Outline of death

The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to death:

Death – the termination of all biological functions that sustain a living organism

What is death?

Death can be described as all of the following:

End of life – life is the characteristic distinguishing physical entities having signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not,^[1]^[2] either because such functions have ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.^[3]^[4]^[5]
(Death is) the opposite of:
- Life – (see above)
- Biogenesis – the production of new living organisms or organelles. The law of biogenesis, attributed to Louis Pasteur, is the observation that living things come only from other living things, by reproduction (e.g. a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders).
  - Fertilisation (Conception) – the beginning of an organism's life, initiated by the fusion of gametes resulting in the development of a new individual organism. In animals, the process involves the fusion of an ovum with a sperm, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo.
  - Birth – the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. Commonly considered the beginning of one's life. "First you are born, then you live life, then you die."
    - De-extinction – the process of creating an organism, which is a member of or resembles an extinct species, or a breeding population of such organisms. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although selective breeding has also been proposed. Similar techniques have been applied to endangered species. Though we, humans, have not been able to bring an extinct species back to life as of to date.
- Survival – Survival is simply the need to live, the only real purpose of an organism is to generate offspring
  - Indefinite lifespan – the term used in the life extension movement and transhumanism to refer to the hypothetical longevity of humans (and other life-forms) under conditions in which aging is effectively and completely prevented and treated. Their lifespans would be "indefinite" (that is, they would not be "immortal") because protection from the effects of aging on health does not guarantee survival. Such individuals would still be susceptible to accidental or intentional death by disease, starvation, getting hit by a truck, murdered, and so on, but not death from aging, some animals can live forever such as the Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish, or the bowhead whale.

Types of death

Individual death – termination of all biological functions within a living organism
Extinction – the death of an entire species, or more specifically, death of the last member of a species
- Extinction event – a widespread and rapid decrease in the amount of life on Earth. Such an event is identified by a sharp reduction in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. Also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis.
- Human extinction – the hypothesized end of the human species. Various scenarios have been discussed in science, popular culture, and religion (see Eschatology)
- Local extinction (extirpation) – a condition of a species (another taxon) that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions. Local extinction can be reversed by reintroduction of the species to the area from other locations; wolf reintroduction is an example of this.

Causes of death

Causes of death, by type

Accidents – unplanned events or circumstances, often with lack of intention or necessity. They generally have negative outcomes which might have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to each accident had been recognized, and acted upon, prior to occurrence. An example of a type of accident that can cause death is a traffic collision.
- List of accident types
Biological aging –
Disease –
- Terminal illness
Injury
- Wound
  - Mortal wound
Killing – causing the death of a living organism, usually for the purpose of survival, including the defense of self and or others.
- Predation –
- Homicide –
  - Murder – killing of a human done in malice
  - Human sacrifice
- Sacrifice
  - Human sacrifice
  - Animal sacrifice
- Suicide – the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often carried out as a result of despair, the cause of which is frequently attributed to a mental disorder such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, alcoholism, or drug abuse. Stress factors such as financial difficulties or troubles with interpersonal relationships often play a role. Efforts to prevent suicide include limiting access to firearms, treating mental illness and drug misuse, and improving economic circumstances.
  - Assisted suicide –
  - Copycat suicide –
  - Familicide –
  - Forced suicide –
  - Honor suicide –
  - Internet suicide pact –
  - Mass suicide –
  - Murder–suicide –
  - Suicide pact –
  - Parasuicide –
  - Suicide attack –
  - Suicide by cop –
- Capital punishment – a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone is punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual enforcement is an execution. Also called the "death penalty".
  - List of methods of capital punishment
- Genocide – the systematic destruction of all or a significant part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group. Well-known examples of genocide include the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, and more recently the Rwandan genocide.
- War – an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, social disruption and an attempt at economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of (collective) political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare.
Laughing oneself to death (extremely rare) –
Natural disasters –
- Avalanches –
- Earthquakes –
- Volcanic eruptions –
- Hydrological disasters – disasters involving bodies of water
  - Floods –
  - Limnic eruptions –
  - Tsunamis –
- Meteorological disasters – disasters involving weather phenomena
  - Blizzards –
  - Cyclonic storms –
    - Tropical cyclones –
    - Extratropical cyclones –
  - Droughts –
  - Hailstorms –
  - Heat waves –
  - Tornadoes –
- Wildfires –
- Epidemics –
- Space disasters –
  - Impact events –
  - Solar flares –

Other classifications of causes of death

Causes of death by rate
Potential causes of death
- Global catastrophic risks –
Preventable causes of death

Effects of death

Effects of the anticipation of death
- Death anxiety – a morbid, abnormal or persistent fear of one's own death or the process of his/her dying. One definition of death anxiety is a "feeling of dread, apprehension or solicitude (anxiety) when one thinks of the process of dying, or ceasing to 'be'". Also known as thanatophobia (fear of death).
- Mortality salience –
Effects on the deceased (and on the cadaver) – "deceased" is short for "deceased person", which is a person who has died and who is therefore dead. A cadaver is the body of a dead person.
- End of consciousness – a dead body is no longer awake, but there is the question of where consciousness went to, if anywhere...
  - Is there consciousness after death? – there is a debate between proponents of the following possibilities:
    - Eternal oblivion
    - Afterlife
- Cessation of breathing
- Cardiac arrest – the heart has stopped beating (no pulse)
- Pallor mortis – paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death
- Livor mortis – settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body
- Algor mortis – reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature
- Rigor mortis – limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate
- Decomposition – reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.
  - Putrefaction –
- Other (possible) effects
  - Death erection –
- Treatment of corpses
  - In the wild
    - Consumed by predators (if those predators made the kill) – a predator is an organism that hunts and then eats its prey
    - Consumed by scavengers – a scavenger is an animal that feeds on dead animal and/or plant material present in its habitat
    - Decomposed by detritivores – detritivores are organisms which recycle detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles.
    - Fossilization
    - Catagenesis
  - In society
    - Embalming
    - Disposal of human corpses
      - Burial
        Burial at sea
        
        Natural burial
        
        Sky burial
      - Cremation
    - Preservation of human corpses
      - Cryonics
Effects on others
- Grief –
  - Mourning –
- Depression –

History of death

Deaths of people
- Deaths by year
  - Deaths of philosophers
  - Unusual deaths
- Disasters by death toll
  - Natural disasters by death toll
  - Wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- People by cause of death
- TV actors who died during production
Deaths of other species
- Timeline of extinctions
Fascination with death
History of dissection
Mummification
Premature obituaries

Philosophy and death

Meaning of life

Death and culture

Obituary
Death and the Internet
Disposal of human corpses
Expressions related to death
Personification of death – the concept of Death as a sentient entity has existed in many societies since the beginning of recorded history. For example, in English culture, Death is often given the name "the Grim Reaper" and, from the 15th century onwards, came to be shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large scythe and clothed in a black cloak with a hood.
Wake

Medical field and death

Politics of death

Assisted suicide
Martyr
Mass grave
Right to life
- Right to life debates
Right to die
- Euthanasia
  - Euthanasia debate
War

Legalities of death

Abortion law
Autopsy
- Cause of death – the purpose of a forensic autopsy is to determine the cause of death, which is the condition or conditions officially determined to have resulted in a human's death. In modern times, such a determination usually is essential data on a governmental death certificate.
Capital punishment
- Death row
Coroner
Crimes related to death
- Crimes against humanity related to death
  - Murder
  - Massacre
  - Genocide
- Death threat
- Homicide
  - Manslaughter
  - Murder
    - Homicide occurring during a felony
- Necrophilia
Disposal of human corpses
Disposition of the estate of the deceased
- Probate
- Trust law
Legal death
- Declared death in absentia
- Death certificate
  - Cause of death
Right to die

Religion and death

Religious beliefs concerning death
- Afterlife
  - Heaven
  - Hell
- Resurrection
Religious ceremonies concerning death
- Last rites
- Funeral
  - Eulogy
  - Wake

Death care industry

Death care industry – companies and organizations that provide services related to death (i.e., funerals, cremation or burial, and memorials).

Death care industry sectors
- Cemeteries –
- Coffin industry –
- Funeral homes –
  - Crematory industry –
- Stonemasonry – craft of creating buildings, structures (including memorials), and sculpture (including headstones), using stone from the earth.
  - Headstone industry –
  - Memorial industry –
Death care industry products and services
- Coffins (product) –
- Funerals (service) –
- Burial (service) –
- Cremation (service) –
- Headstones (product) –
- Memorials (product) –
Death care professionals
- Funeral director –
- Stonemason – using stone from the earth, stonemasons create buildings, structures, and sculpture, including headstones and memorials.
Death care companies
- Service Corporation International
- Stewart Enterprises

Science of death

Psychology of death

Demography of death

Paranormal concepts pertaining to death

Pseudoscience
- Paranormal research
  - Parapsychology
    - Reincarnation research
Death-related paranormal phenomena
- Deathbed phenomena
- Afterlife
  - After-death communication
    - Séance
  - Ghosts
- Near-death experience
- Near-death studies
- Necromancy

Death-related organizations

Grief support
Organizations dedicated to the abolition of capital punishment (death penalty)
- International
- In the United States

Death-related publications

Book of the Dead
The American Way of Death, by Jessica Mitford
The American Way of Death Revisited, by Jessica Mitford
The Japanese Way of Death, by Hikaru Suzuki
Tibetan Book of the Dead

Dead people

Lists of deaths by year

Other

References

^ Koshland, Daniel E. Jr. (March 22, 2002). "The Seven Pillars of Life". Science. 295 (5563): 2215–2216. doi:10.1126/science.1068489. PMID 11910092.
^
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, published by Houghton Mifflin Company, via Answers.com:
- "The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organism."
- "The characteristic state or condition of a living organism."
^ Definition of inanimate. WordNet Search by Princeton University.
^ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
^ "organism". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary (online ed.). Chambers Publishers Ltd. 1999. Retrieved 2012-05-26.

External links

Death. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[Koshland-1] Koshland, Daniel E. Jr. (March 22, 2002). "The Seven Pillars of Life". Science. 295 (5563): 2215–2216. doi:10.1126/science.1068489. PMID 11910092.

[AHDLife-2] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, published by Houghton Mifflin Company, via Answers.com:
"The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organism."

"The characteristic state or condition of a living organism."

[3] "The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organism."

[4] "The characteristic state or condition of a living organism."

[3] Definition of inanimate. WordNet Search by Princeton University.

[4] "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-06-21.

[Chambers-5] "organism". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary (online ed.). Chambers Publishers Ltd. 1999. Retrieved 2012-05-26.

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