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Rulers of the Chera dynasty

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 October 2024.
For the historical Chera Perumal rulers of medieval Kerala, see Chera Perumals of Makotai.

The Rulers of the Chera dynasty or Rulers of the Chera Perumals were the kings of Chera dynasty of Kerala.[1] The first Chera Perumal was "brought" from a country east of the Ghats to Kerala by Nambudiri Brahmins (four select Brahmin settlements were empowered to choose a Kshatriya king). Sister of the first Chera Perumal was married to a Brahmin and it was decided that the son/daughter would be a Kshatriya (and the successor to the throne). The Brahmins arranged that each Perumal should rule for twelve years.[2][3]

The Chera Perumals of the legend are generally associated with the establishment the Kollam Era (Malayalam Era), inauguration of the Onam festival, introduction of the matrilineal system of inheritance in Kerala, settlement of different castes in Kerala, and foundation several temples, churches and mosques in Kerala.[1]

Sources of the Chera Permuals

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The validity of the legend as a source of history once generated much debate among south Indian historians. The legend is now considered as "an expression of the historical consciousness rather than as a source of history".[4] The legend of the Cheraman Perumals exercised significant political influence in Kerala over the centuries. The legend was used by Kerala chiefdoms for the legitimation of their rule (most of the major chiefly houses in medieval Kerala traced its origin back to the legendary allocation by the Perumal).[5][6]

Popular written versions of the legend are infamous for inconsistencies and contradictions (in names of the kings and dates).[1] Even the dates of their compositions are problematic. The Cheraman Perumals mentioned in the legend can be identified with the Chera Perumal rulers of medieval Kerala (c. 8th - 12th century AD).[7]

The ghost of the [Chera] Perumal haunted the land [of Kerala] in many ways...Each of the large number of principalities that came into existence on the ruins of the Chera Perumal kingdom claimed to be not only a splinter of the old kingdom but also deriving its authority from the donation of the last Cheraman Perumal...Many of these rulers also claimed to step into the shoes of the Perumal in claiming to be the overlord of Kerala. Thus the ruler of Venad or the Zamorin or the raja of Cochin staked this claim in various ways...[8]

List of Chera Perumals

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The following is a list of Cheraman Perumals found in the tradition.[9] According to K. V. Krishna Ayyar, the list[9] goes as follows:

Cheraman Perumal Original home of the Perumal Date (AD) Residence
Keya/Kerala Perumal[3] Keya/Keralapuram[3] 216-225 Kodungallur
Choya/Chola Perumal[3] Choya/Chola Mandalam[3] 225-236 Kodungallur
Pandi Perumal[10] Pandi Mandalam[10] 236-245 Kodungallur
Bhutarayar Pandi Perumal[10] N/A 245-257 Kodungallur
Keralan[10] Choya Mandalam[10] 257-269 Trikkata Matilaka[10]
Pandyan or Chennar[10] Pandya country[10] 269-281 N/A
Choyiyan[10] Choya country[10] 281-293 N/A
Bana Perumal[11] Banapuram[11] 293-297 Kodungallur
Tulubhan Perumal[12] Northern country[12] 297-303 Kotiswaram[12]
Indra Perumal[12] N/A 303-315 Kodungallur
Arya Perumal[12] Aryapuram[12] 315-327 N/A
Kannan Perumal[13] Eastern country[13] 327-339 Kuntivaka[13]
Kotti Perumal[13] N/A 339-340 Kottikkollam[13]
Mata Perumal[13] 340-352 N/A
Eli Perumal[13] 352-364 Matayiel
Komban Perumal[13] 364-368 N/A
Vijayan Perumal[13] 368-80 Vijayankollam
Valabhan Perumal[13] 380-391 Valarbhattukotta
Harischandra Perumal[13] 391-403 Purali
Mallan Perumal[13] 403-412 Nallurmallan
Kulasekhara Perumal[13] 412-430 N/A

Corrected by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972) from E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai (1963),[14][15] taking recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan into account,[16][17] the list is as follows:

Lists of Chera Perumals
Chera Perumal Regnal years (tentative)

[16][17]

Notes
Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara 844–870[16]
Rama Rajasekhara 870–883[16]
Vijayaraga 883–895[16]
  • Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.[22]
  • Married off his two daughters to Chola king Parantaka.[23][24]
Goda Goda 895—905[16][25]
Kerala Kesari
  • Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)[25]
Goda Ravi 905–943[16][25]
Indu/Indesvaran Goda 943–962[26]
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962–1021[17][27]

(or)

959–1025[16]

Ravi Goda[28] 1021—1089[29][30][28]
Rajasimha[28][a]
  • Contemporary to Chola king Rajendra[28]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya[28]
  • Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)[28]
Raja Raja[30]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.[30]
  • Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.[30]
Ravi Rama[29]
Adityan Kota Ranaditya[29]
Rama Kulasekhara 1089—1122[33]

Last Chera Perumals

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Rayar, the overlord of the Chera Perumal (Kulasekharan) in a country east of the Ghats, invaded Kerala during the rule of the last Perumal.[clarification needed] To drive back the invading forces the Perumal summoned the militia of his chieftains (like Udaya Varman Kolathiri and Manichchan and Vikkiran of Eranad). The Chera Perumal was assured by the Eradis that they would take a fort established by the Rayar.[2] The battle lasted for three days and the Rayar eventually evacuated his fort (and it was seized by the Perumal's troops).[2]

The last Chera Perumal divided the Kerala or Chera kingdom among his chieftains (kingsfolk) and disappeared mysteriously. The Kerala people never more heard any tidings of him.[5][6] The Eradis, or the later kings of Calicut, who were left out in the cold during the allocation of the land, was granted the Chera Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").[6][2]

King Thajuddin

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Main articles: Thajuddin and Rama Kulasekhara

According to the Cheraman Juma Mosque the king converted to Islam after witnessing a strange event that Hindu astronomers had not predicted.[35][36][37] Modern writers claim that, Al-Tabari of the 9th century in his Firdousul Hikma[volume & issue needed][page needed] and Ferishta in his Tarikh Ferishta [volume & issue needed][page needed] agree with this.[38][39] Sebastian R. Prange maintains that historical research has found this story to be fictitious.[40] With the oldest and most complete version of the tale, only dated at earliest to the mid 12th century for the composition.[41]

S. N. Sadasivan, in his book A Social History of India, argues that it was the king of Maldives, Kalimanja, who converted to Islam. Mali, which was known to seafarers then, might have been misunderstood as Malabar (Kerala) and this might have given rise to the tale of Tajuddeen in the Cochin Gazetteer.[42]

Notes

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  1. ^ Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972).[31] This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014).[17] The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007).[32]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 31-32.
  2. ^ a b c d Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 223-240.
  3. ^ a b c d e Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 223-224.
  4. ^ Kesavan Veluthat, ‘The Keralolpatti as History’, in The Early Medieval in South India, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 129–46.
  5. ^ a b Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47.
  6. ^ a b c Frenz, Margret. 2003. ‘Virtual Relations, Little Kings in Malabar’, in Sharing Sovereignty. The Little Kingdom in South Asia, eds Georg Berkemer and Margret Frenz, pp. 81–91. Berlin: Zentrum Moderner Orient.
  7. ^ Ganesh, K. N. (2009). Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala. Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.
  8. ^ Veluthat, Kesavan (June 2018). "History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala". Studies in People's History. 5 (1): 13–31. doi:10.1177/2348448918759852. ISSN 2348-4489.
  9. ^ a b Ayyar, K. V. Krishna. The Zamorins of Calicut. Calicut (Kerala): Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. 54-55.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 225-226.
  11. ^ a b Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 226-227.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 228-230.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Logan, William. Malabar. Madras: Government Press, Madras, 1951 (reprint). 229-230.
  14. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-73.
  15. ^ Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal, (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781108494571.
  17. ^ a b c d 'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014.
  18. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80.
  19. ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
  20. ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in South-Indian Horizons, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
  21. ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India." Studies in People's History, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.
  22. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.
  23. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-43.
  24. ^ George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period', Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
  25. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67.
  26. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 67-68.
  27. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-69.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 461-62.
  29. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 72-73 and 466-67.
  30. ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 71-72 and 464-66.
  31. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 70-72.
  32. ^ Ali, Daud. "The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509.
  33. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 73-74 and 467-70.
  34. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470.
  35. ^ Kumar, Satish (2012). India's National Security: Annual Review 2009. Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-136-70491-8. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  36. ^ Singh, Dr Y. P. (2016). Islam in India and Pakistan - A Religious History. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-85505-63-8. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  37. ^ Ampotti, A. K. (2004). Glimpses of Islam in Kerala. Kerala Historical Society.
  38. ^ Samad, M. Abdul (1998). Islam in Kerala: Groups and Movements in the 20th Century. Laurel Publications. p. 2. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  39. ^ Kurup, K. K. N.; Ismail, E.; India), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta (2008). Emergence of Islam in Kerala in 20th century. Standard Publishers (India). ISBN 9788187471462. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  40. ^ Prange, Sebastian R. (3 May 2018). Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–5, 100. ISBN 978-1-108-42438-7.
  41. ^ Yarbrough, Luke "Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook; Cheraman Perumal and Islam on the Malabar Coast" Univ of California Press, 2020, p. 257.
  42. ^ S.N., Sadasivan (January 2000), "Caste Invades Kerala", A Social History of India, APH Publishing, p. 303,304,305, ISBN 817648170X
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