planning for a presidential run with a meeting at Bobby Kennedy's home in Hyannisport.[83]

October 29, 1959 (Thursday)

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Cienfuegos
  • Camilo Cienfuegos, the 26-year-old Commander of Cuba's revolutionary army, took off in a Cessna 310 from Camagüey, bound for Havana, along with three other people. The airplane vanished without a trace, although a bulletin on November 4 from Cuba announced that Cienfuegos had been found on "an island off southern Cuba".[84] Cienfuegos was later celebrated as a Cuban martyr.[85]
  • The character of Astérix the Gaul made his debut, appearing in the first regular issue of the comic magazine Pilote.[86]
  • The Arkansas State Press, an African-American weekly newspaper founded in 1941 by Lucious Bates, published its last issue. During its 14 years, the newspaper had lobbied to end racial discrimination in Arkansas.[87]
  • Died: Sisavang Vong, 74, King of Laos, since independence and King of Luang Prabang during the French colonial period since 1904, died in Luang Phrabang. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Savang Vatthana, who would be the last monarch.[88]

October 30, 1959 (Friday)

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Flight 349 wreckage in 2002
  • Piedmont Airlines Flight 349, en route from Washington, D.C., crashed into a mountain near Crozet, Virginia, near the plane's destination of Charlottesville, killing 23 of the 24 people on board. The sole survivor, Phil Bradley, was located after 36 hours, and would participate in the dedication of a memorial on the 50th anniversary of the disaster.[91][92]
  • Died: War Admiral, 25, American thoroughbred horse who won the Triple Crown of U.S. horse racing in 1937

October 31, 1959 (Saturday)

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Lee Oswald USMC
  • Lee Harvey Oswald entered the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and told officer Richard Edward Snyder that he wished to renounce his American citizenship. Snyder accepted Oswald's passport and a written note but told Oswald that further paperwork would need to be completed. Oswald did not complete the process and returned to the United States in 1962.[93] News of the defection made the front pages of American newspapers four years before he would resurface as the accused assassin of John F. Kennedy.[94]
  • Television was seen in Africa for the first time, as the Western Nigeria Television Service started commercial broadcasting on WNTV in Ibadan.[95]
  • The 576th Flight Test Squadron armed an Atlas D missile at Vandenberg Air Force Base, creating the first American ICBM to carry a nuclear warhead. The missile was then placed on alert.[96]
  • Born: Neal Stephenson, American sci-fi author known for The Diamond Age; in Fort Meade, Maryland

Notes

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  1. ^ Pagliacci in fact has only two acts.

References

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  1. ^ Khrushchev, Sergei N. (2001). Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Translated by Benson, Shirley. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 491.
  2. ^ Oriard, Michael (2007). Brand NFL: Making and Selling America's Favorite Sport. University of North Carolina Press. p. 3.
  3. ^ a b c d   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (A) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury October 3, 1958 through December 1959". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  4. ^ Arora, Ramesh K.; Goyal, Rajni (1995). Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues. Wishwa Prakashan. p. 287.
  5. ^ Allais, Maurice (1993). "The Passion for Research". Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–41.
  6. ^ Gerber, Jurg; Jensen, Eric L (2007). Encyclopedia of White-collar Crime. Greenwood Press. pp. 46–47.
  7. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2004). Science Fiction Television: A History. Praeger. pp. 8–9.
  8. ^ "Big Stick A-Sub Goes Down Ways". Oakland Tribune. October 4, 1959. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Frank Stephenson is new head of Alfa Romeo Style - Car Body Design".
  10. ^ a b Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M. (2004). Lunar Exploration: Human Pioneers and Robotic Surveyors. Springer-Verlag. pp. 26–28.
  11. ^ IBM Archives.
  12. ^ Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). Milestones in computer science and information technology. Greenwood Press. pp. 129–130.
  13. ^ "Mead Introduces 2 New Items". The Evansville Press. Evansville, Indiana. October 1, 1959. p. 8-A – via Newspapers.com. Two new Mead Johnson and Company products will go on the market Monday — one of them a 'painless' weight control product, the other a low protein duplication of mother's milk.
  14. ^ J. Hoberman, The Magic Hour: Film at Fin de Siècle (Temple University Press, 2003), pp152–153
  15. ^ "2 Witnesses Bare TV Quiz Show Fix", Oakland Tribune, October 6, 1959, p1
  16. ^ Shabtai Rosenne and Terry D Gill, The World Court: What It Is and How It Works (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989), pp190–191
  17. ^ Amos J. Peaslee, International Governmental Organizations, Pt. 2: Agriculture, Commodities, Fisheries, Food, and Plants (Nijhoff, 1975) pp321–322
  18. ^ "92,706 See Chisox Edge Dodgers, 1-0; Teams Must Return to Chicago for 6th Contest Tomorrow", by Frank Finch, Los Angeles Times, October 7, 1959, p.I-1
  19. ^ Zaloga, Steve (2007). Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. New Vanguard Press. p. 8.
  20. ^ Cockburn, Andrew; Cockburn, Patrick (2002). Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession. Verso. p. 72.
  21. ^ "FBI notes: Saddam Hussein sought familiar refuge". Associated Press. July 2, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009.
  22. ^ Daley, Patrick; James, Beverly A (2004). Cultural Politics and the Mass Media: Alaska Native Voices. University of Illinois Press. p. 81.
  23. ^ Frank Conley, General Elections Today (St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp27–31
  24. ^ "Seven Greatest World Series Relief Appearances", by George Vass, Baseball Digest (October 1995), pp21–22
  25. ^ Arkady B. Tsfasman, from Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century (Berghahn Books, 2006), p559
  26. ^ Tennent H. Bagley, Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games (Yale University Press, 2007), pp74–75
  27. ^ Betty Kaplan Gubert, Miriam Sawyer and Caroline M. Fannin, Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science (Oryx Press, 2002), pp55–60
  28. ^ Kameel B. Nasr, Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936–1993 (McFarland & Co., 1997), pp40–41
  29. ^ p65
  30. ^ William Korey, in The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945 (M.E. Sharpe, 1993), p45
  31. ^ Sarah Schrank, Art and the City: Civic Imagination and Cultural Authority in Los Angeles (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), p145
  32. ^ "Ray, James Earl", The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Vol. V, pp469–471
  33. ^ Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965). The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar Today. Stanford University Press. p. 151.
  34. ^ Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2016). "Association des Lulua-Freres". Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 79.
  35. ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History. Zed Books. p. 104.
  36. ^ "Bert Bell Dies During Game at Franklin Field", The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1959, p.1
  37. ^ Yost, Mark (2006). Tailgating, Sacks, and Salary Caps: How the NFL Became the Most Successful Sports League in History. Kaplan Publishing. pp. 63–64.
  38. ^ Short, Philip (2004). Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. Henry Holt and Company. p. 130.
  39. ^ Bulkeley, Rip; Spinardi, Graham (1986). Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion?. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 17.
  40. ^ Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009). The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives, Legacy, and Historical Impact. Springer. pp. 18–19.
  41. ^ Williamson, Mark (2006). Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years. Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 132–133.
  42. ^ Flowers, R. Barri; Flowers, H. Loraine (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers and Victims of the Twentieth Century. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 138. ISBN 978-0786420759.
  43. ^ "Errol Flynn Dies: Veteran Hollywood Swashbuckler, 50, Succumbs in Canada". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 1959. p. I-1.
  44. ^ Trento, Joseph J. (2005). The Secret History of the CIA. Carroll & Graf. p. 180.
  45. ^ Fogg, G. E. (1992). A History of Antarctic Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
  46. ^ "Crash in Air Sighted Over Four States— Jet Bomber Held Atom Weapon". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 16, 1959. p. 1.
  47. ^ "A-Armed B52, Tanker Crash In Flames Near Hardinsburg". Lexington Leader. Lexington, Kentucky. October 16, 1959. p. 1.
  48. ^ Levy, Alan (October 16, 1959). "Air Force Probing Mid-Air Jet Collision— 2 Black Gashes Mark Graves of 8 Fliers; Unexploded A-Bomb Cargo Under Wraps". Courier Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. p. 1.
  49. ^ Lake, Jon (2004). B-52 Stratofortress Units in Combat, 1955–1973. Oxford Osprey. p. 18.
  50. ^ Edgerton, Gary R. (2007). The Columbia History of American Television. Columbia University Press. p. 196.
  51. ^ The Warren Commission Report, p12, p15
  52. ^ Farewell Cinderella: Creating Arts and Identity in Western Australia (University of Western Australia Press, 2003), p232
  53. ^ "Gen. Marshall, Famed War Leader, Dies at 78— Simple Funeral Rites Set Tuesday; Burial in Arlington Cemetery", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1959, p.I-1
  54. ^ Ian Linden, Church and Revolution in Rwanda (Manchester University Press, 1977), p267
  55. ^ The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre, 2d. Ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p403
  56. ^ Cramp, Leonard G. (1996). UFOs and Anti-gravity: Piece For a Jig-saw. Adventures Unlimited Press. pp. 43–44.
  57. ^ Schroeder, Alan (2004). Celebrity-in-chief: How Show Business Took Over the White House. Westview Press. p. 61.
  58. ^ "Bouguera El Ouafi". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  59. ^ The Miracle Worker, Patty Duke fan site
  60. ^ "A Woman's Place". Oxford Today.
  61. ^ John H. Davis, The Guggenheims: An American Epic (S.P.I. Books, 1989), pp198–200
  62. ^ The Warren Commission Report, pp 691–692
  63. ^ Alan L. McPherson, Yankee No!: Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations (Harvard University Press, 2003), pp59–61
  64. ^ David J. Darling, The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity (Wiley, 2003), p363
  65. ^ N.R. Madhava Menon, ed., Criminal Justice: India Series (Allied Publishers, 2002), Vol. 8, pp182–183
  66. ^ Joe Moore, The Other Japan: Conflict, Compromise, and Resistance Since 1945 (M.E. Sharpe, 1997), pp91–92
  67. ^ Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1977, (Martinus Nijhoff, 1977), pp67–68
  68. ^ George W. Beran, ed., Handbook of Zoonoses, 2d. Ed., Section B, p445
  69. ^ Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (United Nations Publications, 2003), p73
  70. ^ S.T. Joshi, Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares (Greenwood Press, 2007), p397
  71. ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Weird Al Yankovic Biography". AllMusic.com (Rovi). Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  72. ^ "The Buffalo News October 14, 1959, p.7".
  73. ^ Schwartz, Penny (22 May 2016). "Jewish pioneers of TV history on display in new show". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  74. ^ Mark M. Miller and Tony L. Henthorne, Investment in the New Cuban Tourist Industry: A Guide to Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Quorum Books, 1997), p6
  75. ^ Gene N. Landrum, Entrepreneurial Genius: The Power of Passion (Brendan Kelly Pub., 2004), pp153–154
  76. ^ Connie Survivors website
  77. ^ Our Lady of the Highways website
  78. ^ European Space Agency website
  79. ^ "British to See Valiant First", Detroit News, October 21, 1959, p. 15
  80. ^ "Mexico Storm Toll Total Nears 1,500", San Antonio Express and News, October 31, 1959, p1
  81. ^ Khoon Choy Lee, Diplomacy of a Tiny State (World Scientific, 1993), pp148–149
  82. ^ Dan Parker, The Bathing Suit: Christian Liberty or Secular Idolatry (Xulon Press, 2003), pp151–152
  83. ^ Shaun Casey, The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960 (Oxford University Press, 2009), p26
  84. ^ "Bulletin", Oakland Tribune, November 4, 1959, p1
  85. ^ Paco Ignacio Taibo, Guevara, Also Known as Che (St. Martin's Griffin, 1999), pp290–291
  86. ^ "Les BD oubliées D'Astérix". BDoubliées (in French). Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  87. ^ "Bates, Lucious Christopher", in Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives (University of Arkansas Press, 2000), pp20–21
  88. ^ Grant Evans, The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos Since 1975 (University of Hawaiʻi Press, 1998), pp89–90
  89. ^ "Lumumba, Patrice". Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. 2005. pp. 858–859.
  90. ^ Schafer, Elizabeth D. (2003). Auburn: Plainsmen, Tigers, and War Eagles. Arcadia. p. 20.
  91. ^ "One Survivor Tells Fate of 26 in Crash". Oakland Tribune. November 2, 1959. p. 1.
  92. ^ "Fiftieth Anniversary: The Final Flight of Piedmont Airlines 349". Crozet Gazette. Crozet, Virginia. October 13, 2009.
  93. ^ The Warren Commission Report, pg 392
  94. ^ "Texas Marine Gives Up U.S. For Russia". The Miami News. October 31, 1959. p. 1 – via Google News.
  95. ^ Uche, Luke Uka (1989). Mass Media, People, and Politics in Nigeria. Concept Publishing. pp. 60–62.
  96. ^ Alert Operations and the Strategic Air Command, 1957–1991. Government Printing Office. 1991. p. 5.
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