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Youth suicide

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"Teen suicide" redirects here. For the indie rock band, see Teen Suicide (band).

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Youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below age 21, deliberately ends their own life. Rates of attempted and completed youth suicide in Western societies and other countries are high. Youth suicide attempts are more common among girls, but adolescent males are the ones who usually carry out suicide. Suicide rates in youths have nearly tripled between the 1960s and 1980s. For example, in Australia suicide is second only to motor vehicle accidents as its leading cause of death for people aged 15–25, and according to the National Institute for Mental Health, suicide is the third leading cause of death among teens in the United States. Based on a survey done on American high school students, 16% reported considering suicide and 8% reported attempting suicide sometime within the 12 months before taking the survey. Between 1980 and 1994, the suicide rates of young black males doubled. American Indians and Alaska Natives commit suicide at a higher rate than any other ethnic group in the United States. In India, one-third of suicides are young people 15–29. In 2002, 154,000 suicides were recorded in India.

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Youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below age 21, deliberately ends their own life. Suicide attempts are generally higher among females than males. However, males are more successful in ending their lives. In 2015 alone, 1,537 males and 524 females aged 15 through 19 in the United States took their own lives. Suicide rates in youths have nearly tripled between the 1960s and 1980s with suicide being the second leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year-olds in the United States and third worldwide.

Suicide contagion[edit]

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According to research carried in by the Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian in 2007, 39% of all youth suicides are completed by young people who have lost someone of influence or significance to them to suicide. The Commission terms this suicide contagion and makes several recommendations as to the importance of safeguarding young people and communities from suicide contagion.

In 2011 the Australian Federal Parliament Standing Committee for Health and Ageing Inquiry into Youth Suicide met in a round table forum with young representatives from three organisations at the forefront of preventing youth suicide, including Sunnykids, Inspire, and Boys Town. The Standing Committee has since released a discussion paper highlighting the findings of their inquiry and will seek to make final recommendations on the most effective means for reducing youth suicide at the conclusion of their inquiry.

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According to research conducted by the Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian in 2007, 39% of all youth suicides are completed by young people who have lost someone of influence or significance to them to suicide. {Maybe update the source} The Commission terms this suicide contagion and makes several recommendations as to the importance of safeguarding young people and communities from suicide contagion.

In 2011 the Australian Federal Parliament Standing Committee for Health and Ageing Inquiry into Youth Suicide met in a round table forum with young representatives from three organisations at the forefront of preventing youth suicide. These organizations include Sunnykids, Inspire, and Boys Town. The Standing Committee has since released a discussion paper highlighting the findings of their inquiry and will seek to make final recommendations on the most effective means for reducing youth suicide. at the conclusion of their inquiry. {Maybe try to find if they have made any final recommendations}

Teens at risk[edit]

One of the problems is getting psychiatric counseling when it's needed. "In teenagers, depression is considered a major - if not the leading - cause of teen suicide.". Factors and risks contributed to youth suicide are academic pressure, alcohol consumption, the loss of a valued relationship, frequent change of residency, and poor family patterns. Gay teens or those unsure of their sexual identity are more likely to commit suicide, particularly if they have suffered bullying or harassment. In the United States, about 60 percent of suicides are carried out with a gun so risk of suicide increases in households with a firearm. In Canada, almost 300 young people take their lives each year. Some Aboriginal teens and gay or lesbian teens are at high risk, depending on their community and their own self-esteem. Several campaigns have been started to give them hope and help them to feel less isolated.

• It Gets Better
• Born This Way
• I Get Bullied Too

Lack of impulse control has been found to differentiate adolescent suicide attempters from a control group of adolescents with an acute illness (Slap, Vorters, Chaudhuri, & Centor, 1988). However, impulsivity does not seem to characterize all suicide attempters, since group comparisons have found no differences between suicidal patients and psychiatric controls on a measure of cognitive impulsivity (Patsiokas, Clum, & Luscomb, 1979). Instead, impulsivity may be important in identifying high risk subgroups.

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One of the problems facing teenagers at risk of suicide is getting psychiatric counseling when it's needed. {Shortage of psychiatrists?} "In teenagers, depression is considered a major - if not the leading - cause of teen suicide.". {Says who?} Factors and risks contributing to youth suicide are academic pressure, alcohol consumption, the loss of a valued relationship, frequent change of residency, and poor family patterns. Gay teens or those unsure of their sexual identity are more likely to commit suicide, particularly if they have suffered bullying or harassment, as discussed next. The following campaigns have been started in hopes of giving teens hope and abolishing the feeling of isolation.

• It Gets Better
• Born This Way
• I Get Bullied Too

Lack of impulse control has been found to differentiate adolescent suicide attempters from a control group of adolescents with an acute illness (Slap, Vorters, Chaudhuri, & Centor, 1988). {Is that supposed to be a source?} However, impulsivity does not seem to characterize all suicide attempters, since group comparisons have found no differences between suicidal patients and psychiatric controls on a measure of cognitive impulsivity (Patsiokas, Clum, & Luscomb, 1979). {Source???} Instead, impulsivity may be important in identifying high risk subgroups.

Sexual minority youth and suicide

Youth that fall under the category of sexual minorities are at an elevated risk of depression and succumbing to suicide. Among the population of sexual minority youth, on average, 28% explain having past experiences with suicidal actions and/or thoughts. Lesbian and gay youths are the group most likely to face negative experiences in youth, leading to a higher likelihood of the development of suicidal thoughts according to mental care professionals. Bisexuality also carries a higher likelihood of suicidality with bisexuals being 5 times more likely to report suicidal thoughts and actions. Sexual minority youth also report a higher incidence of substance abuse when compared to heterosexuals. Overall, studies suggest that sexual minority youth carry a higher incidence of suicide and depression.

Previous exposure, attempts, and age impacting youth suicide[edit]

Exposure to suicide, previous attempts of suicide, and age are some of the most influential factors of young individuals and their probability of dying by suicide. Adolescent exposure to suicide through classmates has caused researches to hypothesize suicide as a contagion. They note how a child’s exposure to suicide predicts suicide ideation and attempts.Previous exposure to suicide through parental attempts of suicide also have been found to have a 3.5 increase in a youth’s probability of having suicidal thoughts, with a 2.6 increased chance of them attempting suicide.

Previous attempts of suicide also play a major role in a youth attempting suicide again. On average, it has been recorded that the follow-up period for suicide-attempters was 3.88 years. Evidence shows that the primary suspects for suicide are those who failed in their original attempts at suicide, with research claiming that those previously attempting suicide can have anywhere from a 40 to over a 100 times higher chance of dying by suicide compared to that of the general population.

Age and experience however, also factors into suicide. It has been found that older, more experienced populations take more time to plan, choosing deadlier methods, and having greater suicidal intent, which results in them eventually committing suicide at a higher rate than the younger suicide attempters.

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Exposure to suicide, previous attempts of suicide, and age are some of the most influential factors of young individuals and their probability of dying by suicide. Adolescent exposure to suicide through classmates has caused researches to hypothesize suicide as a contagion. They note how a child’s exposure to suicide predicts suicide ideation and attempts. Previous exposure to suicide through parental attempts of suicide also have have also been found to have a 3.5 increase in a youth’s probability of having suicidal thoughts, with a 2.6 increased chance of them attempting suicide.

Previous attempts of suicide also play a major role in a youth attempting suicide again have major implications on multiple suicide attempts. On average, it has been recorded that the follow-up period for suicide-attempters was 3.88 years. Evidence shows that the primary suspects for suicide are those who failed in their original attempts at suicide, with research claiming that those previously attempting suicide can have anywhere from a 40 to over a 100 times higher chance of dying by suicide compared to that of the general population.

Age and experience however, also factors into suicide. It has been found that older, more experienced populations take more time to plan, choosing choose deadlier methods, and having have greater suicidal intent. This which results in them eventually committing suicide at a higher rate than their younger counterparts suicide attempters.

Bereavement among young people[edit]

The primary goals of suicide postvention include assisting the survivors of suicide with the grief process, and identifying and referring those survivors who may be at risk for negative outcomes such as depressive and anxiety disorders, and suicidal behaviour. With 42% of completed youth suicides being suicide bereavement (or contagion) related - further research and investment must be made into supporting this group of people, as they may represent the single largest potential reduction in youth suicide rates, if they receive effective support, feel connected, supported and understood. Harassment is a leading cause of teen suicide, along with abuse.

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The primary goals of suicide postvention include assisting the survivors of suicide with the grief processing along with and identifying and referring those survivors who may be at risk for negative outcomes such as depressive and depression, anxiety disorders, and suicidal behaviour. With 42% of completed youth suicides being suicide bereavement (or contagion) related, further research and investment must be made into supporting this group of people. A few suggestions to make sure the support is effective include making the individuals feel connected and understood. If done so, we may eliminate the largest potential for high youth suicide rates. as they may represent the single largest potential reduction in youth suicide rates, if they receive effective support, feel connected, supported and understood. Harassment is a leading cause of teen suicide, along with abuse. {move to Teens at Risk section}

Intervention[edit]

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One organization in Australia has found that young people who feel connected, supported and understood are less likely to commit suicide. Reports on the attitudes of young people identified as at risk of suicide have been released. Such reports support the notion that connectedness, a sense of being supported and respected are protective factors for young people at risk of suicide. According to Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center (PSPC) for some reason kids today are experiencing more pressure. {It seems like most of this has already been covered}

Issues for communities[edit]

Intervention issues for communities to address include: suicide contagion, developmental understanding of suicide, development and suicide risk, and the influence of culture. Key matters in postvention responses for young people include: community context, life stage relevance of responses, identification and referral (Postvention Co-ordination), developing a suite of services, and creating ongoing options.

Prevention[edit]

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One can help prevent adolescent suicide by discouraging isolation, address a child's depression which is correlated with suicide, get rid of any objects that a child could use to commit suicide, and simply paying attention to what the child does or feels.

Schools are a great place to provide more education and support on suicide prevention since students spend majority of their time at school, school can be either a haven from or a source of suicidal triggers, and students' peers can heavily influence their state of mind. The school setting is an ideal environment to educate students on suicide and have support readily available.

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One can help prevent adolescent suicide by discouraging isolation, address a child's depression which is correlated with suicide, get rid of any objects that a child could use for self-harm to commit suicide, and simply paying attention to what the child does or feels. According to the Mayo Clinic, the following list contains possible teen suicide warning signs.

• Talking or writing about suicide.
• Withdrawing from social contact.
• Mood swings.
• Increased use of alcohol or drugs.
• Feeling trapped or hopeless.
• Changing normal routine, including eating and sleeping patterns.
• Participating in risky or self-destructive activities.
• Giving away treasured belongings.
• Personality changes.

Schools are a great place to provide more education and support on suicide prevention. since students spend majority of their time at school, School can be either a haven from or a source of suicidal triggers, and students' peers can heavily influence their state of mind. The school setting is an ideal environment to educate students on suicide and have support readily available. Since schools can be a trigger for suicidal thoughts, they provide an ideal situation for education on suicide prevention. {Maybe expand on this a little}

Epidemiology

Two possible determinants to suicide attempts are lifetime sexual abuse and adult physical violence. Among participants aged 18-25, the odds ratios for lifetime sexual abuse and adult physical violence are 4.27 and 3.85 , respectively. In other words, those who committed suicide are 327% more likely to have experienced lifetime sexual assault. Similarly, a suicide victim is 285% more likely to have suffered physical violence as and adult. Based on a survey done on American high school students, 16% reported considering suicide and 8% reported attempting suicide sometime within the 12 months before taking the survey. Between 1980 and 1994, the suicide rates of young black males doubled. American Indians and Alaska Natives commit suicide at a higher rate than any other ethnic group in the United States. In India, one-third of suicides are young people 15–29. In 2002, 154,000 suicides were recorded in India. In the United States, about 60 percent of suicides are carried out with a gun. so risk of suicide increases in households with a firearm. In Canada, almost 300 young people take their lives each year. Some Aboriginal teens and gay or lesbian teens are at high risk, depending on their community and their own self-esteem. Several campaigns have been started to give them hope and help them to feel less isolated. {taken from the old intro and the teens at risk section}

Table of Youth Suicide Rates

Country	Year of Data	Rate of Males	Rate of Females	Total
Sri Lanka	1986	43.9	49.3	46.5
Lithuania	2002	38.4	8.8	23.9
Russian Federation	2002	38.5	8.3	23.6
Kazakhstan	2002	31.2	10.5	21.0
Luxembourg	2002	23.5	8.2	16.0
New Zealand	2000	22.3	8.2	15.3
El Salvador	1993	13.2	15.8	14.5
Belarus	2001	23.6	3.9	14.0
Estonia	2002	24.1	1.9	13.2
Turkmenistan	1998	16.6	8.8	12.8
Ukraine	2000	19.6	4.9	12.4
Ireland	2000	19.8	4.3	12.3
Mauritius	2000	10.1	12.5	11.3
Norway	2001	15.3	6.2	10.9
Canada	2000	16.3	5.2	10.8
Latvia	2002	16.9	4.4	10.8
Kyrgyzstan	2002	15.2	4.8	10.0
Austria	2002	15.1	3.8	9.6
Trinidad and Tobago	1994	8.9	10.5	9.6
Finland	2002	15.0	3.8	9.5
Uzbekistan	2000	12.5	6.4	9.5
Belgium	1997	14.5	3.9	9.3
Cuba	1996	6.1	12.5	9.2
Ecuador	1991	6.9	11.4	9.1
Australia	2001	13.8	3.8	8.9
Singapore	2001	9.2	7.8	8.5
Poland	2001	14.1	2.4	8.4
Switzerland	2000	12.6	4.0	8.4
Croatia	2002	14.0	2.1	8.2
USA	2000	13.0	2.7	8.0
Slovenia	1987	12.0	3.1	7.6
Hungary	2002	11.2	3.8	7.5
Japan	2000	8.8	3.8	6.4
Uruguay	1990	8.3	3.9	6.2
Bulgaria	2002	9.2	2.3	5.8
Czech Republic	2001	9.5	1.8	5.7
Argentina	1996	7.1	4.0	5.6
Costa Rica	1995	7.1	4.0	5.6
Germany	2001	8.7	2.4	5.6
Thailand	1994	6.1	5.1	5.6
Colombia	1994	6.7	4.2	5.5
Venezuela	1994	7.1	3.8	5.5
Republic of Korea	2001	5.9	4.9	5.4
Hong Kong	1999	5.1	5.3	5.2
France	1999	7.5	2.5	5.0
Denmark	1999	9.0	0.7	4.9
Israel	1999	8.7	0.0	4.9
Romania	2002	7.0	2.2	4.7
Netherlands	2000	7.4	1.8	4.6
Sweden	2001	5.7	2.8	4.3
Brazil*	1995	5.7	2.6	4.2
Puerto Rico	1992	8.3	0.0	4.2
United Kingdom	1999	6.5	1.8	4.2
Republic of Moldova	2002	7.1	1.1	4.1
China*	1999	3.2	4.8	4.0
Slovakia	2002	5.8	1.9	3.9
Chile	1994	6.2	1.3	3.8
Mexico	1995	5.1	2.3	3.7
Spain	2000	5.3	1.4	3.4
Panama	1987	4.6	1.6	3.1
Albania	2001	2.8	3.3	3.0
Dominican Republic	1985	2.7	3.2	2.9
Italy	2000	3.6	1.7	2.7
Macedonia	2000	1.2	3.7	2.4
Tajikistan	1999	3.3	0.9	2.1
Portugal	2000	2.6	0.9	1.8
Greece	1999	2.7	0.6	1.7
Peru	1983	1.3	0.7	1.0

Information taken from World Psychiatry, the official journal of the World Psychiatry Association.

An asterisk denotes partial data for the region.

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ 
2. Jump up^ 
3. Jump up^ Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian
4. Jump up^ National Institute [for] Mental Health
5. Jump up^ 
6. Jump up^ 
7. Jump up^ Iype, George. South India: World's suicide capital. Rediff, 2004-04-15. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
8. Jump up^ SunnyKids 2010
9. Jump up^ Federal Parliament Health and Ageing Standing Committee Inquiry into Youth SuicideArchived January 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
10. Jump up^ [1]The Globe and Mail, 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
11. Jump up^ [2]"Teen Suicide Causes and Issues," Retrieved 2012-04-26.
12. Jump up^ 
13. Jump up^ 
14. Jump up^ (Reference to come)
15. Jump up^ Rick Mercer joins the It Gets Better campaign. CBC News, 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
16. Jump up^ Born This Way Paul V. creates a safe online haven for LGBT teens as a suicide prevention measure. Huffington Post, 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
17. Jump up^ [3] Kiwi Commons created the “I Get Bullied Too!” campaign to help amplify the voices of bullying and digital abuse victims, 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
18. Jump up^ 
19. Jump up^ 
20. Jump up^ 
21. Jump up^ 
22. Jump up^ 
23. Jump up^ Head High Fact Sheet 1 Archived August 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
24. Jump up^ 

External links[edit]

• Your Life Counts!, Canada
• Suicide Prevention Lifeline, U.S.
• The It Gets Better Project created by Dan Savage
• Reducing Youth Suicide in Queensland
• Sunny Kids, Australia
• Report on early intervention programs aimed at preventing youth suicide Australia