Results of the 2024 New South Wales local elections in Illawarra

This is a list of results for the 2024 New South Wales local elections in the Illawarra region.[1][2]

2024 New South Wales local elections
(Illawarra)

← 2021 14 September 2024 2028 →

Illawarra covers five local government areas (LGAs), including the City of Wollongong.[3]

Kiama

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2024 Kiama Council election
 
← 2021 14 September 2024 2028 →

All 9 seats on Kiama Council
5 seats needed for a majority

Largest party before election

No overall control

Subsequent largest party

TBD

Kiama Council is composed of nine councillors elected proportionally to a single ward.

Kiama results

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Kiama[4][5][6][7][8][9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Community Minded Business Focused 1. Cameron McDonald (elected 1)
2. Erica Warren (elected 5)
3. Melissa Matters (elected 6)
4. Mark Burns
5. Derek McMahon
5,087 34.9 +34.9
Labor 1. Imogen Draisma (elected 2)
2. Stuart Larkins (elected 8)
3. Lucy Abood
4. Harrison Ledger
5. Clare McInerney
2,315 15.9 -1.1
Greens 1. Melinda Lawton (elected 3)
2. Jordan Casson-Jones
3. Mark Whalan
4. Andrew Sloan
5. Stuart Hall
2,259 15.5 -11.6
Energy & Experience 1. Yasmin Tatrai (elected 4)
2. Gail Morgan
3. Henry Clyde Streamer
4. Sue Mansfield
5. Daniel Hill
6. Andrew Prosser
1,554 10.6 +10.6
Matt Brown-Danielle Steel Team 1. Matt Brown (elected 7)
2. Danielle Steel
3. Brendan Russell
4. Kane Presland
5. Joan Comber
1,237 8.5 -2.9
A Fresh Start for Kiama 1. Mike Cains (elected 9)
2. Marcus Hewitt
3. Eric McAuley
4. Cressida Cains
5. James Cahill
1,093 7.5 +7.5
Reasonable Decisions by Reasonable People 1. Alan Smith
2. Noel Killmore
3. Belinda Camarda
4. John Trevenar
5. Narreda Grimley
687 4.7 +4.7
Your Community Candiates 1. Mark Croxford
2. Robert Bartlett
3. Darren Ormsby
4. Michael O'Toole
362 2.5 -11.0
Total formal votes 14,594
Informal votes 880
Turnout 15,474

Shellharbour

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2024 Shellharbour City Council election
 
← 2021 14 September 2024 2028 →

All 8 seats on Shellharbour City Council[a]
5 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
IND
 
Leader N/A Rob Petreski
Party Independents[b] Labor
Last election 4 seats 4 seats
Seats before 4 4
Seats won 5 3
Seat change   1   1

Largest party before election

Independents

Subsequent largest party

TBD

Shellharbour is composed of four two-member wards and a directly-elected mayor.

Shellharbour results

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Shellharbour
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 18,870 40.2 −21.6 3   1
  Kellie Marsh Independents 8,705 18.6 −6.9 2   1
  Chris Homer Independents 6,958 14.8 1  
  Kane Murphy Independents 4,784 10.2 1   1
  Independents 7,586 16.2 −0.1 1   1
 Formal votes 46,903 92.3
 Informal votes 3,940 7.7
 Total 50,843 8
 Registered voters / turnout

A Ward

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2024 New South Wales local elections: A Ward[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Kellie Marsh Independents 1. Kellie Marsh (elected 1)
2. Mitch Ellis (elected 2)
8,705 68.2 +1.6
Labor 1. Maree Moon
2. Louise Hogan
4,063 31.8 -1.6
Total formal votes 12,769 92.8 −2.6
Informal votes 993 7.2 +2.6
Turnout 13,761 86.3 −1.7

B Ward

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2024 New South Wales local elections: B Ward
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent 1. John Davey (elected 1)
2. John Murray
6,606 58.3 +25.5
Labor 1. Moira Hamilton (elected 2)
2. Sandra Mitrevsk
4,721 41.7 +7.0
Total formal votes 11,327 91.4 −2.2
Informal votes 1,071 8.6 +2.2
Turnout 12,398 83.8 +0.1

C Ward

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2024 New South Wales local elections: C Ward[11]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Chris Homer Independents 1. Chris Homer (elected 1)
2. Craig Ridding
3. Colin Gow
6,958 62.1 +9.5
Labor 1. Lou Stefanovski (elected 2)
2. Hetty Cummins
4,250 37.9 -9.5
Total formal votes 11,208 93.0 −2.5
Informal votes 841 7.0 +2.5
Turnout 12,049 82.6 −1.1

D Ward

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2024 New South Wales local elections: D Ward[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor 1. Rob Petreski (elected 1)
2. Gabriel Beretov
3. Georgia Roff
5,836 50.3 +50.3
Kane Murphy Independents 1. Kane Murphy (elected 2)
2. Daniel Hicking
4,784 41.2 +41.2
Independent Paul Rankin 980 8.4 +8.4
Total formal votes 11,600 91.8 +91.8
Informal votes 1,035 8.2 +8.2
Turnout 12,635 84.8 +84.8

Shoalhaven

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2024 Shoalhaven City Council election
 
← 2021 14 September 2024 2028 →

All 12 seats on Shoalhaven City Council[a]
7 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
SIG
 
Leader Patricia White Kaye Gartner
Party SIG Greens
Leader since 16 May 2024 3 June 2024
Leader's seat Ward 3 None (contesting mayor)
Last election 4 seats 3 seats
Seats before 4 3

  Third party Fourth party
   
TT
Leader N/A Jemma Tribe
Party Labor Team Tribe
Leader since N/A 30 April 2024
Leader's seat N/A None (contesting Ward 2)
Last election 3 seats Did not exist
Seats before 3 0

Largest party before election

Liberal

Subsequent largest party

TBD

Shoalhaven City Council is composed of three wards electing four councillors each, as well as a directly-elected mayor.

Independent Liberal councillors Serena Copley (Ward 1) and Paul Ell (Ward 2) were endorsed by the Liberal Party for the 2024 election, but the party missed the candidate nomination deadline and none of its candidates (including Copley and Ell) were able to contest.[13][14]

Incumbent mayor Amanda Findley did not seek re-election, with Kaye Gartner chosen as the Greens mayoral candidate.[15] Gartner is not contesting a ward.[16]

Ward 3 councillor Patricia White led the Shoalhaven Independents Group (SIG).[17] Ward 2 SIG councillor Greg Watson did not seek re-election after 50 years as a councillor.[18]

Former councillor Jemma Tribe announced on 30 April 2024 that she would contest the election leading "Team Tribe".[19] She resigned as a member of the Liberal Party on 1 August after claiming was "told to go on a crash diet and to make way for male candidates".[20]

Shoalhaven results

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Shoalhaven
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Shoalhaven Independents 30,231 46.33 +4.79 6   2
  Team Tribe 13,301 20.38 +20.38 3   3
  Labor 13,281 20.35 +0.13 3  
  Greens 8,439 12.93 -13.66 0   3
 Formal votes 65,252
 Informal votes 5,614
 Total 70,866 12
 Registered voters / turnout 85,835

Ward 1

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 1
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Shoalhaven Independents 1. Peter Wilkins (elected 1)
2. Jason Cox (elected 2)
3. Brett Steele
4. Amanda Smith
9,848 45.34 +8.01
Team Tribe 1. Selena Clancy (elected 4)
2. Crystal Brandon
3. Ashleigh McGuire
4. Bohdan Brumerskyj
4,432 20.40 +20.40
Labor 1. Matthew Norris (elected 3)
2. Kylie Lawrence
3. Deborah Shapira
4. Graeme Evans
4,286 19.73 +1.5
Greens 1. Tonia Gray
2. Sarah Waddell
3. Carmel McCallum
4. Terence Barratt
3,155 14.53 -12.37
Total formal votes 21,721
Informal votes 1,780
Turnout 23,501

Ward 2

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 2
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Shoalhaven Independents 1. Robert Proudfoot (elected 1)
2. Luciano Casmiri (elected 3)
3. Clive Robertson
4. Allan Harvey
9,787 45.38 +9.71
Team Tribe 1. Jemma Tribe (elected 2)
2. Jessica Bromley
3. Zeke Lorenz
4. Timothy Cochrane
4,972 23.06 +23.06
Labor 1. Ben Krikstolaitis (elected 4)
2. Leonie Ebzery
3. Michelle Miran
4. John Kotlash
4,269 19.80 -1.94
Greens 1. Linda Nowak
2. Evan Christen
3. Joanne Warren
4. Robert Barrel
2,537 11.76 -13.27
Total formal votes 21,565
Informal votes 1,812
Turnout 23,377

Ward 3

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 3
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Shoalhaven Independents 1. Patricia White (elected 2)
2. Mitchell Pakes (elected 3)

3. Karlee Dunn
4. Denise Kemp
10,596 48.24 -3.27
Labor 1. Gillian Boyd (elected 1)
2. Gabrielle Curry
3. Terrie Gardner
4. Carol Joyce
4,726 21.52 +0.9
Team Tribe 1. Natalee Johnston (elected 4)
2. Emily Jenkins
3. Jordan Hamilton
4. Glynis Howard
3,897 17.74 +17.74
Greens 1. Takesa Frank
2. Debbie Killian
3. Jorj Lowrey
4. Suzanne Taylor
2,747 12.51 -15.31
Total formal votes 21,966
Informal votes 2,022
Turnout 23,988

Wingecarribee

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2024 Wingecarribee Shire Council election
 
← 2016 14 September 2024 2028 →

All 9 seats on Wingecarribee Shire Council
5 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
FVYD
ROC
Leader Jesse Fitzpatrick Rachel Russell Heather Champion
Party FVYD ROC Greens
Seats won 4 1 1
First preference vote 13,421 4,217 2,675
Percentage 41.1% 12.9% 8.2%
Swing   41.1   12.9   1.5

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
   
LGIR
WF
Leader David Kent Nicole Smith Sara Moylan
Party Labor Let's Get It Right Winge. First
Seats won 1 1 1
First preference vote 2,625 2,319 2,307
Percentage 8.0% 7.1% 7.1%
Swing   8.2   7.1   7.1

Largest party before election

N/A

Subsequent largest party

TBD

Wingecarribee Shire Council is composed of nine councillors elected proportionally to a single ward.

In March 2021, the council was suspended following the breakdown of relationships between councillors and senior staff.[21] As a result, no election was held for Wingecarribee in December 2021, with the council eventually dismissed in July 2022.[22]

Labor, the Greens and the Libertarian Party contested the election with endorsed party tickets.[23]

The National Party does not endorse candidates in local elections, but the party's Southern Highlands branch supposed the "Wingecarribee First" ticket, which included two Independent Nationals and was led by former Nationals member Sara Moylan.[24][25][26]

Additionally, although the Liberal Party is not endorsing candidates, a group comprised entirely of Liberal members contested.[33]

Wingecarribee results

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Wingecarribee[34][35][36][37][38][39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Fresh Vision Youthfully Driven 1. Jesse Fitzpatrick (elected 1)
2. Erin Foley (elected 3)
3. Therese Duffy (elected 4)
4. James Farrell (elected 9)
5. Sharon Fitzpatrick
6. Andrew Buttfield
7. Mark Hughes
8. Andrew Phillips
13,421 41.1 +41.1
Representing Our Community 1. Rachel Russell (elected 2)
2. David Rapley
3. Joshua Sloss
4. Antony Dubber
5. Shardae Ewart
6. Ryan Elphick
7. James Salter
8. Glen Jenkins
9. Jillian Cockram
4,217 12.9 +12.9
Greens 1. Heather Champion (elected 5)
2. Erin Levee
3. Yash Mash
4. Claire Hall
5. Clive West
6. Maree Byrne
7. Gregory Olsen
8. Jenny Webster
9. Sarah Cains
2,675 8.2 −1.5
Labor 1. David Kent (elected 6)
2. Penny Newlove
3. Dean Cowgill
4. Jeffrey Lapidos
5. Linda Mclaughlin
2,625 8.0 −8.2
Let's Get It Right 1. Nicole Smith (elected 8)
2. Bronwyn Tregenza
3. Thomas Farquhar
4. Samuel Jones
5. Alison Courts
6. Kristie Phelan
2,319 7.1 +7.1
Wingecarribee First 1. Sara Moylan (elected 7)
2. Sabrina Venish
3. Ian Bollen
4. Stephen Wentworth (Ind. Nat)
5. Hamilton Becher
6. Valentine Tyson (Ind. Nat)
2,307 7.1 +7.1
Duncan Gair Team 1. Duncan Gair
2. Donna Jensen
3. Gordon Lewis
4. Peter Nelson
5. David Reid
6. Douglas Webb
2,048 6.3 −12.6
Libertarian 1. Raymond Khoury
2. Robert Thomas
3. Alan Stockman
4. Andrew Brough
5. James Brough
2,033 6.3 +6.3
Independent Liberal 1. Juliet Arkwright
2. Julia McKay
3. Sam Zilinskas
4. Ken Street
5. Colin Maslen
6. Amanda Lynch
966 3.0 +3.0
Total formal votes 32,611 93.9
Informal votes 2,107 6.1
Turnout 34,718 86.4

Wollongong

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2024 Wollongong City Council election
 
← 2021 14 September 2024 2028 →

All 12 councillors on Wollongong City Council[a]
7 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
     
Leader Tania Brown Jess Whittaker
Party Labor Greens
Last election 6 seats 2 seats
Seats before 6 2
Seats won 7 3
Seat change   1   1
First preference vote 62,333 37,246
Percentage 52.5% 31.4%
Swing   12.3   11.1

Largest party before election

Labor

Subsequent largest party

Labor

Wollongong City Council is composed of three four-member wards, totalling 12 councillors, as well as a directly-elected mayor. At the 2021 election, Labor won six seats.

Wollongong results

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Wollongong
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 62,333 52.5 +12.3 7   1
  Greens 37,246 31.4 +11.1 3   1
  Independents 19,115 16.1 +6.4 2   1
 Formal votes 118,694 88.4
 Informal votes 15,598 11.6
 Total 134,292 100.0 12
 Registered voters / turnout

Ward 1

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 1[40]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor 1. Richard Martin (elected 1)
2. Dan Hayes (elected 3)
3. Karen Fairbairn
4. Iskra Spencer
18,970 46.6 +7.8
Greens 1. Jess Whittaker (elected 2)
2. Martin Cubby
3. Stephen Young
4. Kathryn Broadfoot
13,941 34.2 +6.5
Independent Ryan Morris (elected 4) 6,552 16.1 +16.1
Independent Suzanne De Vive 1,241 3.0 +3.0
Total formal votes 40,704 89.2 −5.9
Informal votes 4,935 10.8 +5.9
Turnout 84.9 −0.4

Ward 2

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 2[41][42][43][44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor 1. Tania Brown
2. David Brown (elected 1)
3. Thomas Quinn (elected 4)
4. Michael Valceski
17,093 43.1 +6.8
Greens 1. Kit Docker (elected 2)
2. Harris Cheung
3. Ali Gerritsen
4. Theresa Huxtable
11,241 28.3 +8.1
Independent 1. Andrew Anthony (Ind. SAP) (elected 3)
2. Ryan Worthington
3. Kenneth Davis (Ind. SAP)
4. Nerida Anthony
10,534 26.6 +19.7
Independent James Caldwell 788 2.0 +2.0
Total formal votes 39,656 91.2 −4.1
Informal votes 3,839 8.8 +4.1
Turnout 43,495 82.6 −0.8

Ward 3

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2024 New South Wales local elections: Ward 3[45]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor 1. Ann Martin (elected 1)
2. Linda Campbell (elected 3)
3. Tiana Myers (elected 4)
4. David Hayden
26,270 68.5 +21.0
Greens 1. Diedre Stuart (elected 2)
2. Jamie Dixon
3. Elena Martinez
4. Georges Takacs
12,064 31.5 +19.0
Total formal votes 38,334 84.9 −9.6
Informal votes 6,824 15.1 +9.6
Turnout 45,158 85.3 −0.8

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Excluding the mayor, who is directly-elected.
  2. ^ Including local groups (not to be confused with locally-registered political parties).

References

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  1. ^ "Registers of groups of candidates". New South Wales Electoral Commission.
  2. ^ "NSW council elections, 2024". The Tally Room. 16 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Illawarra Shoalhaven". Regional Development Australia. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Cameron McDonald's team: 'Community minded, business focused'". The Bugle. 19 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  5. ^ "Alan Smith introduces his independent team for Council". The Bugle. 21 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  6. ^ Portland, Donna (6 August 2024). "Introducing Councillor Matt Brown's team for Council elections". The Bugle. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  7. ^ Portland, Donna (19 August 2024). "Mike Cains announces his INDEPENDENT team for Council". The Bugle. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  8. ^ Portland, Donna (27 August 2024). "Former Local Government Minister endorses Team Yasmin". The Bugle. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Let's Get Kiama Council BACK TO BASICS Roads, Rates, Rubbish, Recreation". yourcommunitycandidates.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  10. ^ "Kellie Marsh Independents". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Chris Homer Independents". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  12. ^ "Kane Murphy Independents". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  13. ^ Raue, Ben (30 December 2023). "Shoalhaven council election, 2024". The Tally Room. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  14. ^ Cartwright, Zoe (16 August 2024). "Liberal candidates off the ticket for Wollongong, Shoalhaven local government elections". Region Illawarra. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  15. ^ "Greens put forward Kaye Gartner as Shoalhaven Mayoral candidate". South Coast Register. 3 June 2024. Archived from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  16. ^ "Kaye Gartner". Greens on Council. 17 June 2024. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  17. ^ Ellard, Greg (16 May 2024). "Patricia White leads Shoalhaven Independents into council election". South Coast Register. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  18. ^ "Speech - Councillor Greg Watson". Fiona Phillips MP. 19 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  19. ^ Andrea, Peter (30 April 2024). "Jemma Tribe stands for Shoalhaven Mayor". 2ST. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  20. ^ Fuller, Kelly; Gilbert, Romy (1 August 2024). "Shoalhaven mayoral candidate Jemma Tribe quits Liberal Party after 'crash diet' jibe". ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  21. ^ "Wingecarribee Shire Council suspended by 'appalled' Local Government Minister Shelley Hancock". ABC News. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  22. ^ Drewitt-Smith, Ainslie (14 July 2022). "'Dysfunctional' Wingecarribee council sacked over inappropriate behaviour, failure to execute roles". ABC News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  23. ^ "Heather Champion for Wingecarribee". The Greens NSW. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  24. ^ "Hello members and readers". Facebook. The National Party - Southern Highlands Branch. 18 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024. Today we helped the Sara Moylan for Wingecarribee First team...
  25. ^ Devlin, Briannah (16 August 2024). "'I have to stand up' - Sara Moylan leads ticket in the council election". Southern Highlands News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024. The ticket is a mix of three non-affiliated candidates, and three that are affiliated with the National Party.
  26. ^ "SARA MOYLAN". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  27. ^ "JULIET ARKWRIGHT". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  28. ^ "JULIA MCKAY". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  29. ^ "SAM ZILINSKAS". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  30. ^ "KEN STREET". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  31. ^ "COLIN MASLEN". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  32. ^ "AMANDA LYNCH". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  33. ^ [27][28][29][30][31][32]
  34. ^ "Wingecarribee - First Preference Group and Candidate Votes by Aggregated Vote Type". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 1 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  35. ^ "STEPHEN WENTWORTH". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  36. ^ "VALENTINE TYSON". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  37. ^ "JESSE FITZPATRICK". jessefitzpatrick.net. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  38. ^ "First opportunity in 8 years to elect representatives to Council". letsgetitright.org.au. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  39. ^ "REPRESENTING OUR COMMUNITY". Facebook. Rachel Russell - Wingecarribee. 27 May 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  40. ^ "City of Wollongong - Ward 1". NSW Electoral Commission. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  41. ^ "ANDREW ANTHONY". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  42. ^ "KENNETH DAVIS". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  43. ^ "City of Wollongong - Ward 2". NSW Electoral Commission. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  44. ^ "How to Vote – Wollongong Local Council Elections". andrewanthony.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  45. ^ "City of Wollongong - Ward 3". NSW Electoral Commission. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2023.