Wikipedia

Patsho Khiamniungan

Look up Patsho Khiamniungan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Not to be confused with Pashto.

Patsho Khiamniungan is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Noklak district in the state of Nagaland, India.[2] The language is gradually refining and grammatical development is underway.[3]

Patsho Khiamniungan
pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵
PronunciationKhiamniungan Naga pronunciation: [/pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵ kʰiɑm³³ɲu⁵⁵ŋn⁵⁵/]
Native toIndia
RegionNoklak District, Nagaland
EthnicityKhiamniungan Naga
Native speakers
120,000 approx. in Myanmar and 61,983 approx (2011)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3kix
Glottologpats1234
Patsho-speaking region

It is closely related to the proper Khiamniungan language.

Alphabet

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Patsho nyu orthography

The Patsho Khiamniungan alphabet consists of the following letters:

Patsho Khiamniungan Alphabet
Capital letters A Ch E H I J K Kh L M N Ng Ny O P Ph S Sh T Th Ts Tsh U Ü V W Y
Small letters a ch e h i j k kh l m n ng ny o p ph s sh t th ts tsh u ü v w y
IPA a a̯ tʃʰ e ɛ ɛ̯ h i i̯ tʃ k kʰ l m n ŋ ɲ o o̯ p pʰ ʃ ʃʰ t tʰ ts tsʰ u ʊ u̯ ə ɜ̯ v w j

[4]

This makes for 27 letters in Patsho Khiamniungan.

Background

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Patsho is a language spoken in eastern part of Nagaland state and also refers to the people living under Noklak district in India. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village.[2]

Typology

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Patsho Khiamniungan is a sino-Tibetan,[5] compound of two words. Patsho is a village in Nagaland and Khiamniungan refers to one of the major tribes in Nagaland.[6]

Phonology

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The phonological inventory of Patsho Khiamniungan is as follows.

Consonants
labial/
labiodental		 dental palatal/
palato-alveolar		 velar glottal
stop, unasiprated p t k ʔ
stop, aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
affricate, unaspirated ts tʃ
affricate, aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
nasal m n ɲ ŋ
fricative (v) s ʃ
approximant w l j h

Vowels

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Vowels
a e i
o u ü

[4]

Phonemic tones

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There are four phonemic tones in Patsho,

  • high level /55/
  • mid level /33/
  • high falling /52/
  • low /31/[4]

Monophthongs

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Front Central Back
Close i [ɪ],   u [u], [ʊ],
Mid e [e], [ɛ],   o [o],
Open a [ɑ],   ü [ə],

Diphthongs

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Patsho Khiamniungan has the following Diphthongs:

Starting with a Starting with e Starting with i Starting with u Starting with o
ai (/ai/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) ei (/eɪ/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ/) ie (/iɛ/ ou (/ou/ ui (/ui/
au (/au/, eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ iu (/ɪʊ/ or /iu/) oi (/oi/ ua (/uɑ/

Triphthongs

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Patsho Khiamniungan has the following triphthongs:

  • iai, as in hiai,
  • iau as in hiauh, kiau,
  • uai, as in huai,kuai,
  • uau, as in liuau,
  • uou, as in Tiuou,
  • oua, as in touap,

Grammar

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Case marking

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  • èi sōih-à jǖ-shíu-shī-ê.

1sg.ABS go.away-INF NEG-be.able-RSMPT-IRR

‘I won’t be able to go away again.’

(AC4-20170109_KIX1-002)


  • ngǖ-ōh yôh nǜ hâkūtî vâuh tèu-nyê.

1SG-ERG pig DEM large rear keep-REAL

I am rearing a large pig

(AC4-20050127_KIX1_001)


  • nyǖ-ōh ātsòu èi jūa-ê tə)náihtǖ,

2SG-ERG really 1SG.ABS call-IRR COND

nyǖ-ōh ā-jāmsǖkōuh mèi-kǖ ā-hīe.

2SG-ERG 2SG.POSS-household good-SIM IMP-make

If you really plan to call me (to marry), then you set your [7]

Verbs

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Conjugation

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The verbs are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as

  • -e (Irrealis mood suffix -encoding a hypothetical or predicted situation. ),

For example: Ei phu-e/I will come

  • nye (Realis mood - used to encode actualized events and states),

For example: Ei khu nye/I went

  • -shī (resumptive aspect-nominal suffix),

For example: Lü khushi/go again(lü-imperative prefix/mood)(authoritative command)

  • nyü (Prohibitive mood),

For example: Nyü khu/Don't go

  • ie (nominal suffix. reciprocal suffix),

For example: Nyü vei-ie/Don't fight

Pluralisation

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Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -hoi, for example:

Noun Plurals Meaning
kheunyoh mietshou jamkei kheunyohhoi
mietshouhoi
jamkeihoi		 kheunyoh – human
hoi-beings or group/mietshouhoi – kids or children/jamkeihoi- vehicles

Negation

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For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle jü (not) in the middle of a sentence. For example,

Sentence Negation
Lamnyu shi je
Lamnyu is coming		 Lamnyu jüshi
Lamnyu did not come
Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü tsie-ie je
Three divides six		 Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü jütsie-ie je
Three does not divide six

Replication and transfer(cognitive schemas)

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(1).

  • “Standard” Nagamese (Indo-Aryan):

kana hik-i-bole song learn-EP-INF6

‘to learn a song’

  • Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

tsūihāng līam-ā song search-INF

‘to learn a song’

  • Nagamese of Patsho Khiamniungan speakersː

kana pisar-i-bole song search-EP-INF

‘to learn a song

(2)

  • Mongsen Ao (Indo-Burmic):

tāŋ%āɹ tʃū nə) tə)-pāʔ khə) tə)-jā nə)t other DIST AGT RL-father CONJ RL-mother two tāŋ tʃū nə) wā-ə+ɹ, SIDE DIST ALL go-SEQ

‘Others went to the mother and father,…’

(lit. to the mother and father’s side), (Coupe 2017, p. 290)

  • Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):

lōhō mīe-nyù nǖ tōŋ-lè khù-shī-nyè. again girl-F DEM SIDE-LOC go-RPET-REAL

‘Again he went to the girl.’ (lit. … to the girl’s side’)

[7]

Syntax

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Patsho Khiamniungan is a tonal, agglutinative and SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives comes after the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Interrogative such as ateitsoh? appears after the noun or subject but the word mou? usually comes at the end, transforming the sentence into question.

  • Example of interrogative?

ateitsoh

ki

je

kouni?

Kheunyoh ateitsoh ki je kouni?

How many of you lives here?

Nyo-oh

hau

chai

nü

kiuh

va

mou?

Nyo-oh Khünu hau chai nü kiuh va mou?

Did you give the money to Khünu?

  • Example of numeral

Jüsa

jamkheu

ko

müngou

je.

Jüsa jamkheu ko kheunyoh müngou je.

There are five siblings in our family.

  • Example of adjective

Jam

Haküti

nong

le

le

jam

Jam nong le haküti.

Haküti le jam no.

This house is very big?

Miesheu

Lahküti

lahküti

Lamnyu

je.

to.

Miesheu Lamnyu lahküti je.

Lahküti je Lamnyu to.

Miss Lamnyu is very tall.

  • Example of demonstrative

Demonstratives seems to appear either before noun or after, shown by the example given below.

Jünou

Nong

je

ni

nong

jünou

ni.

je.

Jünou je nong ni.

Nong ni jünou je.

This is my sister.

Language development

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Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.[2]

Writing system

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Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters, while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate letters, but tsh is one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho.[4]

Sample texts

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The following is a sample text in Patsho Khiamniungan of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[8] or [9]

Patsho Khiamniungan English
Kheunyoh tshou apem mongthah kü kihie-a nühe avi nüko tshahnye. Asheu nong alianghie a shiuko nühe atshümua jü nüko ok kiuhnye. Nongteiphie, tsak hei tsak ajujie a-ie kü nühe teisüniu tü kihie-a apouting noinye. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Basic vocabulary

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Patsho Khiamniungan English
Theumei Thank You
Amei hüni? How are you?
Amei. I am fine.
Khiam Water
Tsih (cooked) rice
Ngouh (nyieh) fish (meat)
Veu (nyieh) chicken (meat)
Yoh (nyieh) pork (meat)
Jang (nyieh) beef (meat)
Uo (nyieh) mutton (meat)
Kie (nyieh-kie sang o) dish (meat/vegetable)
Sang-o (kie sang-o) vegetable
Naga chum lentils
Tsem salt
Lutsoutsoh (Chauchau ko) less
Püiuh chilli
Jujie lianko ashua kiuh Please give again (serve again).
Teitsoh enough
Khiam nü asheu kiuh. Please give water.
Tsih nü akhem kiuh. Please give food (rice).
Sngewbha ai jyntah seh Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat.
Atei euh je? What do you want?
Atei? What?
Avaih? Atei naih-oh? When?
Atei le? Where?
Atei ali? How?
Asheuh amei. Good Night.
Shiemong le aleu oh phu je? How do I go to Shiemong?
Nongni ateitsoh mai no? What is the price of this?
Mei kü lü-iu. Happy journey.
Mongling kü anoi. Stay happy.

Numbers in Patsho

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Numerals Hauvi Tone(Shangliak) IPA
0 wa wà wa³¹
1 tsak tsāk tsak³³
2 lümih lǖmīeh lə³³.mɪʔ³³
3 sümieh sǖmīeh sə³³.mɪəʔ³³
4 pülie pǖlīe pə³³.lɪə³³
5 müngou mǖngōu mə³³.ŋɒu³³
6 lüvok lǖvòk lə³³.vɒk³³
7 tshünyieh tshūnyìeh tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
8 püjeih pǖjèih pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³
9 lükau lǖkàu lə³³.kɒu³³
10 tshie tshìe tsʰɪɛ³³
20 khei khèi kʰɛɪ³¹
30 ausam āusám ɑu³³sɑm⁵⁵
40 aupülie àupǜlīe au̯³¹pə³¹liɛ̯³³
50 aumüngou àumǜngōu au̯³¹məŋ³¹ou̯³³
60 aulüvok àulǜvòk au̯³¹lə³¹vok³²
70 autshienyieh àutshǜnyìeh au̯³¹tsʰə³¹ɲiɛ̯ʔ³²
80 aupüjeh àupǜjèih au̯³¹pə³¹tʃɛi̯ʔ³²
90 aulükau àulǜkàu au̯³¹lə³¹lau̯³¹
100 tsum tsak tsūm tsāk tsum³³.tsak³³
200 tsum lümieh tsūm lǖmīeh tsum³³.lə³³ mɪʔ³³
300 tsum sümieh tsūm sǖmīeh tsum³³.sə³³ mɪəʔ³³
400 tsum pülie tsūm pǖlīe tsum³³.pə³³.lɪə³³
500 tsum müngou tsūm mǖngōu tsum³³.mə³³.ŋɒu³³
600 tsum lüvok tsūm lǖvòk tsum³³.lə³³.vɒk³³
700 tsum tshünyieh tsūm tshūnyìeh tsum³³.tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
800 tsum püjeih tsūm pǖjèih tsum³³. pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³
900 tsum lükau tsūm lǖkàu tsum³³.lə³³.kɒu³³
1000 ka tsak ká tsāk ka⁵⁵.tsak³³
10,000 ka tshie ká tshīe ka⁵⁵.tsʰɪɛ³³
100,000 tsang tsak tsāng tsāk tsaŋ³³.tsak³³
10000000 pei tsak péi tsāk pei⁵⁵.tsak³³
1000000000 iuh tsak ìuh tsāk iuʔ³¹.tsak³³
100000000000 em tsak ēm tsāk em³³.tsak³³

[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
  2. ^ a b c "From oral tradition to written language-The Khiamniungan and Mongsen Ao dictionary projects". glocal.soas.ac.uk. Dec 17, 2023.
  3. ^ "How the Cocks Started Crowing -ISSUU". issuu.com. Aug 18, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d Patsho Range Students' Union (2023): Patsho Khiamniungan Orthography : Published by Patsho range students' Union in collaboration with Patsho Khiamniungan dictionary team
  5. ^ "Ethnologue language kix Khiamniungan Naga". www.ethnologue.com. Aug 18, 2024.
  6. ^ "Linguistic diversity and language contact in Nagaland-Reaserchgate". www.researchgate.net. Aug 18, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "The role of cognitive schemas in linguistic convergence: From nominative-accusative to ergative-absolutive alignment in Nagamese -ResearchGate". researchgate.net. April 7, 2024.
  8. ^ "UDHR in Patsho Khiamniungan-Unicode". www.unicode.org. Aug 18, 2023.
  9. ^ "Document UDHR Translations Patsho Khiamniungan - OHCHR Website". www.ohchr.org. Aug 18, 2023.
  10. ^ "Khiamniungan Naga lemmas -Patsho Khiamniungan wiktionary". en.m.wiktionary.org. Aug 18, 2023.
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