Wikipedia

Tourism in Serbia

Tourism in Serbia is officially recognized as a primary area for economic and social growth.[1] The hotel and catering sector accounted for approximately 2.2% of GDP in 2015.[2] Tourism in Serbia employs some 120 000 people, about 4.5% of the country's workforce.[1] In recent years the number of tourists is increasing. In 2019, tourism generated an income of nearly $1.698 billion, hosting 1.85 million tourists. [3] Chinese tourists were the most numerous visitors, followed by tourists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Germany.[4] In 2022, tourism earnings surged to $2.71 billion and almost 2 million tourists visited the country.[5] Major destinations for foreign tourists are Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš, while domestic tourists prefer spas and mountain resorts.[6] Eco-friendly and sustainable tourism has also become very popular among domestic tourists, with many visiting various nature reserves and parks in the western and southern part of the country.[7] Serbia is also known for gastronomic tourism, with Belgrade being the central meeting point with over 2000 restaurants, coffee shops, bars and nightlife venues.[8]

Tourism in Serbia
Map of Serbia
Map of Serbia
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
Area code+ 381
WebsiteOfficial Tourist webpage

History

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Origins

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The origin of tourism in Serbia is connected to the abundance of thermal and mineral springs: so much so, that history of Serbian tourism is sometimes equated to the history of Serbian spas. (The Serbian word for spa, banja, became part of numerous toponyms.) Some of them had a wider historical and evolutionary impact as remains of the prehistoric habitats have been discovered around them. Wider, practical use came with the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD.[9] The Romans also developed other public activities as predecessors of modern tourism, especially around Singidunum, precursor of modern Belgrade. Hilly areas east of the city, along the Danube river functioned as an excursion area, with numerous villas and summer houses for more affluent citizens.[10][11] In the area of Belgrade's modern neighborhoods Ada Huja and Karaburma, which were outside of the city in the Roman period, numerous thermal springs were used for public bathhouses.[12]

The Byzantines, the successors to the Romans, continued to use the spas.[9] In the medieval Serbian state, some spas prospered. There are records of springs around Čačak, modern Ovčar Banja, where "magnificent" high domes were built, with a large pool, numerous smaller cooling pools (as the thermal water was too hot), and large living and dressing rooms.[13] They were opened for both the gentry and the commoners.[9] Serbia also inherited important Roman roads, like the Via Militaris, which in the Middle Ages developed into the Tsarigrad Road, with some additional trading routes developing in time. With numerous merchants and caravans traversing the country, hospitality services began to develop along the roads. They included large inns and caravan stations with spacious inner yards for keeping animals and storing goods. The inns had upper floors and sleeping rooms, and some were designated for merchants only. Emperor Dušan established an obligation called priselica by which the denizens were obliged to host domestic dignitaries and foreign representatives. It was compulsory only for the residents of the rural areas, since the towns had inns to provide the service. The innkeepers and [Word missing] were bound to pay for any damage or shortage during a caravan's stay in their facilities.[14]

Use of spas continued after the Ottoman conquest in the 15th century. The Ottomans added the specific architecture, which included Turkish baths, or hamams and specific oriental ornamentation of the spa objects.[9] After visiting Ovčar Banja in 1664, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote that 40,000 to 50,000 people visit during the summer ("watermelon") season, but also described the spa as the location of numerous fairs and as a major trading place.[13] Some of the hamams have survived until today, including that in Sokobanja, while several are still in use (Brestovačka Banja [sr], Novopazarska Banja).[9] Hills east of Belgrade remained popular excursion sites during the Ottoman period. The upper classes built numerous summer houses, especially on the Ekmekluk Hill, today known as Zvezdara.[15]

By the 2020s, the second most visited tourist attraction in Belgrade, providing one third of foreign currency income for the city, was the bohemian quarter Skadarlija, a vintage street dotted with kafanas.[16][17] The very first kafana in Belgrade, an oriental-style bistro, was opened in 1522 and was arguably the oldest venue of that type in Europe. It served only Turkish coffee, but later some offered nargile also.[18][19][20] Despite frequent Ottoman–Habsburg wars in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the change of occupying rulers in Belgrade and northern Serbia, the number of kafanas was always high.[21]

As Serbia remained on the main trading route connecting Middle East and western Europe, the hospitality venues along the roads continued to develop. During the Ottoman period, the caravans grew bigger, involving new animals, so the caravans of 500–650 camels were recorded. When Çelebi visited Belgrade in 1661, he counted 21 khans and 6 caravanserais. The largest was the Caravanserai of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, which had "160 chimneys", while some of the larger ones even had harem sections.[14]

Early modern developments

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Traditional welcoming with bread and salt

The origin of modern tourism in Serbia can be traced to the 19th century. The Serbian government, and the rulers personally, actively participated in development of the spas, by hiring foreign geologists to survey the spa waters and sending medics to the newly-formed spa centers. In time, they attracted foreign visitors, mostly from Austria-Hungary and Greece. Before World War I, Banja Koviljača, Niška Banja and Vranjska Banja emerged as the most visited spas, though Vrnjačka Banja, Sokobanja and Ribarska Banja are considered to be among the oldest. Also popular was one of the latest discovered, Mataruška Banja, which was founded in the late 19th century.[9][22][23]

Hospitality services in towns later diversified into numerous types: bistro, mehana, gostionica, han, saraj, lokal, krčma, bircuz, birtija, and later restoran and hotel, but until the mid-19th century they remained oriental-type venues.[24] In 1847, the ruling prince Alexander Karađorđević codified the work of the hospitality objects.[clarification needed][25] The first hotel in Belgrade, "Kod Jelena", was built in 1843. Later known as "Staro Zdanje", it had the first ballroom in Belgrade and introduced the European style of entertainment.[24][26] Construction of various modern hotels began in Belgrade, including "Evropa" (1867), "Nacional" (1868), "Srpska Kruna" (1869), "Pariz" (1870), "London" (1873), "Slavija" (1883), "Moskva" (1908) and "Bristol" (1912).[24][27][28][29][30][31]

Though the development of tourism was boosted by the burgeoning middle class,[9] many people were still unable to travel around the state so further excursion areas developed around the cities. The southern hills of Belgrade now became the main tourism area. Topčider Park began to be planted in the 1830s. After the Topčider railway station was built in 1884, and later the tram line No. 3 started, this park became accessible to everyone from downtown.[32] The neighboring forest in Košutnjak followed when the former royal hunting ground from the 1840s was adapted into a public park in 1903. Due to the beneficial climate conditions, the summer sanatorium for children was built in the forest.[33] Former artificial Lake Kijevo was formed in 1901. As Kijevo also had its own railway station, special tourist trains were organized for the inhabitants of Belgrade.[34]

A vital boost to the development of international tourism was the construction of the first railway in 1884. In general, development of transportation always pushed tourism growth, as in 1892 when public transportation was organized in Belgrade, and after 1903 when the modern street grid was built following the arrival of first cars.[35]

Major development of tourism in the early 20th century was halted by the outbreak of World War I.[9]

Interbellum

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A map featuring some of the best-known tourist attractions in Serbia

In 1918 Serbia became part of the new state, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later named Yugoslavia. In Serbia, spas remained the only proper tourist centers until after World War II. Villas of the royal family and wealthy industrialists and merchants boosted the construction of mansions and hotels. They became urban centers and small towns. Visiting spas became a matter of prestige and they remained immensely popular. In 1937, Vrnjačka Banja had five times more visitors than Dubrovnik, on the Adriatic coast (in modern Croatia), arguably the most popular resort in former Yugoslavia.[36] In 1922, there were over 2 million overnight stays in the spas of the Morava Banovina alone, which covered a minority of the present Serbia territory.[37]

In 1920, Belgrade became a stop on the route of the famed Orient Express. Also in the 1920s, the tourist traffic developed along major rivers, like the Danube, Sava and Tisza. Further growth of tourism was greatly influenced by the development of air traffic. State airline flag carrier Aeroput was founded in 1927, the same year when Belgrade's international Bežanija airport became operational. Yugoslavia soon developed a network of airports.[35]

Belgrade was declared a tourist place in 1936. Construction of the Belgrade Fair in 1937 helped turn the city into the international tourist hot spot and pushed for fast construction of numerous hotels and other hospitality venues and the establishment of the hospitality high school.[35] The first international fair in 1937 hosted exhibitors from 17 European, American and Asian countries. Over 310,000 people visited the exhibition, more than the population of Belgrade at the time.[38][39] This was followed by numerous other exhibitions, including the first motor show, the 1938 Belgrade Car Show.[40] In 1939, the Belgrade Grand Prix, precursor of modern Formula One, was organized in the city.[41]

Just as in 1914, this fast tourist development was cut short by the war.[35]

Post-war period

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Tourism regained major economic importance only in the 1970s.[35] But by the 1980s Yugoslavia was an important tourist destination in the Balkans. Overnight stays were almost 12 million per year, of which about 1.5 million were by foreign tourists. The events surrounding the break-up of Yugoslavia led to a substantial decline in both leisure and business tourism.[42]

New Communist authorities after the war made spas much more accessible. Stripped of the bourgeois elitism, the spas became centers of healthcare tourism and sites of family vacations, with numerous workers' and trade unions' retreats being built.[36]

Number of tourists in Serbia from 1948 to 1999. Visitors from the rest of Yugoslavia (from 1992 only from Montenegro) were counted as domestic ones.[43][44] [45][46][47][48]

1940s & 1950s
Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
1948 480,000 463,200 16,800
1949 567,000 557,700 9,300
1950 754,000 747,200 6,800
1951 823,000 810,500 12,500
1952 846,000 826,500 19,500
1953 1,047,000 1,012,700 34,300
1954 865,000 825,300 39,700
1955 888,000 837,200 50,800
1956 942,000 877,600 64,400
1957 1,029,000 955,400 73,600
1958 1,131,000 1,043,800 87,200
1959 1,275,000 1,161,800 114,000
1960s
Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
1960 1,538,000 1,405,800 133,000
1961 1,518,000 1,365,000 153,000
1962 1,484,000 1,289,000 195,000
1963 1,634,000 1,361,000 273,000
1964 2,015,000 1,699,000 316,000
1965 2,242,000 1,859,000 383,000
1966 2,460,000 1,987,000 473,000
1967 2,578,000 2,057,000 521,000
1968 2,819,000 2,242,000 577,000
1969 3,152,000 2,490,000 662,000
1970s
Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
1970 3,323,000 2,636,000 687,000
1971 3,369,000 2,665,000 704,000
1972 3,373,000 2,673,000 700,000
1973 3,700,000 2,879,000 821,000
1974 3,860,000 3,095,000 765,000
1975 4,021,000 3,179,000 842,000
1976 4,144,000 3,297,000 847,000
1977 3,967,000 3,123,000 844,000
1978 4,162,000 3,321,000 841,000
1979 4,136,000 3,301,000 835,000
1980s
Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
1980 4,328,000 3,460,000 868,000
1981 4,386,000 3,533,000 853,000
1982 4,447,000 3,632,000 815,000
1983 4,419,000 3,675,000 744,000
1984 4,606,000 3,820,000 786,000
1985 4,746,000 3,899,000 847,000
1986 4,725,000 3,869,000 856,000
1987 4,591,000 3,691,000 900,000
1988 4,507,000 3,577,000 930,000
1989 4,158,000 3,217,000 941,000
1990s
[needs update]
Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
1990 3,949,000 3,068,000 881,000
1991 2,823,000 2,476,000 347,000
1992 2,693,000 2,557,000 136,000
1993 2,107,000 2,038,600 68,400
1994 2,172,000 1,954,000 218,000
1995 2,432,000 2,228,000 204,000
1996
1997
1998
1999

21st century

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In the twenty-first century tourism began to recover: the number of overseas visitors was 90% higher in 2004 than it had been in 2000, and revenue from foreign tourism more than tripled between 2002 and 2004, to about 220 million US dollars.[42] By 2010 revenue from international tourism had grown to 798 million US dollars.

By 2020, there were 35 officially proclaimed and operational spas. However, many additional ones went out of work during the international sanctions in the 1990s and the transitional period in the 2000s. For example, Jošanička Banja was closed, Niška Banja was effectively out of use, while Vrnjačka Banja and Sokobanja boomed. In spas, new hotels were built, so as many wellness centers.[36]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism industry in Serbia has faced multi-million dollar losses. The number of overall tourist arrivals in 2020 was the smallest in the past two decades, but it is expected to recover and stabilise within the near future.[needs update][49]

Internationally known annual events

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Name Location Month Type of Festival
Küstendorf Film and Music Festival Drvengrad January Film and Music Festival
Gitarijada Zaječar June Rock and Roll Music Festival
Palić European Film Festival Palić July European Film festival
EXIT Festival Novi Sad July Electronic Music Festival
Belgrade Beer Fest Belgrade August Beer and Music Festival
Guča Trumpet Festival Guča August Brass Band Festival
Nišville Niš August Jazz Music Festival
Lovefest Vrnjačka Banja August Electronic Music Festival
Beer Days Zrenjanin August Beer Festival
Leskovac Grill Festival Leskovac September Grilled Meat Festival

Statistics

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Arrivals per year

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Year Arrivals Domestic Foreign
2003[50] 1,997,947 1,658,664 339,283
2004[51] 1,971,683 1,579,857 391,826
2005[52] 1,988,469 1,535,790 452,679
2006[53] 2,006,488 1,537,646 468,842
2007[54] 2,306,558 1,610,513 696,045
2008[55] 2,266,166 1,619,672 646,494
2009[56] 2,021,166 1,375,865 645,301
2010 2,000,597 1,317,916 682,681
2011 2,068,610 1,304,443 764,167
2012 2,079,643 1,269,676 809,967
2013 2,192,435 1,270,667 921,768
2014[57] 2,194,268 1,165,536 1,028,732
2015[58] 2,437,165 1,304,944 1,132,221
2016[59] 2,753,591 1,472,165 1,281,426
2017 [60] 3,085,866 1,588,693 1,497,173
2018[61] 3,430,522 1,720,008 1,710,514
2019[62] 3,689,983 1,843,432 1,846,551
2020[63] 1,820,021 1,374,310 445,711
2021[64] 2,591,293 1,720,054 871,239
2022[65] 3,869,235 2,096,472 1,772,763
2023[66] 4,192,797 2,058,492 2,134,305
2024 (Jan-Oct)[67] 3,782,540 1,752,249 2,030,291

Arrivals by country

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Numbers of international visitors
2022[65] 2023[66] 2024 (Jan-Oct)[67]
# Country Arrivals Country Arrivals Country Arrivals
1   Bosnia and Herzegovina 148,773   Turkey 201,440   Turkey 204,342
2   Turkey 125,602   Russia 170,884   Russia 158,819
3   Russia 123,425   Bosnia and Herzegovina 158,824   Bosnia and Herzegovina 138,648
4   Germany 105,792   Germany 123,059   China incl. Hong Kong 134,718
5   North Macedonia 92,046   Bulgaria 110,419   Germany 116,574
6   Croatia 89,860   North Macedonia 109,738   Romania 98,970
7   Bulgaria 81,661   Croatia 108,161   Bulgaria 97,740
8   Montenegro 80,656   Romania 100,055   Croatia 96,553
9   Slovenia 78,532   Montenegro 96,019   North Macedonia 91,593
10   Romania 74,590   China incl. Hong Kong 92,125   Montenegro 84,959
11   Greece 56,564   Slovenia 85,051   Slovenia 72,476
12   Hungary 49,878   Greece 70,388   Poland 56,254
13   Poland 44,513   Poland 58,458   Greece 56,146
14   India 44,192   Hungary 54,383   Hungary 53,024
15   Austria 40,867   Italy 49,609   United States of America 46,530
Total 1,772,763 Total 2,134,305 Total 3,782,540
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See also

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References

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  60. ^ "Туристички промет - децембар 2017. (2017 statistics)" (PDF). Labour Force Survey. 2017-12-29. ISSN 0353-9555. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2017-12-29.
  61. ^ "Office of the Republic of Serbia, data for 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-04.
  62. ^ "Office of the Republic of Serbia, data for 2019" (PDF).
  63. ^ "Office of the Republic of Serbia, data for the whole year 2020" (PDF).
  64. ^ "Office of the Republic of Serbia, data for the year 2021" (PDF).
  65. ^ a b "Tourist arrivals in the year of 2022" (PDF).
  66. ^ a b "Tourist arrivals in the year 2023" (PDF).
  67. ^ a b "Tourist arrivals in the first ten months" (PDF).

Further reading

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Serbia.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tourism in Serbia.
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