The following is a list of Pashtun or Afghan empires and dynasties. It includes states, princely states, empires and dynasties in the regions of Central, Western and South Asia which were founded by rulers or dynasties of Pashtun origin. This list also includes rulers and dynasties who are of disputed origin.
Afghanistan
edit- Taymanis (1565/6-1894), established by Tayman, a Kakar Pashtun.[1] The Taymanis would conquer Ghor in the late 1600s. During the decline of the Safavids,[2][3] the Taymanis conquered Farah and Isfizar under Dilawar Khan.[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor.[5]
- Hotak dynasty (1709–1738), established by Mirwais Hotak from Kandahar, who declared independence from the Persian Safavids. Hotak was a tribal chief of the Ghilzai Pashtuns.[6][7] The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the Afsharids of Persia under Nader Shah.
- Durrani Empire: 1747–1823 (Empire); 1793–1863 (Herat); 1839–1842 (Shah Shuja's Kingdom), a Pashtun empire founded by the Pashtun military commander Ahmad Shah Durrani, with its origins in the Durrani dynasty of Afghanistan. Kandahar in modern Afghanistan served as the empire's first capital.[8][9] Ahmad Shah belonged to the Durrani tribe (also known as the Abdalis). At its peak, the Durrani Empire encompassed all of Afghanistan, most of Pakistan and parts of northern India (including Kashmir), northeastern Iran and eastern Turkmenistan.[10] In the second half of the 18th century, the Durrani Empire was the second-largest Muslim empire in the world after the Ottoman Empire.[10]
- Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1978). From the early nineteenth century to early twentieth century, the Barakzais were the royal family of Afghanistan. The Barakzais ruled over the Emirate of Afghanistan.
- First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001). Founded during the Afghan Civil War from 1992 to 1996, they quickly rose to power and continued conflict during the Afghan Civil War that ranged from 1996 to 2001. They were deposed from power during the United States invasion of Afghanistan, beginning the Taliban insurgency.
- Second Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–) The restored Islamic Emirate under Taliban rule.
- Azad Khan Afghan (1751—1757) Ruler of Iran and Azerbaijan.
Indian subcontinent
edit- Khilji dynasty of Bengal (1204—1231) Bakhtiyar Khalji was a Turko-Afghan general of the Ghurid Empire.[12][13] The Khaljis ruled Bengal until 1227 before they were deposed from power and integrated as a province of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk dynasty. The Khaljis returned to power briefly in 1229 but were again deposed from power in 1231.[14]
- Khilji dynasty (1290—1320), was a Turko-Afghan[15][16][17] dynasty founded by Jalaluddin Khilji as the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India.[18][19][20] Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India,[21] and successfully fending off the repeated Mongol invasions of India.[22][23]
- Malwa Sultanate (1392—1531/1537—1562), founded by Dilawar Khan, an Afghan[24] or a Turko-Afghan[25] governor of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1437, the Ghurid dynasty of Dilawar Khan was overthrown by Mahmud Khan, a Khilji Turko-Afghan descendant of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[26][27][28][29] The Khilji dynasty continued to reign until 1531, when it was Bahadur Shah, the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Khilji dynasty would return to rule in 1537 under Qadir Shah, a former officer.[30] Qadir Shah held power until 1542, when he was deposed by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah gave governorship of Malwa to an Afghan chief, Shujaat Khan.[31] Following Shujaat Khan's death, his son Baz Bahadur succeeded him. Baz Bahadur declared the Malwa Sultanate independent, and he reigned until he was deposed by the Mughal Empire, and his kingdom absorbed in 1562.[32][33]
- Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, who belonged from the Lodi tribe. It was the last dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
Map of the Sur Empire at its height - Karrani dynasty (1564—1576), founded by Taj Khan Karrani.[42] He hailed from the Karlani tribe. He formerly served Sher Shah Suri and had moved to Bengal. The Karrani dynasty ruled over all of Bengal, as well as Orissa and parts of Bihar. It was the last dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate. The Karrani were defeated by the Mughals, losing all their territory to the latter by the seventeenth century.
- Noohani dynasty (1523—1532), founded by Bahar Khan Noohani, an Afghan Pashtun who centered his dynasty in Bihar, India.[43]
Disputed Origins
edit- Lodi dynasty of Multan (970s–1010), The Lodi dynasty of Multan was founded by Sheikh Hamid Lodi. Hamid Lodi's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid Lodi was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi.[44][45] Other sources state that he was from the Lodi tribe of Pashtuns.[46][47][48] According to Samuel Miklos Stern, the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta.[49]
- Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who was of Afghan, or Turk origin.[50][51][52][53] According to the historian Ferishta, he was of Afghan birth.[54] Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahman origin,[55] and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,[56] with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.[57][55] however this has been discredited by Husaini, who explains why the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam is untenable.[58] The Bahmanis took power after an Afghan, Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, led a rebellion against the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[59] The rebellion was successful and Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Alauddin, allowing him to establish an independent state in the Deccan, with his headquarters at Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan.[60]
- Madurai Sultanate (1335—1378), the Madurai Sultanate was founded by Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of Kaithal,[61][62] or an Afghan.[63] Centered in Madurai, the Sultanate was founded when Jalaluddin revolted against the Delhi Sultanate, though with the dates initially being unclear, with numismatic evidence suggesting 1335 as the beginning of the Madurai Sultanate, while Firishta affirms 1340 as a date.[64]
Princely states
editSeveral independent princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India).
- Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857). Ali Mohammed Khan, an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan, founded the Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Dundy Khan, and Faizullah Khan (the son of Ali, also an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan). In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.[65] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
- Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
- Bhopal State (1707–1949), a princely state existing from 1707 to 1949, although its origins date back to 1707 when the Bhopal State was established by Dost Mohammad Khan, a Pashtun soldier in the Mughal Army who belonged to the Mirazi Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe from Tirah[66] (located in the present-day tribal areas of northwest Pakistan).[67] The state came under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad shortly after its foundation in 1723, and then came under the Marathas in 1737 after their victory in the Battle of Bhopal. It became a princely state in 1818, following the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Islamnagar served as the first capital, followed by Bhopal (in present-day Madhya Pradesh). The city of Islamnagar and Bhopal was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1716 and early 1720s. It was the second largest Muslim princely state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad State. In 1949, the state acceded to the Dominion of India (see Pathans of Madhya Pradesh for more information).
- Kurwai State (1713–1948), founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, a Pashtun rising through merit in the Mughal Army. Muhammad Diler Khan belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, Diler Khan's state consisted of the town of Kurwai and several surrounding villages in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Kurwai was founded by Mohammed Diler Khan in 1715
- Basoda State (1753–1947), established by Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan son of Muhammad Diler Khan founder of Kurwai State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Ganj Basoda in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
- Mohammadgarh State (1818–1947), established by Muhammad khan son of Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan founder of Basoda State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Muhammadgarh in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Muhammadgarh was founded by Muhammed Khan and named by his name.
- Babi dynasty (1654–1948), founded in 1654 by Muhammed Sherkhanji Babi. He belonged to Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns.[68] The Babi Dynasty ruled over parts of Gujarat. Babi's descendants (see Pathans of Gujarat for more information) controlled the following princely states:
- Junagadh State (1730–1948), 1st Nawab, Muhammad Sher khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Muhammad Sher khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Junagadh in present-day Gujarat.[69]
- Radhanpur State (1753–1948), Jawan Mard Khan Babi II, 1st Nawab, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Nawab Khan Jahan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Radhanpur in present-day Gujarat.[70]
- Balasinor State (1758–1948), 1st Nawab, Sardar Muhammed khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Sardar Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Balasinor in present-day Gujarat.[71]
- Bantva Manavadar (1733–1947), 1st Nawab, Diler Khan Salabat Muhammed Khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Dilawer Khan Salabat Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns. Its headquarters were at Manavadar in present-day Gujarat.[72]
- Sardargarh Bantva (1733–1948), 1st Nawab, Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Bantva in present-day Gujarat.[73]
- Dir, small princely state comprising the present-day Upper Dir and Lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The state was founded in the seventeenth century by an Akhun Khel clan of the Malizai sept of Yusufzai tribe,[74] with Dir serving as the capital. Dir nawab acceded to Pakistan in 1948. In 1969, the state along with the royal house was abolished.
- Farrukhabad State (1714-1857) was established by a mercenary Muhammad Khan Bangash and succeeded by his son Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash who commanded a division of the Afghan army in the Third Battle of Panipat
- Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
- Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi[75]
- Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district[76][77]
- Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the salarzai subtribe of the Tarkani tribe and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
- Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a Rohilla serving Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda.
- Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,[78] of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
- Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, who ruled the Kingdom of Mysore. This gradually led to the erosion of Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.[79]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
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- ^ Ultimate Reality and Meaning. Van Gorcum. 1984. p. 38.
- ^ Tapper, Richard; McLachlan, Keith (2004-11-23). Technology, Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-135-77701-2.
- ^ McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012-12-19). The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. BRILL. p. 2038. ISBN 978-90-04-23498-7.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
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- ^ "Afghanistan (Archived)". John Ford Shroder. University of Nebraska. 2010. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
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- ^ "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-06-05. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
- ^ Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15.
Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). p. 226.
Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
- ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Balka Khalji, Ikhtiyaruddin". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period). Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- ^ Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khilji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty
- ^ Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
- ^ Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3. Indian History Congress: 832–841. JSTOR 44252438.
- ^ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. OCLC 575452554.
His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.
- ^ Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-5988-4337-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
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- ^ Wink, André (2004). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 140. ISBN 90-04-13561-8.
The Subsequent Khalji dynasty (1436-1531) had the same origin as the Khalji dynasty of Delhi...
- ^ Hadi, Nabi (1995). Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-311-3.
Originally he belonged to a neighborhood of Bukhara, and after much wandering across the cities of the Islamic world, at last, came to settle in Mandu, capital city of the Independent Sultans of Malwah claiming descent from the Khalji clan, the Turko-Afghan mixture.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 55. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ Wink, André (2003-11-15). Al-Hind, Volume 3 Indo-Islamic Society, 14th- 15th Centuries. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-474-0274-9.
- ^ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780521523059.
- ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Adam Publishers & Distributors. p. 374.
- ^ V. S. Krishnan · (1982). Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain. p. 46.
- ^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.112-3
- ^ a b "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2023-03-10.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 57. ISBN 9781789140101.
- ^ Ali Khan, Zulfiqar (1925). Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India. Civil and Military Gazette Press. pp. 99–100.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 830. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
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- ^ Numismatic Digest. Numismatic Society of Bombay. 2000. p. 64.
- ^ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 223. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
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- ^ Seyfeydinovich, Asimov, Muhammad; Edmund, Bosworth, Clifford; UNESCO (1998-12-31). History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing. p. 302-303. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Lōdīs". referenceworks. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
"The Lōdīs are related to a clan of the Ghilzay tribe of Afghanistān [see ghalzay] and ruled over parts of north India for 77 years. Afghāns came to the Indus plains from Rōh [q.v.] as early as 934/711-12 with the army of Muḥammad b. Ķāsim, the conqueror of Sind, and allied themselves politically with the Hindū-Shāhī [q.v.] rulers of Lahore, and receiving part of Lāmghān [see lāmghānāt ] for settlement, built a fort in the mountains of Peshawar to protect ¶ the Pandjāb from raids. During Alptigin's government at Ghazna, when his commander-in-chief Sebüktigin raided Lāmghān and Multān, the Afghans sought help from Rādjā Djaypāl who appointed their chief, Shaykh Ḥamīd Lōdī, viceroy of the wilāyats of Lamghān and Multān. Shaykh Ḥamīd appointed his own men as governors of those districts, and thereby the Afghāns gained political importance; their settlements stretched southwards from Lāmghān to Multān, incorporating the tracts of Bannū and Dērā Ismā'īl Khān. Later, a family of the Lōdī tribe settled at Multān, which was ruled in 396/1005 by Abu 'l-Fatḥ Dāwūd, a grandson of Shaykh Ḥamīd.
- ^ Lal, Kishori Saran (1969). Studies in Asian History: Proceedings of the Asian History Congress, 1961. [Published for the] Indian Council for Cultural Relations [by] Asia Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-210-22748-0.
- ^ Ahmad, Zulfiqar (1988). Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 533.
- ^ Samuel Miklos Stern (October 1949). "Ismā'ili Rule and Propaganda in Sīnd". Islamic Culture. 23. Islamic Culture Board: 303.
- ^ Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN 9781476608884.
Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Psychology Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780415329200.
The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.
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In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
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Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.
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