Most Tibetan Buddhist monasteries, temples and other religious structures in the Himalayas were decorated with Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings. Despite much destruction in Tibet itself, many of these survive, the dry climate of the Tibetan plateau assisting their survival, as the wet Indian climate has reduced survival of paintings from there. There are some regional differences, but the techniques described here cover the traditional wall paintings across this area. The wall paintings were executed on earthen plaster with the secco-technique.[1] A secco-technique is a painting technique in which the pigments with their binder are employed to paint onto a dry (Italian: secco) wall.[[1]]
Painting technique
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The support for wall paintings is made of earthen plaster, usually consisting of more than one layer of earthen plaster, in which the last layer is rendered as smoothly as possible. The support was covered by a smoothened ground, generally in white. Materials employed for the ground may be kaolin, chalk or gypsum, or any other white material deriving from an inert mineral.[2] To organise the painting, preliminary sketches were carried out. Generally, this involved the geometric layout of the design with the help of snapped lines and/or rulers.[3] Compasses were employed mainly for the construction of mandalas. Figures were roughly sketched, and then rendered with precise contours. These outlines are usually in black.[4] Repetitive designs were in some cases achieved with the use of stencils.[5]
Traditionally, colour codes were employed to accelerate and simplify the colouring of the various ornaments and figures. For this purpose each section was given a number from 1-9 or an abbreviation of the name of the colour.[6] Some paintings were embellished with raised ornaments (pastiglia-technique).[7] Either a semi-liquid paste was applied to the painting surface, or a stamp had been previously produced from a mould and then applied onto the painting surface.[8] Depending on the final visible colour of a painting, specific colours for the underpainting were employed. An ochre for example has an underpainting in a bright yellow. Similar to Tibetan paintings, the traditional painting was carried out with shading systems, such as a dry or wet shading system. Shading may be obtained with glazes, or with one of the dry shading systems, such as the dot-shading technique in which minuscule dots of colour cover the painting surface.[9] Specific details were then achieved with small paint brushes employing a variety of colours: black, white, ochre or red.
Specific ornaments of a representation were enriched with gold. This was either applied as a gold leaf or as a powder in a binder.[10]
Notes
edit- ^ Agrawal, O.P. (ed.) (1989) "Wall Paintings - Asian Perspective. In: Wall Paintings of India- A Historical Perspective. Lucknow, p.1.
- ^ Bogin, S.( 2005) "A Technical Study of Early Buddhist Wall Paintings at Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India." In: Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung; 19/2, p. 207.
- ^ Jackson, D. P., Jackson, J. A. (2006) Tibetan Thangka Painting: methods and materials. Hong Kong.
- ^ Bogin, S. (2005), "A Technical Study of the Early Buddhist Wall PAintings at Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India". In: Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung; 19/2, p. 219.
- ^ Lo Bue, E. (2006) "Tibetische Malerei." In: Tibet. Klöster öffnen ihre Schatzkammern. (Exhibition catalogue. Museum für Asiatische Kunst. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.) Essen: Kulturstiftung Ruhr. p. 91.
- ^ Jackson, D. P, Jackson, J. A. (2006) "Tibetan Thangka Painting: methods and materials". Hong Kong, p.93.
- ^ Dasser, K. L. (1996) "Some Observations on the Technology of the Wall Paintings in the Sumtsek. In: Alchi: Ladakh's Hidden Buddhist Sanctuary. London: the Sumtsek, pp. 273-276.
- ^ Bogin, S. (2005), "A Technical Study of the Early Buddhist Wall Paintings at Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India". In: Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung; 19/2, p. 220.
- ^ Jackson, D. P., Jackson, J. A. (2006) "Tibetan Thangka Painting: methods and materials". Hong Kong, p. 111.
- ^ Mazzeo, R.; Baraldi, P.; Lujàn, R.; Fagnano, C. (August–September 2004). "Characterization of mural painting pigments from the Thubchen Lakhang temple in Lo Manthang, Nepal". Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 35 (8–9): 678–685. Bibcode:2004JRSp...35..678M. doi:10.1002/jrs.1203.
Further reading
edit- Kossak, S (1998). Sacred visions : early paintings from central Tibet. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2006. Empowered Masters: Tibetan Wall Paintings of Mahasiddhas at Gyantse. (p. 224 pages with 91 colour illustrations). Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 1-932476-24-5