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Sikhism by country

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Most of the 25–30 million followers of Sikhism, the world's fifth-largest religion live in the northern Indian state of Punjab, the only Sikh-majority administrative division on Earth,[1][2][3][4][5][6] but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent. Sizeable Sikh populations in countries across the world exist in India (20,833,116),[7] Canada (~771,800),[8] England (~520,100),[9] the United States (~280,000),[30] Italy (~220,000), and Australia (~210,400), while countries with the largest proportions of Sikhs include Canada (2.12%),[8] India (1.72%), New Zealand (1.07%), Cyprus (~1.1%)[31][32] England (0.92%),[9][33] and Australia (0.83%).

Distribution of Sikhs
Percentage of Sikhs by country
Number of Sikhs by country

Administrative divisions with significant proportions of Sikhs include Punjab, India (Sikhs account for 58% of the population), Chandigarh, India (13.1%), British Columbia, Canada (5.9%),[8] Haryana, India (4.9%), Delhi, India (3.4%), West Midlands, England (2.9%), Manitoba, Canada (2.7%),[8] Alberta, Canada (2.5%),[8] Uttarakhand, India (2.3%), and Ontario, Canada (2.1%).[8] Meanwhile, cities outside India with the largest Sikh populations are Brampton, Ontario, Canada (163,260),[34] Surrey, British Columbia, Canada (154,415),[35] and London, England (144,543).[36]

At 93.33% Sikh, Tarn Taran is the world's most Sikh district or county.[37] Located in the heart of the Majha region of Punjab founded by Guru Arjan Dev - the 5th Sikh guru, [38] Tarn Taran also hosts the world's largest sarovar (sacred pool)[39] even surpassing the great Darbar Sahib - Golden Temple in the neighbouring Amritsar district.

Countries

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By country

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The figures on the table below are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organizations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included.

Sikhs and Sikhism by country
Country No. of Sikhs Sikh % % of all Sikhs Year
  Afghanistan * 140 0.00% 0.00% 2022[40]
  Argentina * 300 families 0.00% 0.00% 2012[41]
  Austria * 9,000 0.04% 0.04% 2020[42]
  Australia * 210,400 0.83% 0.90% 2021 (Census)[43]
  Bangladesh * 20 families 0.00% 0.00% 2012[44]
  Belgium * 10,000 0.09% 0.04% 2020[45]
  Brazil * 300 0.00% 0.00% 2018[46]
  Canada * 771,790 2.12% 3.31% 2021 (Census)[8]
  Cyprus * 13,280 1.07% 0.06% 2020[31][32]
  Denmark * 4,000 0.07% 0.02% 2019[47]
  Fiji * 2,577 0.31% 0.01% 2007[48]
  France * 30,000 0.04% 0.13% 2017[49]
  Georgia * 200 0.01% 0.00% 2018[50]
  Germany * 18,000 0.02% 0.08% 2017[51]
  Greece * 20,000 0.19% 0.09% 2015[52]
  Hong Kong * 12,000 0.16% 0.05% 2021[53]
  Iceland 100 0.03% 0.00% 2013[54]
  India * 20,833,116 1.72% 89.27% 2011 (Census)
  Indonesia * 15,000 0.01% 0.06% 2009[55]
  Ireland * 2,183 0.04% 0.01% 2022 (Census)[56]
  Italy * 220,000 0.37% 0.94% 2022[70]
  Kenya 6,000 0.01% 0.03% 2013[71]
  Kuwait 15,000 0.35% 0.06% 2021[72]
  Malaysia * 100,000 0.30% 0.43% 2016[73]
  Nepal * 609 0.00% 0.00% 2011 (Census)[74]
  Netherlands * 15,000 0.08% 0.06% 2022[75]
  New Zealand * 53,406 1.07% 0.23% 2023 (Census)[76]
  Norway * 4,080 0.08% 0.02% 2020[77]
  Oman 33,704 0.75% 0.14% 2020[78]
  Pakistan * 15,998 0.01% 0.07% 2023 (Census)[64]
  Panama * 302 0.01% 0.00% 2020[32]
  Philippines 28,436 0.03% 0.12% 2020[32]
  Portugal * 35,000 0.34% 0.15% 2020[79]
  Saudi Arabia 6,700 0.02% 0.03% 2021[80]
  Singapore * 12,051 0.35% 0.05% 2020[81]
  South Africa * 13,000 0.02% 0.04% 2020[82]
  Spain * 26,000 0.05% 0.11% 2020[83]
  Sweden * 4,000 0.04% 0.02% 2020[83]
  Thailand * 70,000 0.10% 0.30% 2005[84]
  Trinidad and Tobago * 150 0.01% 0.00% 2022[85]
  Uganda 2,400 0.01% 0.01% 2021[86]
  United Arab Emirates * 52,000 0.56% 0.22% 2022[87]
  United Kingdom * 524,529 0.85% 2.25% 2021 (Census)[9][88][89]
  United States * 280,000 0.08% 1.20% 2021[110]
Total 23,336,631[a] 0.29% 100.00%

Census Data

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As a religious minority, Sikhs have fought long and hard to get official status and to be counted in many countries across the world. Through the efforts of Sikh organisations and communities in their respective countries, there is now readily available population data on Sikhs as part of the census in the following territories:

Census Data
Country Sikh Religion Sikh Ethnicity
Rank Pop. % Year Pop. % Year Response
  India 4th 20,833,116 1.72% 2011[111]
  Canada 4th 771,790 2.12% 2021[8] 194,640 0.54% 2021[112] Multiple
  England 4th 520,092 0.92% 2021[9] 98,666 0.17% 2021[113] Single
  United States 48,321 0.01% 2020[114][115][116] Single
70,697 0.02% 2020[117][118][119] Multiple
  Australia 5th 210,400 0.83% 2021[120] 60,501 0.24% 2021[121] Multiple
  Malaysia 5th 58,604 0.25% 2000[122][123]
  New Zealand 5th 53,406 1.07% 2023[76] 105 0.00% 2018[124] Single
192 0.00% 2018[125] Multiple
  Pakistan 4th 15,998 0.01% 2023[64]
  Singapore 6th 12,051 0.35% 2020[81]
  Thailand 6th 11,124 0.02% 2010[126]
  Scotland 5th 10,988 0.2% 2022[127] 873 0.02% 2021[128] Multiple
  Wales 5th 4,048 0.13% 2021[9] 683 0.02% 2021[129] Single
  Fiji 4th 2,577 0.31% 2007[130]
  Ireland 6th 2,183 0.04% 2022[131]
  Nepal 7th 1,496 0.01% 2021[132]
  Northern Ireland 6th 389 0.02% 2021[133] 43 0.00% 2021[134] Single
  Mauritius 182[b] 0.01% 2022 [135]
  Faroe Islands 7th 3 0.01% 2011[136]

Official statistics do not count unregistered arrivals or those who have not completed the census or surveys. However, they do provide for a much more accurate depiction of Sikh communities as opposed to estimates from various Sikh organisations whose estimates can vary vastly with no statistically valuable source. Thus, official statistics and census data is highly important and Sikh communities continue to push for census inclusion in many countries where they are still not counted.

Country Native Born[137] Foreign Born[138] Data
Total % Total %
  England 296,673 57.0% 223,419 43.0% 2021
  Canada 236,400 30.6% 535,390 69.4% 2021
  Australia 51,939 24.9% 157,940 75.1% 2021
  Singapore 8,369 69.5% 3,682 30.5% 2020
  Wales 2,431 60.1% 1,617 39.9% 2021

Canada has the largest Sikh population outside India, though this is largely due to the foreign born that were born outside Canada numbering 500,000+. Looking at the native born population, England ranks number 1 as having the largest number born in the diaspora.

 
% Sikh by National Subdivision

Largest proportions and populations

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Rank Proportion Population
Country Proportion Country Population
1   Canada 2.12%[8][139]   India 23,786,000[143]
2   India 1.72%[148]   Canada 771,790[8][139]
3   Cyprus 1.10%[31][149]   United Kingdom 524,000[150]
4   United Kingdom 0.88%[151]   United States 280,000[172]
5   New Zealand 0.88%[173]   Australia 210,400[174][175]
6   Australia 0.83%[174][175]   Italy 210,000[183]
7   Oman 0.75%[78]   Malaysia 100,000[184][185][186]
8   United Arab Emirates 0.56%[187]   Thailand 70,000[188]
9   Italy 0.37%[196]   United Arab Emirates 52,000[197]
10   Singapore 0.35%[62]   Philippines 50,000[198][199]
11   New Zealand 40,908[200]
12   Oman 35,540[78]
13   Portugal 35,000[201]
14   France 30,000[202]
15   Spain 26,000[203]
16   Germany 25,000[204]
17   Greece 20,000[205]
18   Pakistan 15,998[64]
19   Netherlands 15,000 [206]
20   Kuwait 15,000[207][208]
21   Hong Kong 15,000[209]
22   Cyprus 13,280[31][210]
23   Singapore 12,051[211]
24   Indonesia 10,000[212]
25   Belgium 10,000[213]
26   Austria 10,000[214]

Historical Data

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The Afghan Sikh population declined from between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the Afghan population) in the 1970s[215][216][217][218][219] to 45 in 2022 following decades of conflict.

Sikhism by country (2001−2021)
Country 2021 2011 2001 Change (2011-2021) Change (2001-2011) Source
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % ± +% ± +%
  India 20,833,116 1.72% 19,237,391 1.87% 1,595,725 8.29% [220][221][222][146][223]
  Canada 771,790 2.12% 454,965 1.38% 278,410 0.94% 316,825 69.64% 176,555 63.42% [8][224][225]
  England 520,092 0.92% 420,196 0.79% 327,343 0.63% 99,896 23.77% 92,853 28.37% [9][226][227]
  United States 269,986 0.08% 189,242 0.06% 119,740 0.04% 80,744 42.67% 69,502 58.04% [228][229][230][255]
  Australia 210,400 0.83% 72,296 0.34% 17,437 0.09% 138,101 191.02% 54,859 314.61% [256]
  New Zealand [d]40,908 1.07% [e]19,191 0.45% 5,199 0.14% 34,215 178.29% 13,992 269.13% [76][257]
  Norway 4,208 0.08% 2,975 0.06% [258]
  Wales 4,048 0.13% 2,962 0.10% 2,015 0.07% 1,086 947 [9][226][227]
    Nepal 1,496 0.01% 609 0.00% 887 [74][132]
  Fiji 500 0.10% [f]2,540 0.30% [g]3,067 0.40% -527 -17.18% [259]
  Northern Ireland 389 0.02% 216 0.01% 219 0.01% 173 -3 [260][261][262]
  Faroe Islands 3 0.01% [63]
 
Depiction of early Sikh immigration to Canada (Whitehorse, Yukon). Circa 1906.

Other data

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Administrative divisions

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The following table will only list administrative divisions with 1,000 sihks or higher.

Sikhs by administrative division (2021) [8][36][64][263][264][256][h]
Administrative division Pop. %
  Punjab, India 16,004,754 57.69%
  Haryana 1,243,752 4.91%
  Rajasthan 872,930 1.27%
  Uttar Pradesh 643,500 0.32%
  Delhi 570,581 3.40%
    Ontario 300,435 2.14%
    British Columbia 290,870 5.92%
  Uttarakhand 236,340 2.34%
  Jammu and Kashmir 232,585 1.90%
  Maharashtra 223,247 0.20%
    West Midlands 172,398 2.90%
  Madhya Pradesh 151,412 0.21%
    California 146,614 0.37%
    London 144,543 1.64%
  Chandigarh 138,329 13.11%
    Alberta 103,600 2.48%
    Victoria 91,745 1.41%
  Himachal Pradesh 79,896 1.16%
    South East 74,348 0.80%
  Jharkhand 71,422 0.22%
  Chhattisgarh 70,036 0.27%
  West Bengal 63,523 0.07%
  Gujarat 58,246 0.10%
    East Midlands 53,950 1.11%
    New South Wales 47,165 0.58%
    Manitoba 35,470 2.71%
    New York 31,496 0.16%
  Telangana 30,340 0.09%
  Karnataka 28,773 0.05%
    Queensland 27,713 0.54%
    East 24,284 0.38%
    Yorkshire and the Humber 24,034 0.44%
  Auckland 23,832 1.52%
    Quebec 23,345 0.28%
  Odisha 21,991 0.05%
  Assam 20,672 0.07%
    Western Australia 18,583 0.70%
    Washington 17,316 0.22%
    South Australia 17,259 0.97%
    New Jersey 15,417 0.17%
  Bihar 14,753 0.01%
  Tamil Nadu 14,601 0.02%
    North West 11,862 0.16%
    Texas 10,777 0.04%
  Andhra Pradesh 9,904 0.02%
    Scotland 9,055 0.17%
    Saskatchewan 9,035 0.82%
    South West 7,465 0.13%
    North East 7,206 0.27%
    Indiana 6,812 0.10%
    Virginia 6,792 0.08%
    Michigan 5,809 0.06%
   Punjab, Pakistan 5,649 0.00%
   Sindh 5,182 0.01%
    Illinois 5,087 0.04%
  Bay of Plenty 4,842 1.57%
    Nova Scotia 4,730 0.49%
    Pennsylvania 4,354 0.03%
    Australian Capital Territory 4,323 0.95%
  Waikato 4,074 0.89%
   Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4,050 0.01%
    Wales 4,048 0.13%
    Maryland 4,013 0.06%
  Kerala 3,814 0.01%
    Ohio 3,517 0.03%
  Arunachal Pradesh 3,287 0.24%
  Meghalaya 3,045 0.10%
  Canterbury 2,973 0.50%
    Massachusetts 2,379 0.03%
    Florida 2,359 0.01%
  Ladakh 2,263 0.83%
    Tasmania 2,208 0.40%
    Arizona 2,177 0.03%
    Georgia 2,173 0.02%
  Nagaland 1,890 0.10%
  Sikkim 1,868 0.31%
    New Brunswick 1,780 0.23%
  Wellington 1,647 0.32%
  Manipur 1,527 0.05%
  Goa 1,473 0.10%
    North Carolina 1,431 0.01%
    Connecticut 1,424 0.04%
    Wisconsin 1,412 0.02%
    Northern Territory 1,401 0.60%
  Hawke's Bay 1,347 0.81%
    Colorado 1,324 0.02%
  Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1,286 0.34%
    Prince Edward Island 1,165 0.77%
    Oregon 1,130 0.03%
    Nevada 1,118 0.04%
  Tripura 1,070 0.03%
   Balochistan 1,057 0.01%

Sub-districts

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Faith in Newton, Surrey (2021)[274] World's only Sikh majority neighbourhood outside India

  Christian (16.4%)
  No Religion (13.9%)
  Sikh (51.5%)
  Muslim (8.7%)
  Hindu (8.1%)
  Buddhist (0.9%)
  Jewish (0.1%)
  Other faiths (0.4%)

A sub-district is a local administrative division known as different names in respective countries: called tehsils in India, electoral districts in Canada and wards in England. These are smaller than counties or districts and consist of neighbourhoods and suburbs. Newton, Surrey is the only Sikh majority sub-district outside India with Sikhs representing 51.5% of the population in 2021.[275] There are however, a number of other neighbourhoods outside India where Sikhs form the largest group (plurality).

Neighbourhoods with Sikhs as Largest Group[276]
Sub-district (neighbourhood) Division Nation % Sikh
Newton - Surrey British Columbia   Canada 51.5%
Blakenhall - Wolverhampton West Midlands   England 40.7%
Brampton East - Peel Ontario   Canada 40.4%
Southall Green - Ealing London   England 36.8%
Heston West - Hounslow London   England 31.8%
Lady Margaret - Ealing London   England 28.2%
Pinkwell - Hillingdon London   England 26.5%
Norwood Green - Ealing London   England 26.2%

Municipalities

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  •  
    Gurudwara Bangla Sahib is located in Delhi. India's capital and second-largest city with nearly 20 million inhabitants, Delhi was home to 570,581 Sikhs at the 2011 census, the largest municipal Sikh population in the world.
  •  
    Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar is located in Brampton, Ontario. Home to 163,260 Sikhs at the 2021 census, Brampton has the world's largest municipal Sikh population outside India.
  •  
    Gurdwara Amb Sahib is located in Mohali, Punjab, the largest Sikh-majority city on Earth with a total population of 166,864 at the 2011 census.
13 largest municipal Sikh populations
Municipality Sikh population Total population Sikh proportion % Largest religious group Source
  Delhi 570,581 16,787,941 3.40% Hindu (81.68%) [277]
  Amritsar 556,431 1,159,227 48.00% Hindu (49.36%) [278]
  Ludhiana 465,393 1,618,879 28.75% Hindu (65.96%) [279]
  Jalandhar 185,869 868,929 21.39% Hindu (74.90%) [280]
  Patiala 178,336 446,246 39.96% Hindu (57.22%) [281]
  Brampton 163,260 650,165 25.11% Christian (35.72%) [282]
  Surrey 154,415 562,565 27.45% Christian (30.24%) [283]
  London 144,543 8,799,728 1.64% Christian (40.66%) [284]
  Chandigarh 138,329 1,055,450 13.11% Hindu (80.78%) [285]
  Bhatinda 100,139 446,246 35.04% Hindu (62.61%) [286]
  Mohali 85,983 166,864 51.53% Sikh (51.53%) [287]
  Melbourne 85,286 4,917,750 1.73% Christian (40.14%) [288]
  Moga 82,456 163,397 50.46% Sikh (50.46%) [289]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Total of countries listed above. List last totaled on 11 June 2023.
  2. ^ Combined responses of "Sikh" (116) and "Punjabi" (66).
  3. ^ Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.[140]
  4. ^ 2023 census
  5. ^ 2013 census
  6. ^ 2007 census
  7. ^ 1996 census
  8. ^ 2011 census data for India,[141] 2011 census data for Scotland,[265] 2018 census data for New Zealand,[266] 2020 census data for United States,[270] and 2022 census data for Bihar.[271][272][273]

References

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  1. ^ "Sikhs in America".
  2. ^ "'Big moment': Indian Sikhs on historic pilgrimage to Pakistan".
  3. ^ "1984 Marks 'One of the Darkest Years' in Modern Indian History: US Senator".
  4. ^ "FAKE ALERT: Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores". The Times of India. 11 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Sikhism".
  6. ^ "Nearly 10 million Sikhs have lost their religion because of this organisation". 12 May 2016.
  7. ^ Barwiński, Marek; Musiaka, Łukasz (2019). "The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning". Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej. 8: 167–182. doi:10.18778/2300-0562.08.09. hdl:11089/38783. S2CID 226730777 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  10. ^ "Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  11. ^ "Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  12. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  14. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  15. ^ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  16. ^ "About Sikhs". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  17. ^ "H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)". United States Congress. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  18. ^ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  19. ^ "Sikhism Reporter's Guide". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  20. ^ "The Sikh Community Today". Harvard University. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  21. ^ "American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance". Religion News Service. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.
  22. ^ "Sikhs in America:A History of Hate". ProPublica. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.
  23. ^ "April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month". State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;
  24. ^ "Want to know about Sikhism?". WUWM. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  25. ^ "A Brief Introduction to Sikhism". WTTW. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.
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  27. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  28. ^ "2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings". Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  29. ^ "DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  30. ^ While the U.S. Census does not ask about religion,[10] 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the 2020 census.[11] In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population.[12] The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.[13] The Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.[14][15] Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;[16][17][18] 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.[19][26] With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.[27][28][29]
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  35. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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  44. ^ "Of Kara, kirpan and kesh: The 500-year-old Sikh community of Bangladesh". The Business Standard. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  45. ^ Montes, Enrico Castro; Goddeeris, Idesbald (7 July 2020). "Hinduism in Belgium". Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols). Brill. pp. 849–863. doi:10.1163/9789004432284_031. ISBN 9789004432284. S2CID 236835206 – via brill.com.
  46. ^ "Brazilian Sikhs visit Golden Temple, plead for gender equality". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  47. ^ Singh, Pashaura (2019). "A Dictionary of Sikh Studies". doi:10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-183187-4.
  48. ^ "Religion - Fiji Bureau of Statistics". www.statsfiji.gov.fj.
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  75. ^ Lawrence, Mary (22 May 2022). "Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs" [Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about]. Trouw. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. In Nederland wonen zo'n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]
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  110. ^ While the U.S. Census does not ask about religion,[90] 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the 2020 census.[91] In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population.[92] The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.[93] The Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.[94][95] Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;[96][97][98] 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.[99][106] With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.[107][108][109]
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  148. ^ The Indian Sikh population grew from 16,420,685 to 19,237,391 between 1991 and 2001, a rise of 2,816,706 or 17.15%. It further rose from 19,237,391 to 20,833,116 between 1991 and 2001, a rise of 1,595,725 or 8.29%.[144][145][146] Assuming the Indian Sikh population growth rate continues to decline at the same rate, which is likely since Sikhs have the lowest birth rate across all Indian religious groups, the Indian Sikh population would grow by 4.01% between 2011 and 2021, or from 20,833,116 to 21,668,524.[147]
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  158. ^ "About Sikhs". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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  161. ^ "Sikhism Reporter's Guide". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  162. ^ "The Sikh Community Today". Harvard University. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  163. ^ "American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance". Religion News Service. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.
  164. ^ "Sikhs in America:A History of Hate". ProPublica. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.
  165. ^ "April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month". State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;
  166. ^ "Want to know about Sikhism?". WUWM. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  167. ^ "A Brief Introduction to Sikhism". WTTW. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.
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  171. ^ "DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  172. ^ While the U.S. Census does not ask about religion,[152] 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the 2020 census.[153] In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population.[154] The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.[155] The Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.[156][157] Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;[158][159][160] 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.[161][168] With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.[169][170][171]
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  176. ^ "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  177. ^ "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  178. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. 3 July 2022. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  179. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  180. ^ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  181. ^ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
  182. ^ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
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  185. ^ "Malaysia gets first Sikh minister". WION. Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population
  186. ^ "On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience". SikhNet. 20 January 2023. The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.
  187. ^ Gokulan, Dhanusha. "Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  188. ^ "Thailand". U.S. Department of State.
  189. ^ "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  190. ^ "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  191. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. 3 July 2022. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  192. ^ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  193. ^ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  194. ^ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
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  201. ^ "Portugal Fact Sheet". Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal). Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.
  202. ^ "France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen". The Wire. 6 May 2017.
  203. ^ Garha, Nachatter Singh (6 February 2020). "Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges". Religions. 11 (2): 76. doi:10.3390/rel11020076. hdl:2183/38589.
  204. ^ "Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V." remid.de (in German). Retrieved 16 August 2017. Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017
  205. ^ Lavin, Talia (26 April 2015). "Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece". Huffington Post. The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day
  206. ^ Lawrence, Mary (22 May 2022). "Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs" [Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about]. Trouw. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023. In Nederland wonen zo'n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]
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  255. ^ The United States Census does not ask about religious affiliation.[231] Sikh organizations estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 750,000.[232][233] Before the United Kingdom Census started asking about religion in 2001, Sikh organizations estimated the British Sikh population to be as high as 750,000, but the 2001 census found the British Sikh population to be only 336,149.[234][235][227][236][237][238] Thus, population figures by Sikh organizations are likely overestimates. A comprehensive 2012 survey by the Pew Research Center estimated that 1% of Asian Americans and 5% of Indian Americans are Sikhs,[239] which would yield a Sikh population of approximately 200,000 in 2012 and 290,000 in 2021.[240][241] The most comprehensive way to estimate the Sikh American population is by comparing to the Punjabi American population.[242] Out of the 4,060,554 Americans who spoke a South Asian language at home in 2021, 318,588, or 7.85%, spoke Punjabi at home. This indicates that Punjabi Americans make up 7.85% of the South Asian American population of 5,492,692, and thus number 430,952.[243][244][245][246][247] This matches with a comprehensive 2020 survey of Indian Americans by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which found that 8% of Indian Americans were Punjabi.[248] Using this same method, the populations of Punjabi Canadians, English Punjabis, and Punjabi Australians can be estimated at 1,146,900, 931,671, and 319,377 respectively, using language data from censuses conducted in 2021 in those nations.[249][250][251] Those nations also ask about religion in their censuses, with there being 771,790 Sikh Canadians, 520,092 English Sikhs, and 210,400 Sikh Australians in 2021.[252][253][254]Thus, the Sikh population was about 62.65% of the Punjabi population in those three countries combined. Using this ratio, the American Sikh population can be estimated at 269,986 in 2021. This ratio can also be used to estimate Sikh populations of American states, counties, and communities using population data of Punjabi speakers.
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  270. ^ While the U.S. Census does not ask about religion,[267] 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the 2020 census.[268] In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion,[269] indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population. Similarly, the Sikh American populations can be estimated using census data.
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  276. ^ Note: As of 2021, Canadian electoral districts are the smallest sub-districts available, they are large neighbourhoods in comparison to English wards that are smaller in population. There is no smaller neighbourhood statistics in Canada which explains the lack of Canadian sub-districts in table - as smaller neighbourhoods are more likely to have larger presence of minorities. For data clarity, all available neighbourhood sub-district data (large or small) have been merged. English ward details: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/buildacustomareaprofile/2023-01-17 Canadian electoral district details: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
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