Robert Joel (Joe) Cooper (29 February 1860 – 7 August 1936)[1] was a buffalo hunter in the Northern Territory who spent much of his life on Melville Island (Yermalner).[2]
He was also known as 'Jokupper', ‘white Rajah of Melville Island' and 'The king of Melville Island.[1][3][4][5]
Biography
editCooper was born in 1860 at Fairview, a property near Riverton in South Australia, he was the son of George and Harriet Cooper.[1]
As a young man, between 1878 and 1881, he first travelled to the Northern Territory as a drover alongside his brother George Henry (Harry). They overlanded horses there and, for the next several years, worked there in the timber industry and began buffalo shooting on the Cobourg Peninsula and surrounding areas.[1]
He was in a relationship an Iwaidja woman, named Alice, who, although not legally married, was to all intents and purposes his wife and was treated as such. They had three children together; two daughters, Josephine and Ethel, who predeceased him, and a son Reuben (c. 1898 - c. 1941) who later joined him as a buffalo shooter. Alice also had a son from an earlier relationship named Ted and he worked for Cooper.[1][6]
In May 1893 Cooper and Harry moved to Melville Island (Yermalner) alongside Edward Oswin Robinson who had taken a pastoral lease there.[7] Robinson left soon after, leaving Cooper in charge as manager. Cooper, finding thousands of buffalo there to shoot, established a camp there in 1895.[1] The presence of Cooper and his team was not harmonious and several Tiwi people were shot and Cooper and another employee Barney Flynn were speared. By the end of 1896 Cooper and his team shot 4,644 buffaloes on the Island.[6]
Robinson withdrew Cooper and his team by the end of 1896 and he returned to the Coburg Peninsula with four Tiwi people and learned the Tiwi language from them.[1] He later returned to Yermalner in 1905 with a much larger group; including the men and women who had left with him and 20 Iwaidja people from the mainland. On their return Tiwi man Samuel Ingeruintamirri was sent ashore first to distribute goods and explain Coopers return; this was essential to their peaceful reentry.[6]
This was, however, very confusing for the Tiwi people and Greg Tjipalilpwaingi Ulungura remembered:[6]
Joe Cooper was here and bring a lotta people from mainland. From mainland, everywhere. From Cape Don, from everywhere there. Cape Don mob, Iwaidja. Iwaidja people he brought here, Iwaidja people. Iwaidja people he brought here. They didn't understand everything, these people here, all Aboriginal people - Tiwi people, they never understand.
— Greg Tjipalilpwaingi Ulungura, as quoted in "People got a gun", 2003
The Iwaidja formed the nucleus of the buffalo shooting team and were armed; this intimidated the Tiwi. Cooper then stayed on for 10 years, shooting up to 1,000 buffalo a year, for their hides and horns. These were shipped to Darwin on his lugger 'Buffalo' which was also used as a charter for government departments and officials.[6] He also cut cypress pine and fished for trepang.[1]
In 1906 Cooper received a visit from German physical anthropologist Hermann Klaatsch who described him as a typical adventurer of the bush who had "a friendly relationship with the blacks".[6]
In 1907 Cooper's brother Harry died on the Island and, there are conflicting stories of his death with some stories, perhaps promoted by Cooper, stating that he was speared to death by the Tiwi or died in the course of buffalo shooting.[6][8][9] Despite this his listed cause of death was syphilis and this is supported by the obituaries published at the time of his death stating that he died suddenly of an illness.[6][10][11][12]
In 1910 he befriended Francis Xavier Gsell, who established a mission on the nearby Bathurst Island (Nguyu). He also befriended the Commonwealth Administrator of the Northern Territory John Anderson Gilruth and biologist and anthropologist Walter Baldwin Spencer. Spencer stayed with Cooper in 1911 and 1912 while studying the Tiwi people; the results of this research are published in Wanderings in Wild Australia (1928). After Spencer's 1911 visit he described Cooper as:[13]
[A] man equally at home at sea and in the bush, and a mighty hunter ... [who] ... is venerated as a sort of Rajah.
— Walter Baldwin Spencer, The Argus, 24 August 1911
It is perhaps based on these friendships that Cooper was made an honorary sub-protector of Aborigines in 1911 and the authorities began sending Aboriginal people from other parts of the Northern Territory who were addicted to alcohol or opium to Yermalner.[1] People were also sent to Nguyu.[6]
Cooper resigned from his position as sub-protector in November 1914 following allegations of cruelty towards Aboriginal people and the use of intimidating practices by his armed 'bodyguards' (a group of Iwaidja)[1] that included his step-son Ted (who was said to have been involved in several murders). These allegations were made by sawmiller Sam Green who witnessed Cooper remove an Aboriginal woman, Mary Damil, from his camp with a strap around her neck and removed her from a room using it. This incident was also witnessed by Richard Webb who signed a statement saying:[6]
Cooper entering the house and taking Mary by force ... said "Where are you going to have this, on your legs or on your neck?" He twisted a strap around her neck and forced her out of the room. I told him I would let the matter be known ... What I am up against is the cruelty. I think Cooper used unnecessary violence and cruelty. If I had not held myself together I think I would have gone for him.
— Richard Webb, Signed statement made by R. Webb as quoted by "People got a gun", 2003
After Cooper's resignation he was replaced by Rev. Regis Courbon and all non-Tiwi people were returned to the mainland by order of the Department of External Affairs.[1][14]
Cooper also left Yermalner and became associated with several pastoral leases in the Top End and in 1921 he was trepanging in Trepang Bay.[1]
He died in Darwin on 7 August 1936 and, on his death, he was reported to have killed over 100,000 buffalos.[1][15][16]
Legacy
editIt is believed that the character of Ned Krater, in Xavier Herbert's novel Capricornia (1938) is based on Cooper and Norman Shillingsworth on his son Reuben although the later is more contested.[4][17]
Cooper is the great-grandfather of footballer Reuben Cooper.[18][19]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bauer, F. H.; Bauer, J. B., "Robert Joel (Joe) Cooper (1860–1936)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 20 March 2024
- ^ Stuart, Sandy (23 June 2009). "History of Melville Island, Tiwi Islands". History of Melville Island. hdl:10070/715506. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "His Majesty of Melville Island". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 27, 582. Victoria, Australia. 12 January 1935. p. 6. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ a b Feakins, Charlotte (2020). "Behind the legend: a historical archaeology of the buffalo shooting industry, 1875-1958". doi:10.25911/5edf658a902cf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "How the buffalo became so iconic in the Top End". ABC News. 29 August 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Frawley, Jack (2003). "People Got a Gun: the 1914 Melville Island Enquiry". Journal of Northern Territory History (14): 51–69.
- ^ Carment, David, ed. (2008). "Northern Territory Dictionary of Biography". Territory Stories. Casuarina: Charles Darwin University Press. hdl:10070/492231. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Morris, John (5 May 2021), Memories of the buffalo shooters: Joe Cooper and the Tiwi, 1895–1936, ANU Press, retrieved 21 March 2024
- ^ Krastins, Valda (1972), The Tiwi : a culture contact history of the Australian Aborigines on Bathurst and Melville Island, 1705-1942, retrieved 21 March 2024
- ^ "Obituary". The Phillips River Times. No. 121. Western Australia. 20 April 1907. p. 3. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "The later MR GH Cooper". Northern Territory Times and Gazette. Vol. XXXIII, no. 1746. Northern Territory, Australia. 26 April 1907. p. 3. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Buffalo hunter's death". Kalgoorlie Miner. Vol. 10, no. 3605. Western Australia. 17 April 1907. p. 6. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "People of the wild, Spencer-Gilruth mission, return to Melbourne". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 20, 308. Victoria, Australia. 24 August 1911. p. 6. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Northern Territory. Office of the Administrator. (11 November 1915), "The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Northern Territory of Australia, report of the Administrator for the year 1914-15.", Report of the Administrator (1914–15), Govt. Printer (published 1 July 1914): 1, retrieved 21 March 2024
- ^ "Buffalo hunter dead". Daily Examiner. Vol. 27, no. 8745. New South Wales, Australia. 8 August 1936. p. 2. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Death of Mr Joe Cooper". Northern Standard. No. 6[?]. Northern Territory, Australia. 7 August 1936. p. 2. Retrieved 21 March 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Gray, Stephen (2011). "Brass discs, dog tags and finger scanners: the apology and Aboriginal protection in the Northern Territory 1863-1972". Territory Stories. Darwin: Charles Darwin University Press (CDU Press). hdl:10070/799271. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Reuben Cooper Senior". AFL Northern Territory. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Whimpress, Bernard; Cooper, Ian, (Author of Buffalo Men), (researcher.) (2018), Buffalo men : the lives of Joe and Reuben Cooper including the instrumental role played by Reuben and his descendants in Australian Rules football, Ian Cooper, ISBN 978-0-244-35946-1
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