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Second Draft

Long Distance Dispersal of Seeds

Long distance seed dispersal is a type of spatial dispersal that is currently defined by two forms, proportional and actual distance. A plants fitness and survival may heavily depend on this method of seed dispersal depending on certain environmental factors. The first form of LDD, proportional distance, measures the percentage of seeds (1% out of total number of seeds produced) that travel the farthest distance out of a 99% probability distribution. The proportional definition of LDD is in actuality a descriptor for more extreme dispersal events. An example of LDD would be that of a plant developing a specific dispersal vector or morphology in order to allow for the dispersal of its seeds over a great distance. The actual or absolute method identifies LDD as a literal distance. It classifies 1 km as the threshold distance for seed dispersal. Here, threshold means the minimum distance a plant can disperse its seeds and have it still count as LDD. There is a second, unmeasurable, form of LDD besides proportional and actual. This is known as the non-standard form. Non-standard LDD is when seed dispersal occurs completely at random. An example of this would be if the lemur dependent dispersal of seeds from the deciduous trees of Madagascar were to wash ashore the coastline of South Africa via the attachment of mermaid purses laid by a shark or common skate.[6] A driving factor for the evolutionary significance of LDD is that it increases plant fitness by decreasing neighboring plant competition for offspring. However, it is still unclear today as to how specific traits, conditions and trade-offs (particularly within short seed dispersal) effect LDD evolution.

First Draft

What's missing from the article: A section on mechanisms of seed dispersal. Also, a section that talks about the evolutionary history of seed dispersal.

Notes for improvement -more/better images of seed dispersal -add to allochory section -clarify the definition -do section on spatial dispersal of seeds

Spatial Dispersal of Seeds Long distance seed dispersal, otherwise known as LDD, occurs in response to a plant's surrounding environment. This type of spatial dispersal is defined by a proportional and actual distance. The proportional distance is used to describe plants with extraordinary dispersal distances. This LDD method measures the percentage of seeds (1% out of total number of seeds produced) that travel the farthest distance out of a 99% probability distribution.[1][2] The actual or absolute method identifies a literal distance of 1 km as the threshold distance for seed dispersal, threshold meaning the minimum distance a plant can disperse its seeds and qualify as a user of LDD.[2][3] These two constructs are the popularly used standard forms of measuring LDD. There are the non-standard forms as well, which are unmeasurable and occur at random. An example of non-standard LDD would be if a plant were to have its seeds dispersed in an event that is not associated to its adaptations. For instance, if "seeds of five different plant species with no known adaptation for water dispersal were drifted ashore attached to a 'mermaid's purse,' the egg capsule of a common skate (Raja batis)."[4] A driving factor for LDD and its evolutionary significance for plants is how it increases fitness by decreasing neighboring plant competition for offspring. However, it is still unclear today as to how specific traits, conditions and trade-offs (particularly with short seed dispersal) effect LDD evolution.

[1]Higgins, I. Steven; Richardson, M. David. Predicting Plant Migration Rates in a Changing World: The Role of Long‐Distance Dispersal. The American Naturalist. The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists. Vol. 153, No. 5 (May 1999), pp. 464-475 DOI: 10.1086/303193.

[2]Nathan, Ran; Schurr, M. Frank; Spiegel, Orr; Steinitz, Ofer; Trakhtenbrot, Ana; Tsoar, Asaf. Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal. Trends in Ecology and

  Evolution. Volume 23, Issue 11, November 2008, Pages 638–647. 

[3]Østergaard, Lars. Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal. Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 38, 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

[4] Ran, Nathan. Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants. Science. 17 OCTOBER 2008.

My 2 Article Choices

Buzz Pollination https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_pollination

-improve as mentioned above the lit of Plants section -add to the list specific mechanisms each plant uses to add pollen to pollinators -add more about how buzz pollination effects the plant and how a plant senses the pollinators and prepares itself -maybe talk about priming that may happen during buzz pollination

Nutrient Sensing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_sensing

-work on the types of nutrients in plants section, add to it -talk about the movement of nutrients thorough the roots via N/K/P channels, there's also a magnesium channel I believe -maybe create separate section about plant nutrient focused receptors, and ion channels that move nutrients through plant -add in the movement of nutrients throughout a plant, how they travel across gradients and against gravity

1-2 new sentences:

Buzz Pollination article- Buzz pollinators use vibrations to remove the pollen off of their target anthers on plants. [2][3] Studies have shown that decieving methods of plants, such as make anthers appear more yellow, do not effect buzz pollination rate. [1]

References

[1] Brendon M. H. Larson and Spencer C. H. Barrett. The pollination ecology of buzz-pollinated Rhexia virginica (Melastomataceae). Department of Botany, University of

   Toronto.Received for publication 24 April 1998. Accepted for publication 8 October 1998.

[2] Harder, L. D., and R. M. R. Barclay. “The Functional Significance of Poricidal Anthers and Buzz Pollination: Controlled Pollen Removal From Dodecatheon.” Functional

   Ecology, vol. 8, no. 4, 1994, pp. 509–517., www.jstor.org/stable/2390076.

[3] Paul A De Luca, Mario Vallejo-Marín. What's the ‘buzz’ about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz-pollination. Current Opinion in Plant Biology

   Volume 16, Issue 4, August 2013, Pages 429–435

Nutrient Sensing article- Hormones play a key role in nutrient sensing. Cytokinins, hormones that control plant growth and development, have shown to be involved in the signaling process of important plant nutrients such as such as sugar, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphate.[1][2]

References

[1] Carroll P. Vance, Claudia Uhde-Stone, Deborah L. Allan. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. First

   published: 3 March 2003

[2] José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla, Ana Carmen Martín2, Antonio Leyva and Javier Paz-Ares. Interaction between Phosphate-Starvation, Sugar, and Cytokinin Signaling in

   Arabidopsis and the Roles of Cytokinin Receptors CRE1/AHK4 and AHK31. Plant Physiology June 2005 vol. 138 no. 2 847-857

[3] Vivek Anantharaman, L Aravind. The CHASE domain: a predicted ligand-binding module in plant cytokinin receptors and other eukaryotic and bacterial receptors.

   ScienceDirect. Volume 26, Issue 10, 1 October 2001, Pages 579–582.

My "Idea Draft" -I want to edit the buzz pollination page and add more about the phenotypical change in plants in relation to the visiting of buzz pollinators. Right now there is just a list of the plants involved in buzz pollination, but there isn't a section that talks about the mechanisms used to attract these pollinators and whether or not these mechanisms are what cause it. I also want to add in parts about buzz pollination being a learning associated characteristic in plants over evolutionary time. -I've been thinking about maybe doing the Mother Tree article too, but am not sure if I should because I am afraid there is too little of information out there yet about it.

Review of 3 Wikipedia Articles

I was taking a look at the topics thigmotropism, buzz pollination and nutrient sensing in the article sections. Fro nutrient sensing the last time it was updated was 2016 which is pretty recent, they've all been updated recently with thigmotropism and buzz pollination being the most recent at 2017. There isn't much at all on the talk page for buzz pollination. All the questions for this topic are about sentence rewording. There is barely any talk for thigmotropism, the only thing posted is for a correction on the name Makahiya used in the article. Nutrient sensing has also very little in the talk page and only has a post about making the page more current.

For nutrient sensing I want to improve it by adding in more about the senses themselves. Right now it is just a page with examples of mineral sensing. I want to divide it up with the plant senses of smell, hearing, touch and taste.

For thigmotropism I would add more to the plant movement section, and elaborate more on that. It is missing a lot of examples of thigmotropism, and also needs a section on the chemistry involved.

For buzz pollination I would add the plant senses involved in buzz pollination. Also, I would add more about specific mechanisms or physiological enhancements plants use to increase pollination and how these are effective in attracting more pollinators, and releasing more pollen onto their visitors.