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The Tianjin dialect (simplified Chinese: 天津话; traditional Chinese: 天津話; pinyin: Tiānjīnhuà) is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Tianjin, China. It is comprehensible to speakers of other Mandarin dialects, though its greatest deviation from the others lies in its individual tones, and the lack of retroflex consonants. The regional characteristics make the dialect an important part of the Tianjin city identity, and sharply contrasts with the dialect of nearby Beijing, despite relatively similar phonology.
| Tianjin | |
|---|---|
| 天津话 Tiānjīnhuà | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | City of Tianjin Sabah, Malaysia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| ISO 639-6 | tjin |
| Glottolog | tian1238 |
| IETF | cmn-u-sd-cntj |
Characteristics
editThe Tianjin dialect is classified under Jilu Mandarin, a subdivision of Mandarin Chinese dialects also spoken in Hebei and Shandong provinces.[1] Despite Tianjin being a neighbor of Beijing, its dialect sounds very different from the Beijing dialect, which is the basis for Standard Chinese.
The tones of the Tianjin dialect correspond to those of the Beijing dialect (and hence Standard Chinese) as follows:
| Tone name | 1 Yin Ping | 2 Yang Ping | 3 Shang | 4 Qu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tianjin | ˨˩ (21) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩˩˧ (113) | ˥˧ (53) |
| Beijing | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˨˩˦ (214) | ˥˩ (51) |
The differences are minor except for the first tone: Where it is high and level in Beijing, it is low and falling in Tianjin. All words with the first tone, including the name "Tianjin", are affected, giving the Tianjin dialect a downward feel to people from Beijing.
The Tianjin dialect also includes four tone sandhi rules, more than the Beijing dialect. They are,
- Tone 1 + Tone 1 → Tone 3-Tone 1: 天津 tiān jīn is pronounced /tǐanjīn/ (using Pinyin tone diacritics)
- Tone 3 + Tone 3 → Tone 2-Tone 3: 水果 shuǐ guǒ is pronounced /shuíguǒ/ (as in Standard)
- Tone 4 + Tone 4 → Tone 1-Tone 4: 現在 xiàn zài is pronounced /xiānzài/
- Tone 4 + Tone 1 → Tone 2-Tone 1: 上班 shàng bān is pronounced /shángbān/[2][3]
There are some other patterns that differentiate the Tianjin dialect from the Beijing dialect. One is the pronunciation of 饿 (餓) as wò (臥) instead of è.
Lastly, the Tianjin dialect lacks the retroflex consonants (捲舌音) prevalent in Beijing, not unlike Taiwanese Mandarin. Thus, zh (ㄓ) becomes z (ㄗ), sh (ㄕ) becomes s (ㄙ), ch (ㄔ) becomes c (ㄘ), and r (ㄖ) becomes y (一) — that is, 人 is pronounced yěn instead of rén, and 讓 is pronounced yàng (樣) instead of ràng. However, the use of the -er (儿) diminutive is common in the Tianjin dialect, as it is throughout the north and northeast. (See: Erhua.)
Chinese speakers commonly stereotype the Tianjin dialect as aggressive- or confrontational-sounding, though it is not difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987). Language Atlas of China. Hong Kong: Longman. B2. ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
- ^ Chen, Matthew (2000). Tone Sandhi: Patterns Across Chines Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–149. ISBN 0-521-652723.
- ^ Bao, Zhiming (1999). The Structure of Tone. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-19-511880-4.
Further reading
edit- Li, Qian & Chen, Yiya & Xiong, Ziyu (2019). "Tianjin Mandarin". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 49 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000287
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.