Wikipedia

Satellite tornado

A satellite tornado is a tornado that revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the same mesocyclone. Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not considered subvortices; the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more often anticyclonic than are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets.[1] Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parent supercell thunderstorm.[2]

A tornado with an associated satellite tornado. The large tornado on the right is the 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado and the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado.

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parent supercell (a process known as cyclic tornadogenesis and leading to a tornado family). On tornado outbreak days, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.[citation needed]

Satellite tornados tend to orbit their parent cyclonically, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and will generally form near the edge of a supercell's mesocyclone, and gradually travel inward to the parent tornado.[3] Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite.[4] During the March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak, one member of a tornado family (rated F5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5.[5]

Examples

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Some examples of tornado couplets include the Tri-State Tornado,[6] multiple tornadoes during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak,[7] the 2007 Greensburg tornado,[8] and the 2013 El Reno tornado.[9] Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent of storm chasing, in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobile radar.[10] These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and during Project VORTEX near Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events.[4]

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

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This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Date Primary F#/EF# Primary location Satellite F#/EF# Satellite location Fatalities[a] Event
May 30, 1879 F4[b] SW of Randolph, Kansas to Irving, Kansas to Dawson's Mill, Nebraska[11][c] F? NW of Randolph, Kansas[11] 18 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954 F3 Howard, Georgia to Roberta, Georgia to Macon, Georgia[12] F1 Turner Chapel, Georgia to Fickling, Georgia[13] 5 (75 injuries) Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961 F1 S of Mount Dora, New Mexico to NW of Clayton, New Mexico[14] F0 Mount Dora, New Mexico[15] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962 (List)
June 13, 1976 F5 SW of Luther, Iowa to Jordan, Iowa to SW of Gilbert, Iowa[11][16][17] F2 S to N of Jordan, Iowa[11][18] 0 (9 injuries) Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
F3 NE of Jordan, Iowa[11][19]
F4 Lemont, Illinois to S of Downers Grove, Illinois[20] F1 SW of Lemont, Illinois[21] 2 (23 injuries)
F0 S of Lemont, Illinois[21]
March 13, 1990 F5 Castleton, Kansas to Hesston, Kansas[22] F5 Goessel, Kansas to NE of Hillsboro, Kansas[23] 2 March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997 F2 S of College Station, Arkansas[citation needed] F2 S of College Station, Arkansas[citation needed] 0 March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999 F5 SSW of Amber, Oklahoma to Moore, Oklahoma to W of Midwest City, Oklahoma[24][25] F0 N of Newcastle, Oklahoma[25] 36 (583 injuries) 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004 F2 N of Utica, Illinois to Ottawa, Illinois[26] F0 E of Utica, Illinois[citation needed] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007 EF5 Greensburg, Kansas[27][28]
EF0 E of Greensburg, Kansas[29] 11 (63 injuries) 2007 Greensburg tornado
EF0 Near Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 Near Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1 Near Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1 Near Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 NE of Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 N of Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 E of Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF1 E of Greensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 E of Greensburg, Kansas[29]
May 23, 2008 EF2 N of Laird, Kansas[30] EF2 SE of Arnold, Kansas[31] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010 EF3 SW of Wakita, Oklahoma to E of Hunnewell, Kansas[32] EF0 NW of Medford, Oklahoma[33] 0 (2 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
April 9, 2011 EF3 W of Nemaha, Iowa to N of Ware, Iowa[34][35][36] EF2 SE of Newell, Iowa[37][38] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
EF4 W of Pocahontas, Iowa[39]
EF1 NE of Varina, Iowa[40]
EF1 NE of Varina, Iowa[41]
EF2 WSW of Pocahontas, Iowa[42]
May 24, 2011 EF5 ESE of Hinton to Piedmont to NE of Guthrie, Oklahoma[43] EF0 NW of Richland, Oklahoma[44] 9 (181 injuries) 2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011 EF4 SSW of Tipton, Oklahoma[45] EF0 S of Tipton, Oklahoma[45] 0 Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013 EF3 S of Centralia, Kansas[46] EF1 W of Corning, Kansas[47] 0 Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013 EF3 WSW of El Reno, Oklahoma to W of Yukon, Oklahoma[48] EF2 SE of El Reno, Oklahoma[48] 8 (151 injured) 2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015 EF4 NNE of Franklin Grove, Illinois to NNW of Kirkland, Illinois[49] EF0 S of Belvidere, Illinois[50] 2 (11 injuries) 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado
April 27, 2016 EF0 ESE of Bedford, Iowa to S of Conway, Iowa[51] EF0 S of Conway, Iowa[52] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 EF1 ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma to N of Atoka, Oklahoma[53] EFU ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma[54] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 EFU NW of Sawyer, Oklahoma to S of Spencerville, Oklahoma[55] EFU N of Sawyer, Oklahoma[56] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016 EF1 WNW of West Brooklyn, Illinois to NW of Compton, Illinois[citation needed] EF0 NE of West Brooklyn, Illinois[citation needed] 0 List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018 EF3 N of Laramie, Wyoming[57] EF2 N of Laramie, Wyoming[58] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018 EF3 Eastern Pella, Iowa[59][60] EF0 NE of Pella, Iowa[61] 0 (13 injuries) from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018 F2 Gulf of Taranto to Patù, Italy to Corsano, Italy to eastern Tricase, Italy[62] FU Gulf of Taranto[62] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019 EF2 NW of Talala, Oklahoma[63] EFU W of Talala, Oklahoma[64] 0 List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019 EF2 N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming[65] EFU N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming[65] 0 List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021 EF2 SW of Happy, Texas to ESE of Canyon, Texas[66] EF1 N of Happy, Texas[67] 0 March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021 EFU N of Haswell, Colorado[68] EFU NNE of Haswell, Colorado[69] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021 EF0 NW of Medford, Minnesota[70] EF0 NW of Medford, Minnesota[71] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021 EF2 NE of Beachburg, Ontario to L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec[72] EF1 Sullivan Island, Ontario to Butternut Island, Ontario[72] 0
September 29, 2021 F1 Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District)[73] FU Kieler Förde, Germany[74] 0 (7 injured) Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021 EF1 Clinton, Oklahoma to SSE of Custer City, Oklahoma[75] EFU NE of Clinton, Oklahoma[76] 0
December 11, 2021 EF3 SW of Bowling Green, Kentucky to S of Plum Springs, Kentucky to NNW of Rocky Hill, Kentucky[77] EF2 Southeastern Bowling Green, Kentucky to SE of Plum Springs, Kentucky[78] 16 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022 EF3 E of Derby, Iowa to E of Chariton, Iowa[79] EF0 S of Chariton, Iowa[80] 1 (1 injured) Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022 EF2 NNE of Bladon Springs, Alabama to W of McEntyre, Alabama[81] EF1 NNE Coffeeville, Alabama[81] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022 EF2 W of Maud, Oklahoma to E of Little, Oklahoma[82][83] EF0 NE of Seminole, Oklahoma to ESE of Little, Oklahoma[82] 0 Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022 EF2 New Iberia, Louisiana[84] EFU SSW New Iberia, Louisiana[84] 0 (16 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023 EF0 SW of Kimball[85] EFU SW of Kimball[85] 0
April 30, 2024 EF1 NE of Hollister, Oklahoma[86] EF1 SW of Loveland, Oklahoma[87] 0 Tornadoes of 2024#April 30 – May 4 (United States)
May 25, 2024 EF1 NNW of Celina, Texas to W of Weston, Texas[88] EF3 NE of Celina, Texas[88] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes
  2. ^ This tornado's rating is an unofficial rating.
  3. ^ This track was probably a tornado family.

References

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  1. ^ Marshall, Tim (1995). Storm Talk. David Hoadley (illust.). Texas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Edwards, Roger (2006-04-04). "Satellite tornado". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
  3. ^ Edwards, Roger. "CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCELLULAR SATELLITE TORNADOES" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b Edwards, Roger (2001). "Satellite Tornado". StormEyes. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  5. ^ Davies, Jonathan M.; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–17. Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2.
  6. ^ Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess; C. A. Doswell III; M. S. Gilmore; J. A. Hart; S. F. Piltz (2013). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System". e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 (2): 1–33. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47.
  7. ^ Edwards, Roger (2002). "Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999". StormEyes. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  8. ^ Lemon, Leslie R.; M. Umschied (2008-10-27). "The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes". 24th Conf Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society.
  9. ^ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba; P. Robinson; T. Marshall (2014). "The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 95 (1): 31–45. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1.
  10. ^ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba (2013). "Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures". Weather Forecast. 28 (5): 1157–74. Bibcode:2013WtFor..28.1157W. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1.
  11. ^ a b c d e Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  12. ^ "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022."Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022."Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  14. ^ New Mexico Event Report: F1 Tornado. National Weather Service (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  15. ^ New Mexico Event Report: F0 Tornado. National Weather Service (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  16. ^ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  17. ^ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  18. ^ Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  19. ^ Iowa Event Report: F3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
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  21. ^ a b "A look back at the Lemont tornado of June 13, 1976". WGN-TV. 5 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022."Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022."Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022."Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022."Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
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  25. ^ a b "The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999 Storm A Information". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  26. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Weather Service. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  27. ^ NWS Dodge City. "Greensburg Tornado Rated EF-5 (updated May 22)". Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  28. ^ National Climatic Data Center. "NCDC Storm Reports". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Enquirer, Cincinnati. "Tornado on May. 05, 2007 23:00 PM CDT". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  30. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
  31. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
  32. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022."Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022."Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  33. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  34. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  35. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  36. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  37. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  38. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  40. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  41. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  42. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  43. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023."Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023."Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  44. ^ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  45. ^ a b "The Severe Weather Event of November 7-8, 2011". National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  46. ^ Kansas Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2017. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  47. ^ Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2017. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  48. ^ a b "Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding – May 31, 2013". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  49. ^ Illinois Event Report: EF4 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  50. ^ Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  52. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  53. ^ Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  54. ^ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  55. ^ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  56. ^ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  57. ^ Wyoming Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  58. ^ Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  59. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  60. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  61. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
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  64. ^ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  65. ^ a b Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  66. ^ NWS Damage Survey for 3/13/21 Tornado Event Update #3 (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  67. ^ Storm Events Database March 13, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved June 16, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  68. ^ Storm Events Database April 27, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved August 12, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  69. ^ Storm Events Database April 27, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved August 12, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  70. ^ Storm Events Database May 19, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved August 28, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  71. ^ Storm Events Database May 19, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved August 28, 2021. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  72. ^ a b "New ON tornadoes on May 25, Jun 11 and Jul 13". www.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-06.[permanent dead link‍]
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  76. ^ Storm Events Database October 12, 2021 (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 24, 2022. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  77. ^ Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  78. ^ Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  79. ^ NWS Des Moines [@NWSDesMoines] (March 6, 2022). "Chariton/Red Haw State Park Tornado Peak Intensity: EF-3 (138 MPH) Path Length: 16.5 Miles 1 Injury, 1 Fatality" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  82. ^ a b "NWS Damage Survey for May 2 and May 4 Tornado Events". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  83. ^ "We assessed damage from the tornado that moved from SW of Cromwell to NW of Okemah yesterday, and found EF-1 damage associated with it. It was very large as it approached/crossed I-40. We will continue our damage surveys for the area today. More details late this evening". Twitter. National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  84. ^ a b "...NWS Damage Survey for 12/14/22 Tornado Event...Update". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  85. ^ a b "NWS Damage Survey for 06/28/2023 Kimball County Tornado Event". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
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