Wikipedia

Political colour

(Redirected from Political Color)

Political colours are colours used to represent a political ideology, movement or party, either officially or unofficially.[1] They represent the intersection of colour symbolism and political symbolism. Politicians making public appearances will often identify themselves by wearing rosettes, flowers, ties or ribbons in the colour of their political party. Parties in different countries with similar ideologies sometimes use similar colours. As an example the colour red symbolises left-wing ideologies in many countries (leading to such terms as "Red Army" and "Red Scare"), while the colour blue is often used for conservatism, the colour yellow is most commonly associated with liberalism and right-libertarianism, and Green politics is named after the ideology's political colour.[2][3] The political associations of a given colour vary from country to country, and there are exceptions to the general trends,[2][3] for example red has historically been associated with Christianity, but over time gained association with leftist politics, while the United States differs from other countries in that conservatism is associated with red and liberalism with blue.[2][3] Mass media has driven a standardisation of colour by political party, to simplify messaging, while historically the colour a candidate chose to identify with could have been chosen based on other factors such as family or regional variations.[4][5]

The Polling, by William Hogarth, depicting a 1754 election to the British parliament, includes a blue flag representing the conservative Tories and a buff flag representing the liberal Whigs

Associations of different colours

edit

Black

edit
 
Anarchists in Germany in black bloc
 
The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) in their black uniforms.

Black is primarily associated with anarchism[6] (see anarchist symbolism); black is a lack of colour, and anarchism is a lack of a state. It is used in contrast of national flags, to instead represent universal anarchism.[6] Black is also used to a lesser extent to represent ideologies on the opposite end of the spectrum: fascism (see blackshirts and Schutzstaffel) and jihadism (see Black Standard).[2]

The colours black and red have been used by anarchists since at least the late 1800s when they were used on cockades by Italian anarchists in the 1874 Bologna insurrection, and in 1877 when anarchists entered the Italian town Letino carrying red and black flags to promote the First International.[7] During the Spanish Civil War the CNT used a diagonally half strip of black and red, with black representing anarchism and red representing the labour movement and the worker movement. The flag was quickly adopted by other anarchists, with the second colour used to distinguish specific anarchist philosophies: anarcho pacifism with white, green anarchism with green, anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism with red, mutualism with orange, and anarcho-capitalism with yellow, while black alone typically represents 'anarchism without adjectives'.

During the golden age of piracy, the black flags of pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack became popular symbols of piracy. The flags represented death and no quarter to those who did not surrender. The black flag of the jolly roger, used by Calico Jack, turned into a popular and recognisable symbol of pirates, particularly of pirates of the Americas.[8][9] The skull and bones also became a hazardous symbol to display poisons such as cyanide, Zyklon B and other toxic substances. The black flag of piracy would later influence the symbols of anarchism, such as the symbols of the Makhnovshchina and the Kronstadt rebellion. The rise of internet piracy led to the symbols of the golden age of piracy becoming widely adopted, becoming the symbols of pirate sites such as the Pirate bay. Black becoming a colour to represent pirate parties.

Black was also used by some anti-racist and Black nationalist parties, such as the Black Panther Party in the United States and the Popular Unity in Brazil.

Blue

edit

Blue is usually associated with centre-right or conservative parties,[2] originating from its use by the Tories (predecessor of the Conservative Party) in the United Kingdom.[16] Blue is used by many international organisations of centre right and conservative parties, such as the International Democrat Union, the Democrat Union of Africa, the Asia Pacific Democrat Union, the Caribbean Democrat Union (together with red), the European Democrat Union, the European People's Party, the European Conservatives and Reformists Party.

Brown

edit
 
The Sturmabteilung of the Nazi Party, wearing their brown uniforms.

Brown has been associated with Nazism, and in particular the Nazi Party in Germany, because of the Sturmabteilung (SA), whose members were called "brown shirts". They were modelled on Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, and the colour of their shirts was chosen because many brown uniforms intended for the colonial troops in Germany's African colonies were cheaply available after the end of World War I. In Europe and elsewhere, the colour brown is sometimes used to refer to fascists in general.[34]

Brown has also been used to refer to the general far-right rather than exclusively Nazism and/or fascism. The French political term "red–green–brown alliance" denotes an alliance between leftists (red), Islamists (green), and the far right (brown).[35][36] Just like its National Socialist context, the colour brown was chosen to refer to the far-right on account of its association with the Nazi Sturmabteilung.[37][38] There have been slight variations of the red–green–brown alliance which have also used the colour brown to indicate the far-right. In Russia, for example, the metonym "red-brown" was coined to refer to a unification of communists (red) and the far-right (brown).[39]

  • Brown is sometimes used to describe the opposite of green parties, that is to describe parties that care little about pollution.[40]

Buff

edit
  • Buff was the colour of the Whig faction in British politics from the early 18th century until the middle of the 19th century. As such, it is sometimes used to represent the current political left (in opposition to blue, which represented the Tories and then the Conservatives and political right).[41]

Grey

edit

Green

edit
Main articles: Green politics and List of green political parties
 
Green banner and signs at an anti-nuclear protest by the Green Party in Germany in 2008

Green is the colour for environmentalist,[44] agrarian,[45] and Islamist political parties and movements (see green in Islam).[2]

Magenta

edit

Magenta is a colour that started being used in the 21st century to replace yellow for some liberal and centrist parties and organisations in Europe.[58] It is not to be confused with the socialist or social democratic use of the colour pink.

Orange

edit

Orange is the traditional colour of the Christian democratic political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties, which are based on Catholic social teaching and/or neo-Calvinist theology.[citation needed] Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and the Americas after World War II.[59][60] Orange less frequently represents various kinds of populist parties. Such is the case in Austria, Germany, France, Portugal, Switzerland, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey.[61]

Pink

edit

Pink is sometimes used by social democratic parties, such as in France and Portugal. The more traditional colour of social democracy is red (because social democracy is descended from the democratic socialist movement), but some countries have large social democratic parties alongside large socialist or communist parties, so that it would be confusing for them all to use red.[68] In such cases, social democrats are usually the ones who give up red in favour of a different colour. Pink is often chosen because it is seen as a softer, less aggressive version of red, in the same way that social democracy is more centrist and capitalistic than socialism.

  • In some European nations and the United States, pink is associated with homosexuality and the pink flag is used as a symbol in support of civil rights for LGBT people;[69] it is commonly used to represent queer anarchism. This use originates in Nazi German policy of appending pink triangles to the clothing of homosexual prisoners.
  • The Austrian liberal party NEOS uses pink as its main colour.

Purple

edit
 
Purple placards and clothing at an International Women's Day event in Spain

Although purple has some older associations with monarchism, it is the most prominent colour that is not traditionally connected to any major contemporary ideology. As such, it is sometimes used to represent a mix of different ideologies, or new protest movements that are critical of all previously existing large parties and minor parties.

Red

edit
 
Red flags and a banner at a socialist rally in Lyon, France, on International Workers' Day in 2009

Red is often associated with the left, especially socialism and communism.[2] The oldest symbol of socialism (and by extension communism) is the red flag, which dates back to the French Revolution in the 18th century and the revolutions of 1848. Before this nascence, the colour red was generally associated with Christianity due to the symbolism and association of Christ's blood. The colour red was chosen to represent the blood of the workers who died in the struggle against capitalism.[78] All major socialist and communist alliances and organisations—including the First, Second, Third and Fourth Internationals—used red as their official colour. The association between the colour red and communism is particularly strong. Communists use red much more often and more extensively than other ideologies use their respective traditional colours.

Saffron

edit

Saffron is traditionally associated with Hinduism, Hindutva and the Hindu nationalist movement.[83] Saffron was chosen because in Hinduism, the deep saffron colour is associated with sacrifice, religious abstinence, quest for light and salvation. Saffron or "Bhagwa" is the most sacred colour for the Hindus and is often worn by Sanyasis who have left their home in search of the ultimate truth.

Teal

edit

White

edit

White is today mainly linked to pacifism (as in the surrender flag).[2]

  • Historically, it was associated with support for absolute monarchy, starting with the supporters of the Bourbon dynasty of France because it was the dynasty's colour. Partly due to this association, white also came to be associated with Jacobitism, itself allied with the Bourbons. White cockades, white ladies' gloves, and Rosa pimpinellifolia (the 'burnet' or 'Stuart' rose) symbolised support for the exiled House of Stuart. Later it was used by the Whites who fought against the communist "Reds" in the Russian Civil War, because some of the Russian "Whites" had similar goals to the French "Whites" of a century earlier (although the Whites included many different people with many ideologies, such as monarchists, liberals, anticommunist social democrats and others).
    • Because of its use by anti-communist forces in Russia, the colour white came to be associated in the 20th century with many different anti-communist and counter-revolutionary groups,[88] even those that did not support absolute monarchy (for example, the Finnish "Whites" who fought against the socialist "Reds" in the civil war following the independence of Finland). In some revolutions, red is used to represent the revolutionaries and white is used to represent the supporters of the old order, regardless of the ideologies or goals of the two sides.[citation needed]
  • In Italy, a red cross on a white shield (scudo crociato) is the emblem of Catholic parties from the historical Christian Democracy party.[89]
  • The white uniforms for the Singapore's political party, the People's Action Party, represents its conservatism, and to promote unity and pure political ideologies.[90]
  • In the politics of the United Kingdom, white represents independent politicians such as Martin Bell.[citation needed]
  • The Yorkshire Party, a Devolutionist Political Party with elected representatives in Yorkshire, uses a stylised White Rose of York as its emblem.

Yellow and gold

edit

Yellow and gold are the colours most strongly associated with right-libertarianism and liberalism.[2][3][91][92]

By country

edit

Germany

edit

In Germany, colours are commonly used by media and politicians as signals of political affiliation; this public practice helps them reach the increasing number of unaffiliated voters. [98][99][100][101]

Colour schemes used by major political parties in Germany include the following:

United Kingdom

edit

United States of America

edit
 
In this map of the 2012 United States presidential election results, the states are colour-coded by the political colour of the party whose candidate won their electoral college votes, but the political meanings of red and blue in the United States are the opposite of their meanings in the rest of the world.
  • In the United States the two major political parties use the national colours, i.e. red, white and blue. Historically, the only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there had been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. Between the early 1970s and 1992, most television networks used blue to denote states carried by the Democratic Party and red to denote states carried by the Republican Party in presidential elections. A unified colour scheme (blue for Democrats, red for Republicans) began to be implemented with the 1996 presidential election; in the weeks following the 2000 election, there arose the terminology of red states and blue states. Political observers latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. As of November 2012, maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government also use blue for Democrats and red for Republicans.[104] In September 2010, the Democratic Party officially adopted an all-blue logo.[32] Around the same time, the official Republican website began using a red logo.
    • This association has potential to confuse foreign observers in that, as described above, red is traditionally a left-wing colour (as used with the Democratic Socialists of America), while blue is typically associated with right-wing politics.[1] This is further complicated by the diversity of factions in the Democratic Party ranging from conservatives to right-libertarians to democratic socialists alongside the dominant centrist and social liberal elements of the party that outside the United States often each use different political colours.
    • The conservative Blue Dog Coalition within the Democratic Party adopted the colour blue at its founding, before the 2000 election solidified the red-blue convention.
    • There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used colour-coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties,[105] but this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level. For instance in 1888, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison used maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the colour Harrison perceived to represent the Union and "Lincoln's Party" and red for the Democrats.[106][better source needed]
    • In Puerto Rico, the main party, the pro-statehood New Progressive Party uses blue, while the Popular Democratic Party uses red, and the Puerto Rican Independence Party uses green.

References

edit
  1. ^ In state elections and parliaments, CDU and CSU are sometimes depicted in blue or grey.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Sawer, Marian (1 May 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies. 6 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 145495971.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965.
  3. ^ a b c d Sawer, Marian (1 May 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies. 6 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 145495971. [The party colours in the UK] are red for Labour, yellow (gold) for the Liberal Democrats, blue for Conservatives, and green for Greens. This particular alignment of colours with the political spectrum tends to be taken for granted in much of the world [...].
  4. ^ Curtis, Katina (26 March 2022). "Labor is red, Liberals are blue: What's in a colour? It's political hue". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  5. ^ "The seats where Tories weren't blue and Labour wasn't red". BBC News. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b Evren, Sureyyya (30 May 2014). "Black Flag White Masks: Anti-Racism and Anarchist Historiography". Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action. 8 (1) – via ojs.library.queensu.ca.
  7. ^ "Appendix – the Symbols of Anarchy – Anarchist Writers". 18 August 2014.
  8. ^ Bohrer, Ziv (24 July 2018). "The 'Jolly Roger' (Pirate Flag)". SSRN 3219252.
  9. ^ "Famous Pirate Flags And Their Meanings". 2 November 2018.
  10. ^ Nash, Gary B. (1965). "The American Clergy and the French Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly. 22 (3): 392–412. doi:10.2307/1920453. JSTOR 1920453.
  11. ^ Sawer, Marian (2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies. 6: 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. S2CID 145495971.
  12. ^ McCants, William (22 September 2015). "The Story Behind the Black Flag of ISIS". The Atlantic.
  13. ^ "Bendera hitam pula berkibar". Malaysiakini. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  14. ^ Langer, Jacob. Corruption and the Counterrevolution: The Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred (PDF) (PhD). Duke University.
  15. ^ Iwanek, Krzysztof. "Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties". thediplomat.com.
  16. ^ "Why is the Conservative Party blue?". BBC News. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  17. ^ "UN Logo and Flag". United Nations. 18 November 2014.
  18. ^ "What are the colours of the Australian political parties?". peo.gov.au. Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022.
  19. ^ Curtis, Katina (27 March 2022). "Labor is red, Liberals are blue: What's in a colour? It's political hue". The Sydney Morning Herald. Nine Entertainment. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Nationalrat: Blaue Aerosoldusche" [National Council: Blue aerosol shower]. Der Standard (in German).
  21. ^ "Symbolik a la Strache" [Symbolism a la Strache] (in German).
  22. ^ "FPÖ-Mandatare tragen heute Edelweiß statt Kornblume" [FPÖ mandaters now wear edelweiss instead of cornflowers]. kurier.at (in German). 9 November 2017.
  23. ^ Parliament, Flemish. "Political parties in the Flemish Parliament". www.vlaamsparlement.be.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ a b Bernier Arcand, Philippe, « Bleu, histoire d'une couleur politique », Histoire Québec, 2018, Vol. 3, no 4, pp. 15–17
  25. ^ "The Difference Between Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil". FAC. 31 January 2020.
  26. ^ "A new era but an uphill battle?". The Irish Times.
  27. ^ "DaysofBlueLoyalty". www.tcd.ie.
  28. ^ "Our Beliefs". The Workers' Party. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  29. ^ "A guide to South African political parties". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  30. ^ a b Starkey, David (2007). Living Blue in the Red States. University Press of Nebraska.
  31. ^ Farhi, Paul (2 November 2004). "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue". The Washington Post.
  32. ^ a b "Change That Matters". Democrats.org. 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  33. ^ "The stunning rise of South America's anti-abortion Blue Wave Movement | The Bridgehead". 11 August 2020.
  34. ^ Lepage, Jean-Denis (2016). Hitler's Stormtroopers: The SA, The Nazis' Brownshirts, 1922–1945.
  35. ^ Judaken, Jonathan (13 September 2013). Naming Race, Naming Racisms. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99156-4.
  36. ^ Flood, Christopher; Hutchings, Stephen; Miazhevich, Galina; Nickels, Henri (19 July 2012). Political and Cultural Representations of Muslims: Islam in the Plural. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23102-3.
  37. ^ Sedgwick, Mark (3 June 2004). Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974493-0.
  38. ^ "Were the Nazis Socialists?". 5 September 2017.
  39. ^ "The beast reawakens". 2 June 2024.
  40. ^ Millner, Antony; Ollivier, Hélène; Simon, Leo (2016). "Policy experimentation, political competition, and heterogeneous beliefs". Journal of Public Economics. 120: 84–96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.08.008. hdl:20.500.11850/93336.
  41. ^ "The Whig Fox". Whig Party.
  42. ^ ""A Confederate Grey"". www.americanheritage.com.
  43. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Blazlak/publication/334725858_THE_COMPANIES'_INNOVATION_ECOSYSTEM/links/5d3c84cba6fdcc370a660245/THE-COMPANIES-INNOVATION-ECOSYSTEM.pdf#page=506 [bare URL PDF]
  44. ^ Dalton, Russell J. (1994). The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe.
  45. ^ http://elikadura21.eus/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1-Bernstein.pdf Archived 22 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  46. ^ "Home". Going Green.
  47. ^ Carlin, Norah (1987). "The Levellers and the Conquest of Ireland in 1649". The Historical Journal. 30 (2): 269–288. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00021440. JSTOR 2639195. S2CID 159660270.
  48. ^ "Why We Wear Green on St. Patrick's Day". Time.
  49. ^ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1080712.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  50. ^ "Saudi Arabia". www.fotw.info.
  51. ^ Brown, Nathan J. (3 November 2010). "The Hamas – Fatah Conflict: Shallow but Wide". Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 34: 35.
  52. ^ Carpenter, Zoë (31 December 2019). "This Was the Decade of Feminist Uprisings in Latin America". The Nation.
  53. ^ Why is green the most monarchist colour? COPE (in Spanish)
  54. ^ "Savez vojvođanskih Mađara". Savez vojvođanskih Mađara. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  55. ^ "SPP – Stranka pravde i pomirenja". Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  56. ^ "SDA Sandžaka". SDA Sandžaka. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  57. ^ "Zeleno-levi front". Zeleno-levi front. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  58. ^ https://liberalhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/84_Lippiatt_Party_colours.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  59. ^ Witte, John (1993). Christianity and Democracy in Global Context. Westview Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780813318431.
  60. ^ Reuchamps, Min (17 December 2014). Minority Nations in Multinational Federations: A Comparative Study of Quebec and Wallonia. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781317634720.
  61. ^ https://unherd.com/2019/01/is-blue-collar-populism-here-to-stay/>
  62. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2007). Aspects of the Orange Revolution VI: Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions in Comparative Perspective.
  63. ^ https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/26547/GIPE-020771.pdf?sequence=3 [bare URL PDF]
  64. ^ "Authentic Orange » Humanism".
  65. ^ "Branding Toolkit". NDP Branding and Photos. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  66. ^ Electoral Commission (27 November 2007). "The Family Party – Applications to register party name and logo". Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  67. ^ Electoral Commission (17 December 2007). "The Family Party registered, logo declined". Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  68. ^ "The people's flag is palest pink". The Economist. 10 May 2007.
  69. ^ "Queen Of The Underdogs: 5 Reasons Pink Is an Underappreciated Gay Icon". Billboard. 23 October 2017.
  70. ^ "Australian Electoral Commission Fact Sheet: Purple campaign signage" (PDF). www.aec.gov.au. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  71. ^ Hopper, Tristin (14 November 2014). "'Post-partisan purple': The rise of Canada's newest (and most fabulous) political colour". National Post. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green". www.gp.org. 1 March 2019.
  73. ^ "The colour purple: on the hustings with Social Democrat Catherine Murphy" (video). The Irish Times.
  74. ^ Bradley, Dara (5 February 2021). "Where's the non Soc Dem pride in Bród committee?". connachttribune.ie. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  75. ^ "Catherine Murphy, TD". 79.170.44.204.
  76. ^ Minihan, Mary. "Election 2016: On the canvass with Catherine Murphy". The Irish Times.
  77. ^ "Golly – more TDs set out on an Awfully Big Venture". Irish Independent.
  78. ^ "Red Flag". Age of Revolution. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  79. ^ Mutalib, Parties and Politics, pp. 168
  80. ^ "Vision". PSP. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  81. ^ Hitchens, Peter (26 March 2010). The Cameron Delusion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4411-2390-9 – via Google Books.
  82. ^ Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006). The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. Greenwood Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 9780275991357 – via Google Books.
  83. ^ Bénéï, Véronique (2005). Manufacturing Citizenship: education and nationalism in Europe, South Asia and China. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36488-4 – via Google Books.
  84. ^ Hawley, Sam; Smiley, Stephen (20 April 2022). "Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  85. ^ Butler, Josh (27 April 2022). "The rise of the teal independents and the battle for Wentworth". The Guardian.
  86. ^ Wahlquist, Calla (23 May 2022). "Teal independents: who are they and how did they upend Australia's election?". The Guardian.
  87. ^ "Australia's election sets a heartening precedent on climate change". The Economist. 25 May 2022.
  88. ^ "Orange, green or black: The colors of revolutions | DW | 16.08.2019". Deutsche Welle.
  89. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  90. ^ "Our Party". People's Action Party. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  91. ^ Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too". SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 3 (4): 40–46. ISSN 0973-3167. SSRN 969272.
  92. ^ Cassel-Picot, Muriel (2013). "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green". In Leydier, Gilles; Martin, Alexia (eds.). Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 9781443852838.
  93. ^ "De verde e amarelo, manifestantes anti-Dilma protestam na Avenida Paulista" [In green and yellow, anti-Dilma protesters protest on Avenida Paulista] (in Portuguese). 31 July 2016.
  94. ^ "Veja imagens dos atos pró-governo neste 1º de maio" [See images of the pro-government acts this May 1] (in Portuguese). May 2021.
  95. ^ Kathleen L. Endres and Therese L. Lueck, eds., Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues (Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1996): 458, note 13.
  96. ^ "Branding". LP Action. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  97. ^ Hodgson, Stewart (10 May 2021). "The history of political party logos". Fabrik.
  98. ^ "Farben als Wegweiser in der Politik" [Colours as signposts in politics]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (in German). 12 May 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  99. ^ "Bundestagswahlen". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (in German). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  100. ^ "Bundestagswahl 2021". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  101. ^ "Ergebnisse der Bundestagswahl 2021". Statista (in German). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  102. ^ "Who are the Orangemen?". BBC News. 11 July 2012.
  103. ^ Kelly, Jon (4 May 2015). "The seats where Tories weren't blue and Labour wasn't red". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  104. ^ "Historic Election Results". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  105. ^ "Reds and Blues – The Handbook of Texas Online". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  106. ^ Rowe, Tara A. (13 January 2005). "The Political Game: The Red and Blue State Phenomenon". Politicalgame.blogspot.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_colour&oldid=1259874234"