This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania. Activists in the state began working towards women's rights in the early 1850s, when two women's rights conventions discussed women's suffrage. A statewide group, the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association (PWSA), was formed in 1869. Other regional groups were formed throughout the state over the years. Suffragists in Pittsburgh created the "Pittsburgh Plan" in 1911. In 1915, a campaign to influence voters to support women's suffrage on the November 2 referendum took place. Despite these efforts, the referendum failed. On June 24, 1919, Pennsylvania became the seventh state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Pennsylvania women voted for the first time on November 2, 1920.
19th century
edit
1850s
edit1852
- First state women's rights convention is held in West Chester.[1]
1854
- The Fifth National Women's Rights Convention is held in Philadelphia.[2]
1860s
edit1866
- The Equal Rights Association formed in Philadelphia was created to support African American and women's suffrage.[3]
1869
- December 22: The Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association (PWSA) was formed.[3]
1870s
edit1871
- Caroline Burnham Kilgore attempts to vote in Philadelphia, is denied and takes her case to court.[4]
1872
- The Citizen's Suffrage Association is formed in Philadelphia where it affiliates with the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA).[5]
1876
- Suffragists are denied a booth at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, but still manage to take the stage in front of an audience of 150,000 onlookers at Independence Square.[6] Susan B. Anthony reads from A Declaration of Rights for Women.[6]
1880s
edit1885
- Matilda Hindman goes to Harrisburg to lobby the state legislature to remove the word "male" as a description of a voter in the state.[7]
1890s
edit1892
- The Woman Suffrage Society of Philadelphia is formed.[5]
20th century
edit1900s
edit
1901
- November 26: State women's suffrage convention is held in Philadelphia.[8]
1902
- November 7: State women's suffrage convention is held in Philadelphia.[9]
- December 5: The Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends creates an Equal Rights Association.[10]
1903
- November 7: State women's suffrage convention is held in Philadelphia.[10]
1904
- The Allegheny County Equal Rights Association (ACERA) is created.[11]
- November 3–5: The state suffrage convention is held in Easton.[10]
1905
- November 14: The state suffrage convention takes place in Philadelphia.[10]
1906
- November 6–8: The State suffrage convention is held in Kennett Square.[10]
1907
1908
- November 4–6: The state suffrage convention is held in Norristown.[13]
1909
- November 22–24: The state suffrage convention is held in Newton, Pennsylvania.[14]
1910s
edit1910
- Headquarters for PWSA is formed in Philadelphia.[15]
- The new Equal Franchise Federation of Western Pennsylvania replaces ACERA.[11]
- The state suffrage convention is held in Harrisburg.[14]
- The Pennsylvania Federation of Labor pledged to support women's suffrage.[14]
1911
- March 14: Women's suffrage amendment hearing takes place in the state legislature, and the amendment is referred to a commission.[15]
- September 30: Alice Paul's open-air suffrage campaign has its last stop in Independence Square in Philadelphia.[16]
- Suffragists set up headquarters in Pittsburgh and create the "Pittsburgh Plan."[17]
1912
- March: Pennsylvania chapter of the Men's League for Woman Suffrage is formed.[14]
- March 12: The Electoral Commission rules that women's suffrage is not "germane to its task."[18]
- March 22: The state women's suffrage commission reports during a hearing at the state legislature.[19]
- March 29: Anti-suffragist, Minnie Bronson, speaks at the Pittsburgh Conservatory of Music.[20]
- November 21: A second open-air rally is held in Independence Square in Philadelphia.[16]
- November 26–27: State suffrage convention is held in Philadelphia. It is suggested that suffrage headquarters are moved.[14]
- December: State suffrage headquarters are moved to Harrisburg.[14]
1913
- January: Women's suffrage resolution is introduced in the state legislature, and passes narrowly. It will have to pass a second time to go to a voter referendum.[21]
- First women's suffrage parade in the state takes place in Perry.[6]
- July 8: A women's suffrage parade is held in Erie.[22][23]
- August: Woman's suffrage day at the Granger's picnic in Williams Grove.[24]
- October 28–30: PWSA meets in Pittsburgh, where money for the upcoming campaign is pledged, including a $10,000 pledge from philanthropist, Elizabeth Dohrman Thaw.[25][26]
1914
- August: Suffragists and anti-suffragists campaign at the Lebanon County fair.[27]
- The first anti-suffrage convention in the United States takes place in Harrisburg.[28]
- Suffrage School is held in Pittsburgh.[28]
- November 19–24: State suffrage convention is held in Scranton.[26]
1915
- March 31: The Justice Bell is forged at the Meneely Bell Foundry.[29]
- June 23: Suffragists take the Justice Bell on a tour of the state starting in Sayre.[29][30]
- October: Suffragists show scores for the World Series at the Pittsburgh headquarters and hand out suffrage literature to the crowds that come to see the scores.[28]
- November 2: The women's suffrage amendment is defeated at the polls.[31]
- November 30: The state suffrage convention is held in Philadelphia.[32]
1916
- Carrie Chapman Catt addresses a convention held in Harrisburg.[32]
- July 7: The Pennsylvania Suffrage Flag is dedicated.[33][34]
- November 21–24: The state suffrage convention is held in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.[32]
1919
- June 24: Pennsylvania ratifies the 19th Amendment.[35]
- November: PWSA dissolves and the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania is formed.[36]
1920s
edit1920
- September 25: The Justice Bell is finally rung at a celebration of women winning the right to vote where Katharine Wentworth is the first to ring the bell.[29]
- November 2: Pennsylvania women vote for the first time.[33]
- November 18: PWSA dissolves and reforms as the League of Women Voters (LWV) of Pennsylvania.[37]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rofini, Laurie. "Biographical Sketch of Katharine Wentworth Ruschenberger". Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 – via Alexander Street.
- ^ Zarro 2020, p. 8.
- ^ a b Brown 1965, p. 162.
- ^ "Caroline Burnham Kilgore, c. 1883". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ a b Gaskell, Tamara. "Woman Suffrage". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
- ^ a b c "Women's Suffrage 100". PA.GOV. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ Anthony 1902, p. 900.
- ^ Harper 1922, p. 550.
- ^ Harper 1922, p. 550-551.
- ^ a b c d e f Harper 1922, p. 551.
- ^ a b Johnstone 2020, p. 7.
- ^ Leach 1984, p. 192.
- ^ Harper 1922, p. 551-552.
- ^ a b c d e f Harper 1922, p. 552.
- ^ a b Roessing 1914, p. 154.
- ^ a b "Suffragists Rally on Independence Square, 1911 and 1912". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
- ^ Leach 1984, p. 194.
- ^ Leach 1984, p. 193-194.
- ^ Roessing 1914, p. 154-155.
- ^ Leach 1984, p. 196.
- ^ Roessing 1914, p. 155.
- ^ Myers, Valerie (6 September 2019). "Erie museum exhibit celebrates women's suffrage". GoErie.com. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- ^ Reilly, Pamela (Spring 2020). "The Women's March to Perry Square in Erie". Pennsylvania Heritage.
- ^ "Harrisburg Suffragists at Big Grangers' Picnic". Harrisburg Telegraph. 1913-08-27. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-03-06 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Leach 1984, p. 199-200.
- ^ a b Harper 1922, p. 553.
- ^ "Pro and Anti-Suffragist Campaigns at the Fair". The Daily News. 1914-08-18. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-03-05 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Johnstone 2020, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Reilly, Pamela (2020-08-05). "The Triumphant Note of Women's Equality: the Justice Bell & Women's Suffrage". Pennsylvania Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ "Whole Town Turns Out to See Woman's Liberty Bell Start on State-Wide Tour". New Castle Herald. 1915-06-23. p. 8. Retrieved 2021-02-22 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Harper 1922, p. 557.
- ^ a b c Harper 1922, p. 558.
- ^ a b Johnstone 2020, p. 9.
- ^ "Suffragists of Eleven Counties to Celebrate Plank Victories and Dedicate New State Flag". Altoona Times. 1916-07-01. p. 17. Retrieved 2021-03-21 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Sasko, Claire (24 June 2019). "This Lesser-Known Liberty Bell Played a Big Role in Pa. Women's Suffrage". City Life. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Brookman 1970, p. 6.
- ^ Harper 1922, p. 559.
Sources
edit- Anthony, Susan B. (1902). Anthony, Susan B.; Harper, Ida Husted (eds.). The History of Woman Suffrage. Vol. 4. Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press.
- Brookman, Laura Lou (1970). Fifty Years Old and Proud of It: The League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania Looks Back to 1920 and on to the Future (PDF). Philadelphia: League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania.
- Brown, Ira V. (April 1965). "The Woman's Rights Movement in Pennsylvania, 1848-1873". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 32 (2): 153–165. JSTOR 27770328 – via JSTOR.
- Harper, Ida Husted (1922). The History of Woman Suffrage. New York: J.J. Little & Ives Company.
- Johnstone, Barbara (2020). The Women's Suffrage Movement in Southwestern Pennsylvania: A Research Guide (PDF). Pittsburgh: Senator John Heinz History Center.
- Leach, Roberta J. (July 1984). "Jennie Bradley Roessing and the Fight for Woman Suffrage in Pennsylvania". Western Pennsylvania History. 67 (3): 189–211 – via Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania.
- Roessing, Jennie Bradley (November 1914). "The Equal Suffrage Campaign in Pennsylvania". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 56: 153–160. doi:10.1177/000271621405600119. JSTOR 1011990. S2CID 144053341 – via JSTOR.
- Zarro, Jennifer (2020). Making Her Mark (PDF). Philadelphia: Free Library of Philadelphia.