Wikipedia

Otto Graham

Otto Everett Graham Jr. (December 6, 1921 – December 17, 2003) was an American professional football quarterback who played for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL) for 10 seasons. Graham is regarded by critics as one of the most dominant players of his era and one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time, having taken the Browns to league championship games every year between 1946 and 1955, making ten championship appearances, and winning seven of them. With Graham at quarterback, the Browns posted a record of 105 wins, 17 losses, and 4 ties, including a 9–3 win–loss record in the AAFC and NFL playoffs. He holds the NFL record for career average yards gained per pass attempt, with 8.63. He also holds the record for the highest career winning percentage for an NFL starting quarterback, at 81.0%. Long-time New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner, a friend of Graham's, once called him "as great of a quarterback as there ever was."[1]

Otto Graham
A photo of Otto Graham in 1959 while serving as football coach at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy.
Graham in 1959
No. 60, 14
Position:Quarterback
Personal information
Born:(1921-12-06)December 6, 1921
Waukegan, Illinois, U.S.
Died:December 17, 2003(2003-12-17) (aged 82)
Sarasota, Florida, U.S.
Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:196 lb (89 kg)
Career information
High school:Waukegan
College:Northwestern (1941–1943)
NFL draft:1944 / round: 1 / pick: 4
Career history
As a player:
As a coach:
As an executive:
  • Washington Redskins (1966–1968)
    General manager
Executive profile at Pro Football Reference
Career highlights and awards
As a player
AAFC records
  • Most passing yards in a season: 2,785 (1949)
  • Highest completion percentage in a season: 60.6% (1947)
  • Highest passer rating in a season: 112.1 (1946)
NFL Records
  • Most career yards per passing attempt (minimum 1500 passing attempts): 8.6
Career AAFC/NFL statistics
Passing attempts:2,626
Passing completions:1,464
Completion percentage:55.8%
TD–INT:174–135
Passing yards:23,584
Passer rating:86.6
Rushing yards:882
Rushing touchdowns:44
Stats at Pro Football Reference
Head coaching record
Career:NFL: 17–22–3 (.440)
Record at Pro Football Reference
Pro Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame

Graham grew up in Waukegan, Illinois, the son of music teachers. He entered Northwestern University in 1940 on a basketball scholarship, but football soon became his main sport. After a brief stint in the military at the end of World War II, Graham played for the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), winning the 1945–46 championship. Paul Brown, Cleveland's coach, signed Graham to play for the Browns, where he thrived. Graham's 1946 NBL and AAFC titles made him the first of only two people to have won championships in two of the four major North American sports (the second was Gene Conley). After he retired from playing football in 1955, Graham coached college teams in the College All-Star Game and became head football coach for the Coast Guard Bears at the United States Coast Guard Academy. After seven years there, he was hired as head coach of the Washington Redskins in 1966. Following three unsuccessful years with them, he resigned and returned to the Coast Guard Academy, where he served as athletic director until his retirement in 1984. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965.

Early life and college

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Born into a family of four boys in Waukegan, Illinois, Graham set a first state record at birth weighing 14 lbs 12 oz.[2] Graham's first interest growing up was music; both parents were music teachers.[3] Encouraged by his parents—his father having taught famous comedian Jack Benny—[4] he took up several instruments: the piano, violin, cornet and French horn.[5][6] Graham also excelled in athletics, and attended Northwestern University on a basketball scholarship in 1940.[7] There he played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman and continued to study music.[8][9] Graham did not take up football until his sophomore year, when Northwestern coach Pappy Waldorf saw him throwing in an intramural game and invited him to practice with the team.[7][8] Northwestern's coaches were impressed with his running and passing, and Waldorf convinced him to sign up.[7][8] Although football became Graham's primary sport, he also played baseball and continued on the basketball team. As a senior, he was named a first-team basketball All-American.[5]

He was a member of Alpha Delta Phi social fraternity (formerly The Wranglers).

Graham's first game for the Northwestern Wildcats football team was on October 4, 1941, when he caught a Kansas State punt and returned it 90 yards for a touchdown. He ran and passed for two more touchdowns in the 51–3 victory.[8][10] After scoring another pair of touchdowns in a win against Wisconsin, Graham passed to his wide receivers for two touchdowns in a victory over the Ohio State Buckeyes, coached by Paul Brown, the Buckeyes' only loss of the 1941 season.[8][11] Northwestern ended the year with an 11th-place showing in the Associated Press Poll.[8][12]

As America's involvement in World War II intensified after the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, Graham signed up for service alongside many fellow student-athletes, entering the U.S. Coast Guard.[7][8] He was able to stay at Northwestern as he waited to be called for active duty. The Wildcats struggled in 1942 as their players joined the war effort, winning only one game.[8][13] Graham still had 89 completions, setting a single-season passing record in the Big Ten Conference, a division of major college teams from the Midwestern United States.[8][14]

The following year, Military Enlistees from other schools enrolled at Northwestern, where the U.S. Navy had a training station.[8][15] The 1943 season was a strong one for Northwestern. The team beat Ohio State, the defending national champions, and a good military team at Great Lakes Naval Station.[16][17] The Wildcats lost to Notre Dame and Michigan, however, and finished the season with an 8–2 record and a ninth-place ranking in the AP Poll.[16][17][18] Graham set another Big Ten passing record, was named the conference's Most Valuable Player, received All-American honors and finished third in Heisman Trophy voting.[16][19][20][21] By the end of his college career, he held a Big Ten Conference record for passing yards with 2,132.[5][18]

Graham's career at Northwestern officially ended in February 1944, when he moved to Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, in the Navy's V-5 cadet program, a pilot training course.[22][23] He played basketball for Colgate before moving to North Carolina Pre-Flight later in 1944, where he played on the Cloudbusters football team under coaches Glenn Killinger and Bear Bryant.[18][24]

Impressed by Graham's performances in Northwestern's wins over Ohio State in 1941 and 1943, Paul Brown came and offered him a contract worth $7,500 per year ($127,000 in 2023 dollars) in 1945 to play for a professional team he would be coaching in Cleveland in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC).[25] Graham would not receive his salary until he started playing, however, and Brown added a monthly stipend of $250 ($4,200 in 2023) until the end of the war.[25] It was a large amount of money at the time. "All I asked was, where do I sign?" Graham said later. "Some of the other navy men said I was rooting for the war to last forever."[25] Graham was also drafted by the National Football League's Detroit Lions, but he did not sign a contract or play a game with the team as the war wore on.[26]

Large numbers of athletes came home as the conflict wound down in Europe following Germany's surrender in mid-1945. The AAFC's first season was not set to start until the fall of 1946, and Graham occupied the intervening months by joining the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), a forerunner of the National Basketball Association.[27] In March 1946, the Royals swept a best-of-five series against the Sheboygan Red Skins to win the NBL title.[28]

Professional career

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Cleveland Browns in the AAFC (1946–1949)

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By the time Graham was discharged from the Navy late in the summer of 1946, training camp for Brown's new team, the Cleveland Browns, had already begun.[29] Concerned that Graham was not ready to start, Brown put in Cliff Lewis at quarterback in the first game of the season. Graham, however, soon replaced Lewis in Brown's T formation offense.[30][31] Handing the ball to fullback Marion Motley and throwing to ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie, Graham led the team to a 12–2 regular-season record and a spot in the championship game against the AAFC's New York Yankees.[31][32][33] The Browns won that game, touching off a period of dominance.[31][34] The team won each of the AAFC's four championships between 1946 and 1949, and had professional football's second perfect season in 1948 by finishing undefeated and untied.[35] By doing this the Browns became pro football's first undefeated championship team. Between 1947 and 1949 the Browns played 29 consecutive games without a defeat.

Graham's play was crucial to Cleveland's success. He averaged 10.5 yards per pass and had a quarterback rating of 112.1 in 1946, a professional football record until Joe Montana surpassed it in 1989.[36] Graham was named the AAFC's Most Valuable Player in 1947 and shared the Most Valuable Player award with Frankie Albert of the San Francisco 49ers in 1948.[37] He led the league in passing yards between 1947 and 1949.[38] The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season, and three of its teams, including the Browns, merged into the more established National Football League.[39] Graham was the AAFC's all-time leading passer, throwing for 10,085 yards and 86 touchdowns.[40][41]

Graham became the Browns' uncontested leader, but he was also "just one of the guys", tackle Mike McCormack said in 1999. "He was not aloof, which you see a lot of times today."[42] He was good at spinning and moving in the pocket, skills he learned playing basketball.[18] In his autobiography, Paul Brown praised Graham's ability to anticipate his receivers' route-running by watching their shoulders.[42] "I remember his tremendous peripheral vision and his great athletic skill, as well as his ability to throw a football far and accurately with just a flick of his arm", Brown said.[42] His short passes were hard and accurate, teammates later said, and his long balls were soft. "I used to catch a lot of them one-handed", Lavelli said. "He had great touch in his hands."[26] He was nicknamed "Automatic Otto" for his consistency and toughness.[43]

Cleveland Browns in the NFL (1950–1955)

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With Graham at the helm, the Browns continued to succeed when they joined the NFL in 1950. Graham was voted the United Press NFL Player of the Year[44] and led the Browns to a 10–2 record, which set up a playoff against the New York Giants for a spot in the championship game.[33][45][46] The Browns' only two losses of the season had come against the Giants, but in a frozen Cleveland Stadium on December 17, Cleveland beat New York.[47] With the game tied 3–3 in the fourth quarter, Graham gained 45 yards by running with the ball on a long drive to set up a 28-yard Lou Groza field goal that put the Browns ahead 6–3.[48] A safety after the ensuing kickoff made the final score 8–3.[48]

The win put Cleveland in the NFL championship game against the Los Angeles Rams.[45][49] Graham's rushing and passing were again key to the Browns' 30–28 victory. He drove the offense downfield as time expired to set up a last-minute Groza field goal that sealed the win.[50] Graham had 99 yards rushing in the game, adding 298 yards of passing and four touchdowns.[51]

Cleveland posted an 11–1 record in 1951, losing their only game to the San Francisco 49ers in the season opener.[52] That gave the Browns another spot in the championship game, again against the Rams.[53] This time, however, the Rams won 24–17. Graham fumbled the ball in the third quarter, setting up a touchdown that put the Rams ahead 14–10.[53] Three of his throws were intercepted, but he put up 280 yards of passing and a touchdown.[54] After the season, Graham was named the league's Most Valuable Player.[55]

 
1954 Bowman football card

With Graham at quarterback, Cleveland finished the 1952 season with a 9–3 record and faced the Detroit Lions in the NFL championship game.[56] Despite gaining 384 total yards to Detroit's 258, Graham, who was the NFL Player of the Year,[44] and the Browns lost their second straight championship, 17–7.[57] Cleveland had several long drives that ended with missed field goals, and a fourth-quarter touchdown was negated because Graham's throw to Pete Brewster was first tipped by receiver Ray Renfro; under rules in place at the time, balls deflected by offensive teammates were automatic incompletions.[58] After the season, as Graham was practicing for the Pro Bowl in Los Angeles on January 2, 1953, his six-week-old son Stephen died from a severe cold.[59]

The 1953 season began with a 27–0 win over the Green Bay Packers in which Graham passed for 292 yards and ran for two touchdowns.[60] It was the first of 11 straight victories for the Browns, whose only loss came in the final game of the season to the Philadelphia Eagles.[61] Near the end of the season in a game against the 49ers, Graham took a forearm to the face from Art Michalik that opened a gash on his chin requiring 15 stitches. Graham's helmet was fitted with a clear plastic face mask, and he came back into the game; the injury helped inspire the development of the modern face mask.[62] Despite an 11–1 record, Cleveland lost in the championship game for the third year in a row, falling to the Detroit Lions 17–16.[63][64] Two of Graham's passes were intercepted. He said after the game that he wanted to "jump off a building" for letting his teammates down. "I was the main factor in losing", he said. "If I had played my usual game, we would have won."[65] Still, Graham finished the season as the NFL's leading passer and again won the Most Valuable Player award.[66]

Before the start of the Browns' 1954 training camp, Graham was questioned as part of the Sam Sheppard murder case. Sheppard, an osteopath, was accused of bludgeoning his pregnant wife to death, and Graham and his wife, Beverly, were friends with the couple. Graham told police that while he and Beverly liked the Sheppards, they did not know much about their relationship.[67]

The 1954 season was a transitional one for the Browns. Many of the players who joined the 1946 team had retired or were nearing the end of their careers.[68] Graham, meanwhile, told Brown that he would retire after the season.[69] After losing the first three games, Cleveland won eight in a row and earned another shot at the championship, again against the Lions.[70] This time, the Browns won 56–10 as Graham ran for three touchdowns and passed for three more.[71] He announced his retirement after the game.[72] After Graham's potential replacements struggled during the 1955 training camp and preseason, Brown convinced Graham to come back and play one more year.[73] He was offered a salary of $25,000 ($280,000 today), making him the highest-paid player in the NFL.[74] The Browns lost the opener against the Washington Redskins, but went on to a 9–2–1 regular-season record and another chance at a championship.[66] Graham threw two touchdowns and ran for two more as the Browns beat the Rams 38–14.[75] When Brown took Graham out of the game in the fourth quarter, the crowd in the Los Angeles Coliseum gave him a standing ovation.[44] It was the final performance of a 10-year career in which Graham's team reached the championship each year and won seven. "Nothing would induce me to come back", he said later.[44] He was the NFL's passing leader and Most Valuable Player in 1955.[44] He also won the Hickok Belt, awarded to the best professional athlete of the year.[76] Without Graham, the Browns floundered the following year and posted a 5–7 record, their first losing season.[77]

Graham and head coach Paul Brown created the modern T-formation quarterback position and the modern pro offense. Graham led his league in every major passing category each in multiple seasons and finished his career with a career all-time pro record Yds/Att of 9.0. Until 2016, he held the record for career rushing touchdowns by a pro quarterback with 44. The Browns' record with Graham as starting quarterback was 57–13–1, including a 9–3 record in the playoffs.[44] He still holds the NFL career record for yards per pass attempt, averaging 8.63.[78] He also holds the record for the highest career winning percentage for an NFL starting quarterback, with 0.810.[79] Graham was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965.[80] Having won seven championships in 10 seasons and reached the championship game in every year he played, Graham is regarded by sportswriters as one of the greatest winners of all time and one of the best professional quarterbacks to play the game.[81][82][83] He never missed a game in his career.[26]

Graham wore number 60 for much of his career, but he was forced to change it to 14 in 1952 after the NFL passed a rule requiring offensive linemen to wear jersey numbers 50–79 so referees could more easily identify ineligible receivers.[1] The Browns retired his number 14, while 60 remains in circulation.[1] While at Northwestern, Graham wore number 48.[16][84]

Coaching career

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When Graham retired from football, he planned to focus on managing the insurance and appliance businesses he owned.[85] However, in 1957 Graham signed on as an assistant coach for the college squad in the annual College All-Star Game, an exhibition contest no longer played between the NFL champion and a selection of the best collegiate players from around the country.[86] The next year, he was named head coach of the team.[87] With Graham coaching the all-stars in 1958, the team beat the Detroit Lions 35–19.[88]

Coast Guard Academy

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Following his convincing win in the all-star game, Graham's friend George Steinbrenner helped get him a job as the head football coach for the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut.[1][89] Graham, by then 37 years old, was also named athletic director and given a salary "in five figures".[89] School officials said the hiring did not mean Coast Guard would "go big time"; the Division III school played a relatively short schedule at the time against smaller schools in New England.[89] The Coast Guard team had a 3–5 record in Graham's first year as coach in 1959, but improved steadily over the ensuing three years.[90] The team went undefeated in 1963, earning the academy its first-ever post-season bowl appearance.[91] Coast Guard lost to Western Kentucky 27–0 in the Tangerine Bowl.[92] Graham continued to coach in the College All-Star Game while at Coast Guard, and his college team beat Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers in a 20–17 upset in 1963.[93] Graham was offered coaching jobs in the NFL numerous times during his tenure at Coast Guard, but he said in 1964 that he was content to stay at the small school on a $9,000 salary. He said he deplored the "win at all costs philosophy" that was necessary to be successful in the professional ranks.[94]

Washington Redskins

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Despite his reservations about the professional game, Graham, who moonlighted as a television and radio commentator for the American Football League's New York Jets in 1964 and 1965, left the Coast Guard Academy after seven years in 1966 to become head coach and general manager of the NFL's Washington Redskins,[95][96][97] Graham's three seasons (1966–1968) were similarly unsuccessful, with an overall record of 17–22–3.[98] With a 7–7 record in 1966, the Redskins slipped to 5–6–3 in 1967. Calls for his firing in 1968 intensified as the team's performance worsened to 5–9;[99] The Washington Daily News called for his firing in a front-page editorial in November.[99] With two years remaining on a five-year contract (and an option for another five years), Graham was displaced by Vince Lombardi in early February 1969.[100][101]

Return to Coast Guard Academy

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After being dismissed as the Redskins' coach, Graham returned to the Coast Guard Academy as athletic director and said he planned to stay there until he retired.[102][103] He coached the college team in the College All-Star Game in 1970 for his tenth and final time.[104] The college stars lost for the seventh time in a row that year, falling 24–3 to the Kansas City Chiefs.[105] He was replaced in 1971 by Blanton Collier, who had retired after succeeding Brown as Cleveland's head coach.[106]

In 1974, Graham was named Coast Guard's football coach once again, although he resigned two years later to focus on his duties as athletic director.[107][108] In nine years of coaching, Graham's Coast Guard teams had a combined record of 44–32–1.[109] After eight more years as the school's athletic director, Graham retired in 1984.[110]

Later life and death

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An avid golfer and tennis player, Graham partnered with New York Yankees great Joe DiMaggio in numerous golf tournaments later in life.[111] He retired to a house on a golf course in Florida.[111] Graham overcame colon cancer in 1977, but was later plagued by heart ailments and other health problems.[42] He was diagnosed as being in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease in 2001, and died of a heart aneurysm in Sarasota, Florida, on December 17, 2003.[1][111] He had two sons and a daughter with his wife Beverly.[112] In 2013, Northwestern's fundraising department created the Otto Graham Society to honor his achievements at the school and support its athletics programs.[113] In 2014, a new gymnasium at Waterford Country School was dedicated to Otto Graham's memory.[114]

NFL/AAFC career statistics

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Legend
UPI NFL MVP/POTY
Won the NFL championship or AAFC Championship
NFL record
Led the league
Bold Career high
Underline Incomplete data

Regular season

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Year Team Games Passing Rushing Fumbles
GP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Y/A Lng TD Int Rtg Att Yds Y/A Lng TD Fum Lost
1946 CLE 14 9 95 174 54.6 1,834 10.5 79 17 5 112.1 30 −125 −4.2 0 1 0 0
1947 CLE 14 9 163 269 60.6 2,753 10.2 99 25 11 109.2 19 72 3.8 — 1 0 0
1948 CLE 14 14 173 333 52.0 2,713 8.1 78 25 15 85.6 23 146 6.3 — 6 0 0
1949 CLE 12 11 161 285 56.5 2,785 9.8 74 19 10 97.5 27 107 4.0 — 3 0 0
1950 CLE 12 12 10–2 137 253 54.2 1,943 7.7 80 14 20 64.7 55 145 2.6 20 6 6 6
1951 CLE 12 12 11–1 147 265 55.5 2,205 8.3 81 17 16 79.2 35 29 0.8 12 3 7 5
1952 CLE 12 12 8–4 181 364 49.7 2,816 7.7 68 20 24 66.6 42 130 3.1 21 4 4 4
1953 CLE 12 11 10–1 167 258 64.7 2,722 10.6 70 11 9 99.7 43 143 3.3 21 6 8 3
1954 CLE 12 12 9–3 142 240 59.2 2,092 8.7 64 11 17 73.5 63 114 1.8 14 8 3 1
1955 CLE 12 12 9–2–1 98 185 53.0 1,721 9.3 61 15 8 94.0 68 121 1.8 36 6 7 4
Career[115][116] 126 114 57–13–1 1,464 2,626 55.8 23,584 9.0 99 174 135 86.6 405 882 2.2 36 44 35 23

Postseason

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Year Team Games Passing Rushing Fum
GP GS Record Cmp Att Pct Yds Y/A Lng TD Int Rtg Att Yds Y/A Lng TD
1946 CLE 1 1 1–0 16 27 59.3 213 7.9 23 1 1 81.2 3 –19 –6.3 3 0 0
1947 CLE 1 1 1–0 14 21 66.7 112 5.3 35 0 0 79.9 4 21 5.3 24 1 0
1948 CLE 1 1 1–0 11 24 45.8 118 4.9 19 1 1 57.3 1 0 0.0 0 0 0
1949 CLE 2 2 2–0 29 60 48.3 454 7.6 37 2 2 71.1 10 65 6.5 3 0 0
1950 CLE 2 2 2–0 25 41 61.0 341 8.3 39 4 2 99.7 20 169 8.5 21 0 1
1951 CLE 1 1 0–1 19 40 47.5 280 7.0 26 1 3 47.9 5 43 8.6 34 0 1
1952 CLE 1 1 0–1 20 35 57.1 191 5.5 32 0 1 60.5 7 23 3.3 12 0 0
1953 CLE 1 1 0–1 2 15 13.3 20 1.3 13 0 2 0.0 5 9 1.8 5 0 1
1954 CLE 1 1 1–0 9 12 75.0 163 13.6 45 3 2 116.7 9 27 3.0 8 3 0
1955 CLE 1 1 1–0 14 25 56.0 209 8.4 50 2 3 70.7 9 21 2.3 15 2 0
Career[117] 12 12 9–3 159 300 53.0 2,101 7.0 50 14 17 67.4 73 359 4.9 34 6 3

Head coaching record

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College

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Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Coast Guard Bears (NAIA independent) (1959–1965)
1959 Coast Guard 3–5
1960 Coast Guard 5–3
1961 Coast Guard 4–4
1962 Coast Guard 5–2–1
1963 Coast Guard 8–1 L Tangerine
1964 Coast Guard 3–5
1965 Coast Guard 4–4
Coast Guard Bears (NCAA Division III independent) (1974–1975)
1974 Coast Guard 4–6
1975 Coast Guard 8–2
Coast Guard: 44–32–1
Total: 44–32–1

[118]

NFL

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Team Year Regular season Postseason
Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result
WAS 1966 7 7 0 50.0 5th in NFL Eastern Conference — — —
WAS 1967 5 6 3 45.5 3rd in NFL Capitol Conference — — —
WAS 1968 5 9 0 35.7 3rd in NFL Capitol Conference — — —
Total[119] 17 22 3 43.6 — — —

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Hall of Fame quarterback Otto Graham dies at 82". The Southeast Missourian. December 18, 2003. p. 4B. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  2. ^ "Otto GrahamBiography". Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  3. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 19.
  4. ^ "Throwback Thursday: "Automatic" Otto Graham | College Football Hall of Fame". www.cfbhall.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Cantor 2008, p. 79.
  6. ^ Boyer 2006, p. 12.
  7. ^ a b c d Schwartz, Larry. "'Automatic Otto' defined versatility". ESPN. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j LaTourette 2005, p. 54.
  9. ^ ""Otto" Biography". Ottograham.net. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  10. ^ "Wildcats Rout Kansas State". The Telegraph-Herald. Evanston, Illinois. Associated Press. October 5, 1941. p. 16. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  11. ^ "Northwestern Knocks Ohio State Out Of Unbeaten Ranks, 14–7". St. Petersburg Times. Columbus, Ohio. Associated Press. October 26, 1941. p. 15. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  12. ^ "1941 Final AP Football Poll". College Poll Archive. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  13. ^ "1942 Northwestern Wildcats". Database Football. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  14. ^ "Otto Graham". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  15. ^ "Military Training and Service During World War II". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  16. ^ a b c d LaTourette 2005, p. 55.
  17. ^ a b "1943 Northwestern Wildcats Schedule and Results". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  18. ^ a b c d Keim 1999, p. 64.
  19. ^ "Graham Is Top Choice". Youngstown Vindicator. Chicago. United Press International. December 12, 1943. p. D2. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  20. ^ "All-American Squad Chosen". Warsaw Daily Union. New York. United Press International. December 4, 1943. p. 5. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  21. ^ "1943 Heisman Trophy Voting". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  22. ^ "Graham to Wind Up Cage Career Saturday Night". Warsaw Daily Union. United Press. February 10, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  23. ^ "Pick the All-Stars of The Big Ten Conference". Lawrence Journal-World. United Press. March 8, 1944. p. 6. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  24. ^ "Otto Graham Stars In Colgate Triumph". Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. February 20, 1944. p. D1. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  25. ^ a b c Cantor 2008, p. 80.
  26. ^ a b c Piascik 2007, p. 20.
  27. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 19–20.
  28. ^ Larson, Lloyd (March 24, 1946). "Rochester Clips Skins, Wins Title". The Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  29. ^ Cantor 2008, p. 86.
  30. ^ Cantor 2008, pp. 86–87.
  31. ^ a b c Henkel 2005, p. 11.
  32. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 62–63.
  33. ^ a b Cantor 2008, p. 207.
  34. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 64.
  35. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 64, 81, 121, 145.
  36. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 66, 85.
  37. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 82, 121.
  38. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 82, 121, 148.
  39. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 141.
  40. ^ Keim 1999, pp. 64–65.
  41. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 149.
  42. ^ a b c d Keim 1999, p. 65.
  43. ^ Cantor 2008, p. 129.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Piascik 2007, p. 342.
  45. ^ a b Henkel 2005, p. 24.
  46. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 173.
  47. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 173–174.
  48. ^ a b Piascik 2007, p. 175.
  49. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 176.
  50. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 181.
  51. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 183.
  52. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 224, 232.
  53. ^ a b Piascik 2007, p. 232.
  54. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 233–234.
  55. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 235.
  56. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 250–251.
  57. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 251–253.
  58. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 253.
  59. ^ "Graham Baby Dies While Parents Away". Ottawa Citizen. January 2, 1953. p. 16. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  60. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 270.
  61. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 275.
  62. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 273.
  63. ^ Henkel 2005, p. 25.
  64. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 276–281.
  65. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 282.
  66. ^ a b Piascik 2007, p. 284.
  67. ^ "Lie Detector Tests Back Up Mayor's Story". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. August 16, 1954. p. 2. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  68. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 305.
  69. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 310.
  70. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 319.
  71. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 324–325.
  72. ^ Piascik 2007, pp. 325–326.
  73. ^ Piascik 2007, p. 332.
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References cited

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  • Boyer, Mary Schmitt (2006). Browns Essential. Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1-57243-873-6.
  • Cantor, George (2008). Paul Brown: The Man Who Invented Modern Football. Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1-57243-725-8.
  • Henkel, Frank M. (2005). Cleveland Browns History. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3428-2.
  • Keim, John (1999). Legends by the Lake: The Cleveland Browns at Municipal Stadium. Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press. ISBN 978-1-884836-47-3.
  • LaTourette, Larry (2005). Northwestern Wildcat Football. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3433-6.
  • Piascik, Andy (2007). The Best Show in Football: The 1946–1955 Cleveland Browns. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-571-6.
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