The Green River Formation is a geological formation located in the Intermountain West of the United States, in the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. It comprises sediments deposited during the Early Eocene in a series of large freshwater lakes: Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, and Fossil Lake (the last containing Fossil Butte National Monument). It preserves a high diversity of freshwater fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, with some sections of the formation (including Fossil Lake and the Parachute Creek member of Lake Uinta) qualifying as Konservat-Lagerstätten due to their extremely well-preserved fossils.
Cartilaginous fish
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asterotrygon | A. maloneyi | Fossil Lake | A stingray of uncertain affinities.[1] | ||
Heliobatis | H. radians | A stingray of uncertain affinities. |
Bony fish
editPrimarily based on Grande (2001), with changes where necessary:[2]
Acipenseriformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crossopholis | C. magnicaudatus | Fossil Lake | A paddlefish. |
Lepisosteiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atractosteus | A. atrox | Fossil Lake | A gar related to the alligator gar. A. atrox is the largest of the Green River gar species. | ||
A. simplex | Fossil Lake, possibly Lake Gosiute | ||||
Cuneatus | C. cuneatus | Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, possibly Fossil Lake | A gar. | ||
C. wileyi | Lake Uinta | ||||
Lepisosteus | L. bemisi | Fossil Lake | A gar.[3] | ||
Masillosteus | M. janeae | Fossil Lake | A gar. |
Amiiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amia | A. pattersoni | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute | An amiid related to modern bowfins. | ||
Cyclurus | C. gurleyi | Fossil Lake | Only 8 specimens known | An amiid. |
Hiodontiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eohiodon | E. falcatus | Fossil Lake | A hiodontid. |
Osteoglossiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phareodus | P. encaustus | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute | A bonytongue. | ||
P. testis | Fossil Lake |
Ellimmichthyiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diplomystus | D. dentatus | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, & Lake Uinta | An armigatid ellimmichthyiform. |
Clupeiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gosiutichthys | G. parvus | Lake Gosiute | A clupeiform. | ||
Knightia | K. alta | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta | A clupeid.[4] The most commonly found articulated vertebrate fossil in the world.[5] | ||
K. eocaena | The most common fish of the formation. |
Gonorynchiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notogoneus | N. osculus | Fossil Lake | A beaked sandfish. |
Cypriniformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amyzon | A. gosiutensis | Lake Gosiute | A sucker. |
Siluriformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astephus | A. antiquus | Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, Fossil Lake | Only one specimen known from Fossil Lake. | An ictalurid catfish. | |
Hypsidoris | H. farsonensis | Lake Gosiute | A hypsidorid catfish. |
Esociformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esox | E. kronneri | Fossil Lake | Only a single specimen known. | A pickerel. |
Percopsiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphiplaga | A. brachyptera | Fossil Lake | A relative of trout-perch. | ||
Erismatopterus | E. levatus | Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta | A relative of trout-perch. |
Perciformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mioplosus | M. labracoides | Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta | A relative of lates perches.[5] |
Moroniformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cockerellites | C. liops | Fossil Lake | A temperate bass.[5] | ||
Hypsiprisca | H. hypsacantha | Fossil Lake | A temperate bass.[5] | ||
H. sp. | |||||
Priscacara | P. serrata | Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta | A temperate bass.[5] | ||
P. sp. a | Fossil Lake | ||||
P. sp. b. |
Incertae sedis
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asineops | A. squamifrons | Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta | An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a percopsiform, polymixiiform, or perciform.[6] | ||
A. sp. | Fossil Lake |
Amphibians
editFrogs
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerugoamnis | A. paulus | Fossil Lake | Only two specimens known. | A relative of parsley frogs.[7] |
Salamanders
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paleoamphiuma | P. tetradactylum | Fossil Lake | A sirenid salamander. |
Reptiles
editSquamates
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afairiguana | A. avius | Fossil Lake | A stem-anole.[8] | ||
Bahndwivici | B. ammoskius | A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard. | |||
Boavus | B. idelmani | A boa. | |||
Dunnophis | D. sp. | Possibly a dwarf boa.[9] | |||
Saniwa | S. ensidens | A stem-monitor lizard. | |||
Shinisauridae indet. | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard, unusually preserved with a mineralized body without a skeleton.[10] |
Crocodilians
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Borealosuchus | B. wilsoni | Fossil Lake | A eusuchian of uncertain affinities. | ||
Tsoabichi | T. greenriverensis | A caiman.[11] |
Turtles
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axestemys | A. sp. | Fossil Lake | A softshell turtle. | ||
Baptemys | B. wyomingensis | A dermatemydid. | |||
Chisternon | C. undatum | A baenid. | |||
Echmatemys | E. wyomingensis | A geoemydid.[12] | |||
Oliveremys | O. uintaensis | A softshell turtle. | |||
Plastomenus | P. thomasii | A softshell turtle. |
Birds
editLithornithiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calciavis | C. grandei | Fossil Lake | A lithornithid.[13] | ||
Pseudocrypturus | P. cercanaxius | A lithornithid. |
Anseriformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paakniwatavis | P. grandei | Fossil Lake | An anseriform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Presbyornis | P. pervetus | A presbyornithid anseriform. |
Galliformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallinuloides | G. wyomingensis | Fossil Lake | A gallinuloid galliform. |
Coliiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anneavis | A. annae | Fossil Lake | A sandcoleid mousebird. |
Leptosomiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plesiocathartes | P. major | Fossil Lake | A stem-cuckoo roller.[14] | ||
P. wyomingensis |
Coraciiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paracoracias | P. occidentalis | A coraciiform.[15] | |||
Primobucco | P. mcgrewi | Fossil Lake | A primobucconid coraciiform. |
Piciformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neanis | N. schucherti | Fossil Lake | A possible piciform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Pristineanis | P. kistneri | A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.[16] |
Strisores
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eocypselus | E. rowei | Fossil Lake | A eocypselid apodiform.[17] | ||
Fluvioviridavis | F. platyrhamphus | A basal strisore, possibly a stem-frogmouth.[18][19] | |||
Prefica | P. nivea | A stem-oilbird.[20] |
Musophagiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foro | F. panarium | Fossil Lake | A stem-turaco.[21] |
Mirandornithes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Juncitarsus | J. merkeli | Fossil Lake | A mirandornithine, possibly an early phoenicopteriform. |
Suliformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limnofregata | L. azygosternon | Fossil Lake | An early frigatebird. | ||
L. hasegawai |
Pelecaniformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vadaravis | V. brownae | Fossil Lake | Potentially a stem-ibis.[22] |
Charadriiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
?Recurvirostridae indet. | Lake Uinta | A trackway of three footprints. | A shorebird and potentially the earliest record of recurvirostrids, known from only three footprints.[23] |
Gruiformes
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Messelornis | M. nearctica | Fossil Lake | A messelornithid. |
Eufalconimorphae
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avolatavis | A. tenens | Fossil Lake | A quercypsittid. | ||
Cyrilavis | C. colburnorum | A halcyornithid. | |||
C. olsoni | |||||
Eofringillirostrum | E. boudreauxi | A psittacopedid.[24] | |||
Eozygodactylus | E. americanus | A zygodactylid.[25] | |||
Tynskya | T. eocaena | A messelasturid. | |||
Zygodactylus | Z. grandei | A zygodactylid.[26] |
Neoaves incertae sedis
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nahmavis | N. grandei | Fossil Lake | Either a stem-gruiform or a stem-charadriiform.[27] |
Two other genera, Eoeurypyga (a stem-sunbittern) and Wyomingcypselus (an early apodiform) are mentioned only in a 2002 dissertation,[28] and are presently nomina nuda.
Mammals
editPartially based on Grande (1984). Aside from the few well-preserved mammals found in Fossil Lake, a majority of Green River mammals are based on isolated bones and teeth:[29]
Metatheria
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herpetotherium | H. innominatum | Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta | An opossum-like basal metatherian. Originally placed in Peratherium. | ||
H. knighti | Lake Gosiute |
Cimolesta
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palaeosinopa | P. didelphoides | Fossil Lake | A pantolestid. |
Chiroptera
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Icaronycteris | I. gunnelli | Fossil Lake | 2 skeletons.[30] | An icaronycterid bat. | |
I. index | |||||
Onychonycteris | O. finneyi | An onychonycterid bat. |
Eulipotyphla
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nyctitherium | N. nitidum | Lake Gosiute | A nyctitheriid. Originally identified as Talpavus nitidus. | ||
N. sp. | Lake Uinta |
Pan-Carnivora
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
"Miacis" | "M." gracilis | Lake Uinta | A carnivoraform of uncertain affinities. | ||
Sinopa | S. minor | Lake Uinta | A sinopid hyaenodont. | ||
Viverravus | V. minutus | Lake Uinta | A viverravid. | ||
Vulpavus | V. profectus | Lake Gosiute | A miacid. |
Pan-Perissodactyla
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyopsodus | H. minusculus | Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta | A hyopsodontid. | ||
H. paulus (=H. vicarius) | Lake Uinta | ||||
H. wortmani | Fossil Lake | ||||
Lambdotherium | L. popoagicum | Fossil Lake | A small-sized basal brontothere. | ||
Protorohippus | P. venticolus | 2 skeletons. | An equid. | ||
Tapiromorpha indet. | 1 skeleton | A juvenile tapiromorph, the largest mammal specimen known from the formation. Initially identified as a Heptodon calciculus.[31] |
Apatotheria
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apatemys | A. chardini | Fossil Lake | 1 skeleton. | An apatemyid. |
Rodentia
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paramys | P. sp. | Lake Uinta | A ischyromyid rodent. | ||
Sciuravus | S. eucristadens | Lake Uinta | A sciuravid rodent. Originally identified as Viverravus eucristadens. | ||
S. sp. | |||||
Thisbemys | T. sp. | Lake Gosiute | A ischyromyid rodent. |
Primatomorpha
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microsyops | M. elegans | Lake Gosiute | A microsyopid stem-primate. | ||
Notharctus | N. sp. | Lake Gosiute | A notharctid adapiform. | ||
Omomys | O. carteri (=O. pucillus)[32] | Lake Uinta | An omomyid primate. | ||
Smilodectes | S. gracilis | Lake Uinta | A notharctid adapiform. Formerly placed in Notharctus matthewi. | ||
Tetonius | T. sp. | Lake Uinta | An omomyid primate. | ||
Uintasorex | U. parvulus | Lake Gosiute | A microsyopid stem-primate. | ||
Washakius | W. insignis | Lake Gosiute | An omomyid primate. |
Arthropoda
editCrustacea
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bechleja | B. rostrata | Fossil Lake | A palaemonid shrimp.[33] | ||
Cyclestherioides | C. wyomingensis | Lake Gosiute (Laney) | A clam shrimp.[34] | ||
Procambarus | P. primaevus | Fossil Lake | A cambarid crayfish. | ||
Prolynceus | P. laneyensis | Lake Gosiute (Laney) | A clam shrimp.[34] |
Insecta
editOdonata
editPrimarily based on Bechly et al (2020):[35]
Genus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carlea | C. eocenica | Fossil Lake | A carleid damselfly. | ||
Cordulibellula | C. inopinata | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A cordulibellulid dragonfly, the last member of an ancient lineage.[36] | ||
Dysagrion | D. fredericii | Lake Gosiute (Laney) | A dysagrionid damselfly. | ||
D. integrum | Fossil Lake | ||||
D. lakesii | |||||
Eocalopteryx | E. atavina | A calopterygid damsefly. | |||
Eodysphaea | E. magnifica | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A euphaeid damselfly. | ||
Eolestes | E. syntheticus | An eolestid damselfly. | |||
Eopodagrion | E. scudderi | A damselfly of uncertain affinities. | |||
Epallagites | E. avus | A euphaeid damselfly. | |||
Kohlslibellula | K. lini | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A urolibellulid dragonfly | ||
Labandeiraia | L. americaborealis | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A euphaeid damselfly. | ||
L. riveri | Fossil Lake | ||||
Litheuphaea | L. coloradensis | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A euphaeid damselfly. | ||
Oreodysagrion | O. tenebris | Fossil Lake | A thaumatoneurid damselfly. | ||
Petrolestes | P. hendersoni | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A dysagrionid damselfly. | ||
Protamphipteryx | P. basalis | Fossil Lake | An amphipterygid damselfly. | ||
Tenebragrion | T. shermani | Fossil Lake | A dysagrionid damselfly. | ||
Tynskysagrion | T. brookeae | Fossil Lake | A thaumatoneurid damselfly. | ||
Urolibellula | U. eocaenica | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A urolibellulid dragonfly | ||
Viridiflumineagrion | V. aasei | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A "megapodagrionid" damselfly.[37] | ||
Zacallites | Z. balli | A zacallitid damselfly. | |||
Z. cockerelli | Fossil Lake |
Orthoptera
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arethaea | A. solterae | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | 1 specimen | A roundhead katydid.[38] |
Arachnida
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hersiliola | H. sp. | Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) | A tree trunk spider.[39] | ||
Miagrammopes | M. sp. | A uloborid spider.[39] | |||
Selenopidae indet. | A selenopid spider.[39] | ||||
Thomisidae indet. | A crab spider.[39] | ||||
Uintascorpio | U. halandrasi | 1 specimen | A buthid scorpion.[40] | ||
Uloboridae indet. | A uloborid spider.[39] |
Mollusks
editBased on Grande (1984):[29][41]
Bivalvia
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plesielliptio | P. priscus | Lake Gosiute | A unionid river mussel. | ||
P. sp. "A" | |||||
Sphaerium | S. sp. | A fingernail clam. |
Gastropoda
editGenus | Species | Member | Abundance | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomphalaria | B. aequalis | Lake Gosiute | A ramshorn snail. | ||
B. storchi | |||||
B. pseudoammonius | |||||
?Drepanotrema | ?D. sp. | A ramshorn snail. | |||
Elimia | E. tenera | A pleurocerid, the most common fossil snail of the formation and the source of the famous "Turritella agate". | |||
Gastrocopta | G. sp. | A gastrocoptid land snail.[41] | |||
Gyraulus | G. militaris | A ramshorn snail. | |||
Holospira | H. sp. | A urocoptid land snail.[41] | |||
Hydrobia | H. aff. utaensis | A mud snail. | |||
H. sp. "A." | |||||
Lymnaea | L. similis | A pond snail. | |||
L. sp. "B." | |||||
Omalodiscus | O. cirrus | A ramshorn snail. | |||
Oreoconus | O. sp. "A." | A bulimulid land snail. | |||
Physa | P. bridgerensis | A bladder snail. | |||
P. longiuscula | |||||
P. pleromatis | |||||
P. sp. "A." | |||||
Pleurolimnaea | P. tenuicosta | A pond snail. | |||
Valvata | V. subumbilicata | A valve snail. | |||
V. cf. filosa | |||||
Viviparus | V. paludinaeformis | A river snail. | |||
V. trochiformis |
References
edit- ^ De Carvalho, Marcelo R.; Maisey, John G.; Grande, Lance (June 2004). "Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 284: 1–136. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)284<0001:FSOTGR>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
- ^ Grande, Lance (2001), Gunnell, Gregg F. (ed.), "An Updated Review of the Fish Faunas From the Green River Formation, the World's Most Productive Freshwater Lagerstätten", Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 18, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–38, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1271-4_1, ISBN 978-1-4615-1271-4, retrieved 2024-08-17
- ^ Schwartz, Frank J. (2011-10-01). "An Emperical Synthetic Pattern Study of Gars (Lepisosteiformes) and Closely Related Species, Based Mostly on Skeletal Anatomy the Resurrection of Holostei". Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science. 127 (3): 219. doi:10.7572/2167-5880-127.3.219. ISSN 2167-5880.
- ^ Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101. ISSN 0079-032X.
- ^ a b c d e "Fossil Fish - Fossil Butte National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
- ^ Grande, Lance (2001), Gunnell, Gregg F. (ed.), "An Updated Review of the Fish Faunas From the Green River Formation, the World's Most Productive Freshwater Lagerstätten", Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 18, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–38, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1271-4_1, ISBN 978-1-4615-1271-4, retrieved 2024-02-25
- ^ Henrici, Amy C.; Báez, Ana M.; Grande, Lance (2013). "Aerugoamnis paulus , New Genus and New Species (Anura: Anomocoela): First Reported Anuran from the Early Eocene (Wasatchian) Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, Wyoming". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 81 (4): 295–309. doi:10.2992/007.081.0402. ISSN 0097-4463.
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- ^ Vlachos, Evangelos (2020-07-17). "The turtles from 'Gilmore's slab': evolution and diversity of the extinct turtle Echmatemys (Testudines: Testudinoidea: Geoemydidae) from the central United States". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (14): 1193–1216. Bibcode:2020JSPal..18.1193V. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1754938. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ^ Musser, Grace; Clarke, Julia A. (2024-07-30). "A new Paleogene fossil and a new dataset for waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) clarify phylogeny, ecological evolution, and avian evolution at the K-Pg Boundary". PLOS ONE. 19 (7): e0278737. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1978737M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278737. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 11288464. PMID 39078833.
- ^ Weidig, Ilka (2006). "The first New World occurrence of the Eocene birdPlesiocathartes (Aves: ?Leptosomidae)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 80 (3): 230–237. Bibcode:2006PalZ...80..230W. doi:10.1007/BF02988439.
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