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Armed Forces of Tajikistan

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The Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan (Russian: Вооружённые силы Таджикистана; Tajik: Қувваҳои Мусаллаҳи Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, romanized: Quvvahoi Musallahi Jumhurii Tojikiston), also known as the Tajik National Army (Russian: ВС Таджикистана; Tajik: Артиши миллии Тоҷикистон) is the national military of the Republic of Tajikistan. It consists of Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, and the Air Force, with closely affiliated forces including the national guard, border and internal troops.

Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan
Russian: Вооружённые силы Таджикистана
Tajik: Қувваҳои Мусаллаҳи Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
The shoulder patch of the armed forces
Founded23 February 1993; 31 years ago (1993-02-23)
Service branches Ground Forces
Air Force
Mobile Forces
Security Forces
 ∟ National Guard
 ∟ Internal Troops
 ∟ Border Troops
HeadquartersDushanbe
Leadership
President Emomali Rahmon
Minister of Defense Colonel-General Sherali Mirzo
Chief of the General Staff Lieutenant-General Emomali Sobirzoda
Personnel
Conscription18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation – 2 years
Available for
military service		1,556,415 males, age 15–49 (2005 est.),
1,568,780 females, age 15–49 (2005 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,244,941 males, age 15–49 (2005 est.),
1,297,891 females, age 15–49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		87,846 males (2005 est.),
85,869 females (2005 est.)
Active personnel9,500
Reserve personnel0
Expenditure
Budget$79,000,000
Percent of GDP3.9 (2005 est.)
Industry
Foreign suppliersCurrent:
 Russia
 China
 France
 India
 Iran
Related articles
History
RanksMilitary ranks of Tajikistan

History

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Background

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Unlike the other former Soviet states of Central Asia, Tajikistan did not form armed forces based upon former Soviet units on its territory. Instead, the Russian Ministry of Defence took control of the Dushanbe-based 201st Motor Rifle Division. Control simply shifted from the former district headquarters in Tashkent, which was in now-independent Uzbekistan, to Moscow. Also present in Tajikistan was a large contingent of Soviet border guards, which transitioned into a Russian-officered force with Tajik conscripts. For a long period a CIS peacekeeping force, built around the 201st MRD, were in place in the country.

Establishment and the Civil War

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On 18 December 1992, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon signed the Resolution "On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan" on the basis of the Popular Front and the forces supporting the constitutional government.[1] The Popular Front sported paramilitary formations who were armed by former President Rahmon Nabiyev.[2] On 23 February 1993, in the center of Dushanbe, the first military parade of militants of the Popular Front was held, which has since been considered the day the military formed.[3] Due to the presence of Russian forces in the country and the Tajikistani Civil War, Tajikistan only formally legalised the existence of its armed forces in April 1994.[4] During the 1990s, the armed forces were often suffered from a poor commanded structure and poor discipline while their equipment was under-maintained. Draft-dodging and desertion was commonplace. Reflecting the fragmented militia group origin of the army's units, in late 1995 the 1st (led by Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev) and 11th Brigades (led by Faizali Saidov[5]) of the Army exchanged fire several times, and fighting again broke out between the Army Rapid Reaction Brigade (formerly the Mahmud Brigade) and the Presidential Guard in June 1996. Colonel Khudoiberdiev, commander of the Rapid Reaction Brigade was relieved of his command as a result.[6]     

Post-war to present

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Following a 1997 treaty between the Rahmon government and the United Tajik Opposition,[7] several UTO units became part of the National Army, becoming some of its most experienced units. Popular Front units also were incorporated into the Tajik regular army, although many units, such as the First Brigade, maintained its autonomy.[8] Russian military advisors formed a committee in the Ministry of Defense that year that established a system of operational training throughout the armed forces.[9]

In 1999, the first military exercises of the Armed Forces were held in the Khatlon Garrison.[10] In 2001, military regulations were introduced.[11] In October 2005, a military doctrine was also introduced.[12]

In September 2013, the Russian government has given the Tajik military $200 million worth of weapons and hardware, in return for letting them continue to use the 201st base. In late April 2021, forces of the military fought the Kyrgyz military on the Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border near Kök-Tash, utilizing heavy artillery.[13] The Kyrgyz Prosecutor General's Office on 30 April accused the Tajik Armed Forces of invading the country and seizing their sovereign territory.[14]

In July, the Tajik military held its largest training exercise in response to the Taliban offensive coming near their borders.[15]

It is reported by Russian Ambassador to Tajikistan Igor Lyakin-Frolov that at the end of 2021, large-scale supplies of Russian military hardware, equipment, weapons and munitions were made to Tajikistan.[16]

Overview

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Chief of Staff Emomali Sobirzoda

Command

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Main article: Ministry of Defence (Tajikistan)

The Security Council advises the President of Tajikistan on matters of national security. As Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the President of Tajikistan is entitled to use the Center for the Management of the Armed Forces (opened on National Army Day in 2018), which would serve as the main military command center for the president, similarly to the Russian Armed Forces National Defense Management Center.[17]

The main body of operational command and control of troops is the General Staff, which is responsible for developing mobilization plans and proposals on the military doctrine of the Republic. The plan for the deployment of troops is also developed by the General Staff in agreement with the Government.[18]

Personnel

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Military education

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Members of the corps of drums of the military lyceum.

Russia provided much support toward the creation of the national army, and trained command and engineer personnel. An institute of higher military education was created in Tajikistan. Despite the large budget and the adequate training of personnel, the national army was still far from a professional service. Currently, over 100 Tajik military cadets have undergone training at National Defense Academy and the Indian Military Academy in India.[19] Tajiks also study in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, China, Pakistan, and the Czech Republic to study, retrain, and improve their professional skills.[20]

The following are higher military educational institutions that are part of the Ministry of Defence and/or other militarized institutions:

Military faculties operate in the armed forces:

The following is for mid-tier officers:

Secondary institutions:

Personnel training and conscription

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Tajik men aged 18–27 are eligible to be drafted in the armed forces, and are expected to serve up to two years. Public servants such as educators have been exempt from the conscription since the early 2000s.[26] The Armed Forces annually has two training sessions.[27]

Regional areas

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The National Army has five Territorial Defense Zones (Tajik: минтақаи мурофиавии ҳудудии), divided among the Regions of Tajikistan and Dushanbe:

They are led by their elected governors.

Facilities

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  • Fakhrabad Training Ground
  • Chorrukh-Dayron Training Center
  • Nurafshon Training Ground[28] (near the city of Isfara and the Sughd suburbs)[29]
  • Mumirak Military Base

Military Justice

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Military courts are run by the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard. They are established on a territorial basis at the location of garrisons. Their activity is aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of servicemen, as well as the interests of military units. A military court consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, judges and people's deputies.[30]

Military awards

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  • Medal of the Valiant Border Guard of Tajikistan
  • Medal "For 15 years of Impeccable Service"
  • Medal "5 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"[31]
  • Medal "10 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"
  • Medal "15 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"
  • Medal "5 Years of the Presidential Guard"
  •  
    Medal "10 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
  •  
    Medal "15 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
  •  
    Medal "5 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces

Branches

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Army

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Main article: Tajik Ground Forces
 
Tajik National Army members

During the Tajik civil war (1992–1993), the Russian government had around 22,000 to 25,000 troops stationed in Tajikistan to help the regime as part of a defense agreement, which is why the Tajik government was able to survive the war. The war was often thought to have been started by Islamic fundamentalists, but more accurately, it was a war between the regional clans and ethnic groups.

By the mid-1990s, the National Army numbered to around 3,000. The majority of the officer corps were Russian, mostly veterans of the war in Afghanistan. The Ministry of Defense of Russia continued providing material support for the National Army. It was especially difficult for the Army to create its own military force due to the fact that many Tajiks preferred to serve in the Russian Army, due to the higher pay. Because of military opposition in the country, the regime had the largest military buildup in the Central Asian region. As of 1997, Tajikistan had two motorized rifle brigades (one of them is a training brigade), a special operations brigade and detachment (all primarily intended for the protection of the ruling regime), and a combined aviation squadron. Tajikistan further had a basic set of units and sub-units that provide operational, technical, and logistic support.

 
Contingent from the Tajik military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

The Tajikistan army in 2007 had two motorized rifle brigades, one mountain brigade, one artillery brigade, one airborne assault brigade, one airborne assault detachment, and one surface-to-air missile regiment.

Air Force

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Main article: Tajik Air Force

Throughout the 1990s, the military did not have an air force and relied on the Russian Air Force for air defense, however, the government planned on making one aviation squadron. In 2007, the Air Force had 800 troops and 12 helicopters. The organizational structure of the Air Force is unknown. Tajik airspace is patrolled by the Russian Air Force.

The Tajik Air Force remains small as Dushanbe doesn't expect an attack on Tajikistan from the air, and that Russian Air Force units at Gissar in Tajikistan and other such Russian contingents in Kazakhstan would detect any such assault. Tajikistan is also patrolled by Russian aircraft as part of the Joint CIS Air Defense System. The air force is mostly used for search and rescue missions, transportation, and the occasional attack on militant groups.

For funding, the government relied upon modest foreign funds. In February 2013, a 20th anniversary parade occurred in Dushanbe, celebrating the creation of the armed forces. During the parade, 20 helicopters flew over the city. India made a deal in which the Tajik and Russian Air Forces share an air base. The base is commanded jointly by Indian, Tajik, and Russian personnel, who rotate units there periodically.[32]

 
A National Guardsmen.

Because of the civil war, air force development was slow. The first equipment to arrive was 10 MI-8MTBs and 5 MI-24 in 1993 based at Dushanbe. The first transport aircraft were AN-24s(?) and AN-26s(?) were supplied in 1996. A plan from the 1990s to acquire SU-25s from Belarus to form an attack squadron did not occur. However, Moscow did help bolster the Tajik's helicopter contingents in 2006–07 by giving them six Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters. It also provided four L-39 Albatros.

An accident occurred on 6 October 2010 when a Mi-8, military helicopter from the Tajik National Guard crashed in the Rasht Valley[33] close to Ezgand and Tavildara. The helicopter got caught in some power lines while attempting to land. The helicopter caught fire and crashed without survivors. This is the deadliest accident in Tajik aviation since 1997.

Mobile Forces

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Main article: Tajik Mobile Forces

The Mobile Forces are the airborne troops of the armed forces. Similar to the Russian Airborne Troops, whom they perform training with, the Mobile Forces were created with no increase in military personnel by transferring a unit of the National Army. Although they are called paratroopers, the Mobile Forces often deploy out of helicopters, as the Tajik Air Force has few planes. On 4 August 2007, the Ministry of Defence created a Paratroopers' Day to celebrate the Mobile Forces.

Security Forces

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National Guard

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Main article: Presidential National Guard
 
A border guard.

The Tajik National Guard is a special task force under direct command of the President of Tajikistan. Formed on 4 December 1992, it was originally a special forces unit known as the Brigade of Special Mission during the 16th session of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan, under the Tajik Interior Ministry. During its first years, the Guard underwent serious testing, which earned the trust of the President and the people. It was the reason why the President changed it from the Special Mission to the Presidential National Guard.

Their primary task is ensuring public safety and security. Within two years, four additional units were formed in the towns of Chkalovsk, Kalinin, and Obigarm. They had a similar structure to the rest of the military. Worthy of note is the honesty that the National Guard has exhibited. The Rapid Reaction Force, also called the First Brigade, under Colonel Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev, took part in the Tajik civil war, as part of the Guard and the regular Army. The colonel and his men fled into Uzbekistan. On 26 January 2004, the Presidential Guard was transformed into the National Guard.[34]

Border Troops

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Main article: Tajik Border Troops
 
A Tajik army tankist.

The Border Troops of Tajikistan are responsible for border security and operate often with the Afghan Border Police. Development of the border guard is overseen by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.[35] A Border Troops Academy is located in Dushanbe, while a Border Troops Training Centre is found to the south in the Rudaki District.[36] In 2011, the Border Troops, along with the National Army and Mobile Forces, took part in a joint war game with Kyrgyzstan on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border. The operation involved eliminating two attacking groups of terrorists.[37]

Internal Troops

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Main article: Tajik Internal Troops

The Internal Troops, whose constituting document was passed on 28 December 1993, are tasked with state security, operating under the Interior Ministry. The also act as a reserve for the military, and are similar to the National Guard. They have a similar structure to the military.[38][39]

Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense

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The Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense is the emergencies and civil defense ministry of Tajikistan. The ministry is authorized to make decisions on the protection of the Tajik population/territory from natural disasters and other geological processes.

National Drug Enforcement Agency

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Main article: National Drug Enforcement Agency

Equipment

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Infantry weapons

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Small arms
Name Origin Type Caliber Notes
Makarov PM Soviet Union Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov [40]
PSM Soviet Union Semi-automatic pistol 5.45×18mm [40]
AKM Soviet Union Assault rifle 7.62×39mm [40]
AK-74 Soviet Union Assault rifle 5.45×39mm [40]
AKS-74U Soviet Union Assault carbine 5.45×39mm [40]
Type 56 China Assault rifle 7.62×39mm [41]
SVD Soviet Union Designated marksman rifle 7.62×54mmR [40]
LR2 China Anti-materiel rifle 12.7×108mm [41]
PK Soviet Union General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR [40]
DShK Soviet Union Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm [41]
NSV Soviet Union Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm [40]
W85 China Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm [41]
RPG-7 Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade 40 mm [40]

Vehicles and artillery

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Vehicles
Name Origin Type Variant Quantity Notes
T-72 Soviet Union
Russia 		Main battle tank T-72 Ural/A/AV/B
T-72B1 		28[42]
3[42]
T-62 Soviet Union Main battle tank T-62AV/AM 7[42]
BRDM-2 Soviet Union Scout car BRDM-2
BRDM-2M 		9[42]
22[42]
BMP-1 Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 8[42]
BMP-2 Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 15[42]
BTR-60 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 23 BTR-60/70/80s as of 2024.[42]
BTR-70 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 23 BTR-60/70/80s as of 2024.[42]
BTR-80 Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 23 BTR-60/70/80s as of 2024.[42]
VP11 China MRAP 13[42] Used by the Tajik military police.[41]
CS/VN3 China Utility 24[42]
Dongfeng EQ2050 China Utility Used by the 7th Air Assault Brigade.[41]
Tigr Russia Utility [42]
Shaanxi Baoji Tiger China Utility [41]
Artillery
Name Origin Type Caliber Quantity Notes
2S1 Gvozdika Soviet Union Self-propelled gun 122 mm 3[42]
D-30 Soviet Union Howitzer 122 mm 13[42]
BM-21 Soviet Union Multiple rocket launcher 122 mm 14[42]
TOS-1A Russia Multiple rocket launcher 220 mm Some[42]
DongFeng CS/SS4 China Self-propelled mortar 82 mm [42]
82-BM-37 Soviet Union Mortar 82 mm [40]
120-PM-43 Soviet Union Mortar 120 mm 10[42] [40]

Air defense

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Surface-to-air missiles
Name Origin Type Quantity Notes
S-125 Pechora-2M Russia Medium-range 3[42] NATO designation: RS-SA-26
S-125M1 Neva-M1 Russia Short-range 5[42] NATO designation: RS-SA-3 Goa
9K32 Strela-2[42] Soviet Union Man-portable air-defense system NATO designation: RS-SA-7 Grail
Anti-aircraft guns
Name Origin Caliber Quantity Notes
BTR-ZD Soviet Union 23 mm 8[42]
ZU-23M1 Russia 23 mm [42]

Foreign forces

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Outside the Tajik military, there are also significant foreign forces in the country, principally the Russian 201st Military Base of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. As of 2021, 5000 Russian troops are deployed at 201st Military Base. Stationed at the base are 40 T-72B1, 60 BMP-2, 80 BTR-82A, 40 MT-LB, 18 2S1 Gvozdika, 36 2S3 Akatsiya, 6 2S12 Sani, and 12 9P140 Uragan. A helicopter squadron consisting of 4 Mi-24P Hind, 4 Mi-8MTV Hip, and 2 Mi-8MTV-5-1 Hip is stationed at the base as well. Russia claims to be sending additional tanks and armored vehicles by the end of 2021 after the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan to bolster its forces in Tajikistan.[43] Another country with a military presence in Tajikistan is France, which formerly the Operational Transport Group of the French Air Force. It was designed to provide support to the French contingent in Afghanistan. The base was operated since 2002. In 2005, two French military transport aircraft and about 150 technicians/soldiers were deployed at the Dushanbe International Airport.[44] France used the space free of charge as a result of a bilateral cooperation agreement signed by Presidents Rahmon and Nicolas Sarkozy.[45] The contingent began to pull out in April 2013.[46]

In 2010, India took part in a multimillion-dollar renovation of the Soviet-era Ayni Air Base near the Tajik capital. The completion of the renovation work at the base was marked by a military parade and a visit by President Rahmon.[47] Farkhor Air Base is directly operated by the Indian Air Force. It is the first military base outside its territory.[48] In 2003, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf raised concerns to the Tajik government over the fact that Indian planes coming from the base would be able reach the border with Pakistan within minutes.[49] The United States government has decided that after ISAF troops pull out of Afghanistan, tens of millions of dollars worth of equipment will be given to the army of Tajikistan, due to the fact that the Afghan National Army has ties to the Taliban and is not stable.[50]

Tajik-Pakistan military cooperation began in 2009.[51]

Relations between Iran and Tajikistan have made great progress since 2020.On May 17, 2022, Iran inaugurated a drone factory in neighboring Tajikistan.[52]

See also

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Bibliography

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  • International Institute for Strategic Studies (12 February 2024). "Chapter Four: Russia and Eurasia". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 158–217. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298592. ISSN 0459-7222. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  • Jones, Richard D; Ness, Leland, eds. (2010). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2010-2011 (36th ed.). Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2908-1.
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  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2007 edition.)


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