The Territory of Papua and New Guinea, officially the Administrative Union of the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea, was established by an administrative union between the Australian-administered territories of Papua and New Guinea (the latter being a United Nations trust territory administered by Australia) in 1949. In December 1971, the name of the Territory changed to "Papua New Guinea" and in 1975 it became the Independent State of Papua New Guinea.[2]
Administrative Union of the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949–1975 | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: God Save the Queen (1952–1975) O Arise, All You Sons (1975)[1] | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
| Status | United Nations Trust Territory (New Guinea) External territory of Australia (Papua) | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Port Moresby | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | English (official) Austronesian languages Papuan languages English creoles German creoles | ||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Papua New Guineans, Papuans | ||||||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||||||
• 1949–1952 | George VI | ||||||||||||
• 1952–1975 | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||
| Administrator | |||||||||||||
• 1949–1952 (first) | Jack Keith Murray | ||||||||||||
• 1974–1975 (last) | Tom Critchley | ||||||||||||
| Chief Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1972–1975 (last) | Michael Somare | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Legislative Council (1949–1963) House of Assembly (1963–1975) | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 1 July 1949 | |||||||||||||
• Self-governing | 1 December 1973 | ||||||||||||
| 16 September 1975 | |||||||||||||
| Currency |
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Background
editAncient history
editArcheological evidence suggests that humans arrived on New Guinea around 50,000 years ago.[3] These Melanesian people developed stone tools and agriculture. Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific entered New Guinea waters in the early part of the 16th century and in 1526–27, Jorge de Menezes came upon the principal island "Papua". In 1545, the Spaniard Iñigo Ortiz de Retes gave the island the name "New Guinea" because of what he saw as a resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast. Knowledge of the interior of the island remained scant for several centuries after these initial European encounters.
Colonisation and World Wars
editIn 1884, Germany formally took possession of the northeast quarter of the island and it became known as German New Guinea.[4] In 1884, a British protectorate was proclaimed over Papua – the southern coast of New Guinea. The protectorate, called British New Guinea, was annexed outright on 4 September 1888 and possession passed to the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia in 1902 and British New Guinea became the Australian Territory of Papua, with Australian administration beginning in 1906.[4]
The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized German New Guinea and the neighbouring islands of the Bismarck Archipelago for the Allies in 1914, during the early stages of the First World War.[5] At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference following the war, Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes sought to secure possession of New Guinea from the defeated German Empire: telling the Conference: "Strategically the northern islands (such as New Guinea) encompass Australia like fortresses. They are as necessary to Australia as water to a city."[6] Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles provided for the division of Germany and the Central Powers' imperial possessions among the victorious Allies of World War I and German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru were assigned to Australia as League of Nations Mandates: territories "formerly governed [by the Central Powers] and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world".[7]
Shortly after the start of the Pacific War, the island of New Guinea was invaded by the Japanese. Most of West Papua, at that time known as Dutch New Guinea, was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea. The New Guinea campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War. In all, some 200,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the campaign against approximately 7,000 Australian and 7,000 American service personnel.[8] Major battles included the Battle of Kokoda Trail, Battle of Buna-Gona and Battle of Milne Bay. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces.[9] Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the Allies and the Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Japanese surrender in 1945.
Establishment of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
editFollowing the Surrender of Japan in 1945, civil administration of Papua and New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act (1945–46), Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union.[4] The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 united, for administrative purposes only, the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. The Act formally approved the placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union of New Guinea and Papua under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. It also provided for a Legislative Council (which was established in 1951), a judicial system, a public service, and a system of local government.[4] The House of Assembly replaced the Legislative Council in 1963, and the first House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea opened on 8 June 1964.
In 1963, the population was approximately two million, of which about 25,000 were non-indigenous. The economy was based on cash crops including coffee, cocoa, and copra as well as timber mills, wharves and factories. Difficult terrain rendered communication between districts difficult and there was a lack of national unity in the territory.[10]
One of the ways in which the territory was administered was through the use of patrol officers. Between 1949 and 1974, more than 2000 Australians served as patrol officers, known locally as "kiaps". The job of patrol officers involved: facilitating the consolidation of administrative influence, maintaining the rule of law, conducting court cases and presiding as Magistrate, carrying out police work, conducting censuses, encouraging economic development, providing escorts, purchasing land for governmental use and overseeing local elections.[11]
Towards independence
editOn 13 December 1971 the name of the territory was changed to Papua New Guinea.[2] Under Australian Minister for External Territories Andrew Peacock, the territory adopted self-government in 1972. 1972 elections saw the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead PNG to self-government and then to independence.[4] Following the passage of the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975, during the term of the Whitlam government in Australia, the Territory became the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and attained independence on 16 September 1975.[12][13]
See also
edit- History of Papua New Guinea
- History of Nauru – the other League of Nations mandate and United Nations Trust Territory of Australia
References
edit- ^ Prior to a day before 1975 Independent State of Papua New Guinea from Australia
- ^ a b "Papua New Guinea Act 1971". Australia Federal Register of Legislation. 13 December 1971. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Bourke, R. Michael (2009). Bourke, R. Michael; Harwood, Tracy (eds.). History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea (PDF). ANU Press. pp. 10–26. doi:10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009. ISBN 9781921536601. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Prehistorians do not agree how long humans have occupied the Sahul continent (Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania). The figure of 50,000 years used here is a compromise between the shorter time period of about 45,000 years argued by some scholars and the longer one of 50,000–60,000 years argued by others.
- ^ a b c d e "Papua New Guinea". State.gov. United States Department of State. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "First World War 1914–18 | Australian War Memorial". Awm.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Remembering the war in New Guinea – Why were the Japanese were in New Guinea". Ajrp.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Primary Documents – Treaty of Versailles: Articles 1–30 and Annex". First World War.com. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Remembering the war in New Guinea – How many died?". Ajrp.awm.gov.au. 9 August 1942. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Wartime Issue 23 – New Guinea Offensive | Australian War Memorial". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Smithers (1963). "Law and the Territory of Papua and New Guinea" (PDF). Melbourne University Law Review.
- ^ corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula. "National Museum of Australia - Norm Wilson Papua New Guinea collection". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Peacock made 'bird of paradise' chief". ninemsn. Australian Associated Press. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "In office – Gough Whitlam – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Further reading
edit- Denoon, Donald (2005). A Trial Separation: Australia and the Decolonisation of Papua New Guinea (PDF). Pandanus Books. ISBN 9781921862922.