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This is a user page that contains content that has been cut and pasted from Virginia Woolf. This is not an encyclopedia article. The purpose of this userpage is to use it as a sandbox to test referencing styles, coding and convention.

This page is about the British modernist author. For the American children's author, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. For the British rock band, see Virginia Wolf.

Virginia Woolf
Born
Adeline Virginia Stephen

(1882-01-25)25 January 1882
South Kensington, London
Died28 March 1941(1941-03-28) (aged 59)
Lewes, Sussex, England
Cause of deathSuicide by drowning
NationalityBritish
Alma materKing's College London[1]
Occupation(s)Novelist, essayist, publisher, critic
Spouse
​
(m. 1912⁠–⁠1941)​
Parents
Relatives
List
Woolf's voice
BBC radio broadcast 29 April 1937 [2]
Signature

Adeline Virginia Woolf (/wʊlf/;[3] née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English

She was born in an affluent household in English classics and Victorian literature, Woolf began writing professionally in 1900.

Life

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Family of origin

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See also: Julia Stephen
Parents
 
Leslie Stephen 1860
 
Julia Stephen 1867
Childhood homes
 
22 Hyde Park Gate, 2015[a]
 
Talland House, St. Ives, c. 1882–1895

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882 n[5] to Julia (née Jackson) (1846–1895) and Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), writer, historian, essayist, biographer and mountaineer.[5] Julia Jackson was born in 1846 in Calcutta, Bengal, British India to Dr John and Maria (Mia) Pattle Jackson, from two Anglo-Indian families.[6] re a well educated, literary and artistic proconsular middle-class family.[7][8][9] a long pointed nose".[b][10] who bore him a daughter, Laura (1870–1945),[c][12] but died in childbirth [13][14]

ed[15] and added [16][17][18][4] d it would go no further.[d][19][20] [21]

.[22] However, despi"precautions",[22] "contraception was a very imperfect art in the nineteenth century"[23] resulting in the birth of three more children over the next four years.[e][24][7][25]

22 Hyde Park Gate (1882–1904)

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1882–1895

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Julia Stephen and Virginia 1884[f]
 
Children sailing boats on the Round Pond 1896

Virginia was born into a literate and well-connected household ionalised in 1891.[27]

ns and Hyde Park,[28] where the family regularly took their walks (see Map; Street plan). Built in 1846 by Henry Payne of Hammersmith as one of a row of single falass,[29] i the first bathroom.[30][g] two further floors.[31] Finally in the attic, under the eaves, wase.[12][32][4]

Talland House (1882–1894)

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Godrevy Lighthouse 2005

Talland House[5][33][h] as a fer to our summers, all of which were passed in Cornwall, especially to the thirteen summers (1882-1894) at St. Ives. There we Virginia herself described the house in great detail:

"Our house was...outside the town; on the hill....a square house, like a child's drawing of a house; remarkable only for ts flat roof, and the railing with crossed bars of wood that ran around the roof. It had...a perfect view—right across the Bay to Godrevy Lighthouse. It had, running down the hill, little lawns, surrounded by thick escallonia bushes...it had so many corners and lawns that each was named...it was a large garden—two or three acres at most...You entered Talland House by a large wooden gate...up the carriage drive...to the Lookout place...From the Lookout place one had...a perfectly open view of the Bay....a large lap...flowing to the Lighthouse rocks...with the black and white Lighthouse tower"

Reminiscences 1908, pp. 111–112[34]

Activities at Talland
 
Virginia and Adrian Stephen playing cricket 1886
 
Julia, Leslie and Virginia, Library, Talland House 1892
 
Virginia and Vanessa 1894[35]

1895–1904

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Virginia and Leslie Stephen 1902

Education

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In the late nineteenth century, education was sharply divided along gender lines, a tradition that Virginia would note and condemn in her writing.. ed as "greedy".[36] After Public School, the boys in the family all attended Cambridge University. The girls derived some indirect benefit from this, as the boys introduced them to their friends.[37] oke and drink and discuss the universe and the reform movement".[10]

Education
 
Virginia (3rd from left) with her mother and the Stephen children at their lessons, Talland House c. 1894
 
13 Kensington Square, former home of the Ladies' Department, King's College

d 1901.[i] She studied's.[1][38][39] Another was Janet Case, who involved her in the women's rights movement, and whose obituary Virginia would late essay On Not Knowing Greek.[40] l of the Ladies' Department, Lilian Faithfull (one of the so-called Steamboat ladies), in addition to Pater.[41] H

Relationships with family

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While her father painted Julia Stephen's work in in terms of reverence, Woolf drew a sharp distinction between her mother's work and "the mischievous philanthropy which other women practise so complacently and often with such disastrous results". at you".[32] Julia Stephen dealt with her husband's depressions and his need f

Sexual abuse
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Kenneth Stephen (1859–1892), at least of Stella Duckworth.[j] Laura is also thought to have been abused.[42] The most graphic account is by Louise DeSalvo,[43] but other autus.[44][45] Lee states that "The evidence is strong enough, and yet ambiguous enough, to open the way forquite different shapes of Virginia Woolf's interior life"[46]

Bloomsbury: life in squares (1904–1941)

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Life in squares
 
46 Gordon Square
 
29 Fitzroy Square

Gordon Square (1904–1907)

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On their fathe there that Virginia first came to realise her destiny was as a writer, as she recalls in her diary of 3 September 1922.[47] They then further pursued their new found freedom by spending April in Italy and France, where they met up with Clive Bell again.[48] Virginia then suffered her second nervous breakdown, and first suicidal attempt on 10 May, and convalesced over the next three months.[49]

rent in (see Map). They had not inherited much and they were un It was then that Lady Margaret Herbert[k]appeared on the scene, George proposed, was accepted and married in September, leavin[50]

ce, and immediately after Vanessa accepted Clive's third proposal.[51][52] Vanessa and Clive were married in February 1907 and as a couple, their interest in avant garde art would have an important influence on Woolf's further development as an author.[53] With Vanessa's marriage, Virginia and Adrian needed to find a new home.[54]

Fitzroy Square (1907–1911) and Brunswick Square (1911–1912)

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The Dreadnought hoaxers in Abyssinian regalia; Virginia Woolf is the bearded figure on the far left.

Virginia moved into 29 Fitzroy Square in April 1907, a house on the west side of the street, formerly occupied by George ociety in December. Meanwhile, Virginia begFebruary 1908, and in September Virginia accompanied the Bells to Italy and France.[55] It was during this time that Virginia'breaking down.[56] On 17 February 2009, Lytton Strachey proposed to Virginia and she accepted, but he then withdrew the offer.[57]

Several members of the group attained notoriety in 1910 with the Dreadnought hoax, which Virginia participated in disguised as

In 1911 Virginia and Adrian decided to give up their home on Fitzroy Square in favour of a different living arrangement, moving to 38 Brunswick Square in Bloomsbnt since she was an unchaperoned single woman.[58] Duncan Grant decorated Adrian Stephen's rooms (see image).[59]

Marriage (1912–1941)

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Engagement photograph, Virginia and Leonard Woolf, 23 July 1912

In May 1912 Virginia agreed to marry Woolf, and the marriage took place on 10 August.[60] The Woolfs continued to live at Brunswick Square till October 1912, when they moved to a small flat at 13 Clifford's Inn, further to the east (subsequently demolished).[61] Despite his low material status (Woolf referring to Leonard during their engagement as a "penniless Jew") the couple shared a close bond. Indeeed: a wife. And our marriage so complete."[62] However, Virginia made a suicide attempt in 1913.[57]

obiographical anthology Moments of Being.[63] These were 22 Hyde Park Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) and Am I a Snob? (1936).[64][65]

The Woolf's final residence in London was at 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), destroyed during the Blitz in September 1940, a month later their previous home on Tavistock Square was also destroyed. After that they made Sussex their permanent home.[66] For descriptions and illustrations of all Virginia Woolf's London homes, see Wilson (1987).

Hogarth Press (1917–1938)

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Main article: Hogarth Press
Woolf's in Richmond
 
17 The Green
 
Hogarth House
 
Shelf of Shakespeare plays hand-bound by Virginia Woolf in her bedroom at Monk's House[l]

Virginia had taken up book-binding as a pastime in October 1901, at the age of 19,[68][69] and the Woolfs had been discussing

Their first publication was Two Stories in July 1917, inscribed Publication No. 1, and consisted of two short stories, "The Mark on the Wall"[70]

Vita Sackville-West (1922–1941)

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Vita Sackville-West at Monk's House ca. 1934

The ethos of the Bloomsbury group encouraged a liberal approach to sexuality, and in December 1922 she met the writer and gardener Vita Sackville-West,[71] wife of Harold Nicolson. he became considered the better writer.[72] d.[73] However, er intimate circle, such as Sibyl Colefax and Comtesse de Polignac.[74]

l labour.[75] Sackville-West was the first to argue to Woolf she had been misdiagnosed, and that it was far better to engage in reading and writing to calm her nerves—advice that was taken.[75] for her income.[75]

In 1928, Woolf presented Sackville-West with Orlando,[76]

Sussex (1911–1941)

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opposite the village hall.[m][78][77] The lease was a short one and in October she and Leonard Woolf found Asham House[n] at Asheham a few miles to the west, while walking along the Ouse from Firle.

Life in Sussex
 
Little Talland House, Firle
 
The Round House, Lewes
 
Monk's House, Rodmell

While at "Asham"’ Leonard and Virginia found a farmhouse in 1916, that was to let, about four miles away, which they thought would be ideal for her sister. Eventually Vanessa came down to inspect it, and moved in in October of that year, taking it as a summer home for her family. The Charleston Farmhouse was to become the summer gathering place for the literary and artistic circle of the Bloomsbury Group.[79]

In 1919, the Woolf's were forced tod windmill.[80][81] That same year they discovered Monk's House in nearby Rodmell, which both she and Leonard favoured because of its orchard and garden, and sold the Round House, to purchase it for £700.[82][57] Monk's House also lacked Chaucer.[83] From 1ssa had also made Charleston her permanent home in 1936.[79]

Mental health

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Much examination has been made of Woolf's mental health (e.g. see Mental health bibliography). From the age of 13, Woolf suffered periodic mood swings from severe depression to manic excitement, including psychotic episodes, which the family referred to as her "madness".[84][85] bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness).[86] She spent three short periods in 1910, 1912 and 1913 at Burley House, 15 Cambridge Park, Twickenham, described as "a private nursing home for women with nervous disorder".[87]

Death

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Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. Her body was not found until 18 April.[88] Her husband buried her cremated remains beneath an elm tree in the garden of Monk's House, their home in Rodmell, Sussex.[89]

In her suicide note, addressed to her husband, she wrote:

Dearest, I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of those terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what seems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier till this terrible disease came. I can't fight it any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You see I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that—everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been. V.[90][91]

The growth of feminist criticism in the 1970s helped re-establish her reputation.[92][93]

commentary on her mother's legendary matchmaking.[94][95] r,[96] although anonymously, being a review of a visit to Haworth that year, titled Haworth, November 1904.[97][5]

List of selected publications

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Main article: Bibliography of Virginia Woolf

  see Kirkpatrick & Clarke (1997)

Novels

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  • Woolf, Virginia (2017) [1915]. The voyage out. FV Éditions. ISBN 979-10-299-0459-2. see also The Voyage Out & Complete text
  • — (2015) [1922]. Jacob's Room. Mondial. ISBN 978-1-59569-114-9. see also Jacob's Room & Complete text


Short stories

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Cross-genre

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Drama

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Non-fiction

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Essays

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Autobiographical writing

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Diaries and letters

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Photograph albums

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  1. Album 1 (1863–1938)
  2. Album 2 (1909–1922)
  3. Album 3 (1890–1933)
  4. Album 4 (1890–1947)
  5. Album 5 (1892–1938)
  6. Album 6 (1850–1900)

Collections

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Views

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Though happily married to a Jewish man, Woolf often wrote of Jewish characters in stereotypical archetypes and generalisations, including describing some of her

In another letter to Smyth, Woolf gives a scathing denunciation of Christianity, seeing it as self-righteous "egotism" and stating "my Jew has more religion in one toenail—more human love, in one hair."[98] Woolf claimed in her private letters that she thought of herself as an atheist.[99]

Modern scholarship and interpretations

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graphy Virginia Woolf[100] . The sociologist Pierre Bourdieu also uses Woolf's literature to understand and analyse gender domination.

Historical feminism

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"Recently, studies of Virginia Woolf have focused on feminist and lesbian themes in her work, such as in the 1997 collection of critical essays, Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings, edited by Eileen Barrett and Patricia Cramer."[101]

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Virginia Woolf on Romanian stamp 2007

Legacy

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Memorials
 
Plaque honouring Virginia Woolf on the building bearing her name, King's College, London, Kingsway
 
Woolf's bust in Tavistock Square, London, by Stephen Tomlin, 2004

Virginia Woolf is known for her contributions to twentieth century literature and her essays, as well as the influence she has had on literary, particularly feminist criticism. A number of authors have stated that their work was influenced by Virginia Woolf, including Margaret Atwood, Michael Cunningham,[o] Gabriel García Márquez,[p] and Toni Morrison.[q] Her iconic image[105] is

Monuments and memorials

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Family trees

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 see Lee 1999, pp. xviii–xvix, Bell 1972, pp. x–xi, Bicknell 1996, p. xx harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBicknell1996 (help),Venn 1904

Notes

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  1. ^ The line separating the additional floors of 1886 can be clearly seen[4]
  2. ^ According to Helena Swanwick, sister of Walter Sickert
  3. ^ Laura was born premature, at 30 weeks[11]
  4. ^ Quention Bell speculates that their relationship formed the background to their mutual friend Henry James' Altar of the Dead[19]
  5. ^ As Virginia Wool puts it, they "did what they could to prevent me"[22]
  6. ^ Leslie Stephen treasured this photograph, saying it "makes my heart tremble"[26]
  7. ^ The Survey of London considers this renovation an example of insensitive and inappropriate mutilation, adding two brick-faced stories to a stucco-fronted house.[29][4]
  8. ^ As of 2018 the house still stands, though much altered, on Albert Road, off Talland Road
  9. ^ King's College began providing lectures for women in 1871, and formed the Ladies' Department in 1885. In 1900 women were allowed to prepare for degrees. Later it became Queen Elizabeth College[38]
  10. ^ James Kenneth Stephen was the son of James Fitzjames Stephen, Leslie Stephen's older brother
  11. ^ Lady Margaret was the second daughter of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon
  12. ^ It has been suggested that Woolf bound books to help cope with her depression, as is hinted at in her writing: "A great part of every day is not lived consciously. One walks, eats, sees things, deals with what has to be done; the broken vacuum cleaner; ... cooking dinner; bookbinding."[67]
  13. ^ Virginia was somewhat disparaging about the exterior of Little Ttalland House, describing it as an "eyesore" (Letter to Violet Dickinson 29 January 1911) and "inconceivably ugly, done up in patches of post-impressionist colour" (Letters, no. 561, April 1911). However she and Vanessa decorated the interior, "staining the floors the colours of the Atlantic in a storm" (Letters, no. 552, 24 January 1911)[77]
  14. ^ Sometimes spelled Asheham. Demolished 1994[66]
  15. ^ "Like my hero Virginia Woolf, I do lack confidence. I always find that the novel I'm finishing, even if it's turned out fairly well, is not the novel I had in my mind."[102]
  16. ^ "after having read Ulysses in English as well as a very good French translation, I can see that the original Spanish translation was very bad. But I did learn something that was to be very useful to me in my future writing—the technique of the interior monologue. I later found this in Virginia Woolf, and I like the way she uses it better than Joyce."[103]
  17. ^ "I wrote on Woolf and Faulkner. I read a lot of Faulkner then. You might not know this, but in the '50s, American literature was new. It was renegade. English literature was English. So there were these avant-garde professors making American literature a big deal. That tickles me now."[104]
  18. ^ Mary Louisa and Herbert Fisher's children included 1. Florence Henrietta Fisher (1864–1920) who married Frederic William Maitland (1850–1906) in 1886, who wrote the biography of Leslie Stephen[120] and 2. H. A. L. Fisher (1865–1940), whose daughter Mary Bennett (1913–2005), wrote the biography of the Jackson family[121][122]
  19. ^ Leslie Stephen had one daughter, Laura (1870–1945), by his first wife, Minny Thackeray

References

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  1. ^ a b King's 2017.
  2. ^ Woolf 1937.
  3. ^ Collins 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d Rosner 2008, Walls p. 69
  5. ^ a b c d Gordon 2004.
  6. ^ Vine 2018, Jackson Diary
  7. ^ a b Garnett 2004. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGarnett2004 (help)
  8. ^ Woolf 2016, Introduction pp. 5–6 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWoolf2016 (help)
  9. ^ Vine 2018, Duckworth
  10. ^ a b Licence 2015, p. 12
  11. ^ Koutsantoni & Oakley 2014.
  12. ^ a b Olsen 2012.
  13. ^ Luebering 2006.
  14. ^ Bicknell 1996. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBicknell1996 (help)
  15. ^ Bell 1972, p. 13.
  16. ^ Wilson 1987, pp. 21
  17. ^ Wilson 1987.
  18. ^ Nadel 2016.
  19. ^ a b Bell 1965.
  20. ^ Tolley 1997, p. 106
  21. ^ Bloom & Maynard 1994.
  22. ^ a b c Woolf 1940, p. 127.
  23. ^ Bell 1972, p.18.
  24. ^ Bond 2000, Julia Stephen p. 23 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBond2000 (help)
  25. ^ Stephen 1987, Chronology pp. xvii–xxii
  26. ^ Kukil 2011, Julia & Virginia 1884
  27. ^ Meyer & Osborne 1982.
  28. ^ Woolf 1940, p. 119.
  29. ^ a b Sheppard 1975, Hyde Park Gate pp. 26–38
  30. ^ Licence 2015, p. 19
  31. ^ Marler 1993, p. xxiv.
  32. ^ a b Woolf 1940.
  33. ^ Deegan & Shillingsburg 2018, Dell. Talland House
  34. ^ Woolf 1908.
  35. ^ Colman 2014.
  36. ^ Rosenbaum 1987, p. 130
  37. ^ Julia&Keld 2007.
  38. ^ a b Maggio 2010.
  39. ^ Jones & Snaith 2010a.
  40. ^ Lee 1999, pp. 141–142.
  41. ^ Jones & Snaith 2010.
  42. ^ Lee 2015.
  43. ^ DeSalvo 1989.
  44. ^ Poole 1991. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPoole1991 (help)
  45. ^ Beattie 1989.
  46. ^ Lee 1999, p. 156.
  47. ^ Woolf 1920–1924.
  48. ^ Bell 1972, Chronology p. 193.
  49. ^ Bell 1972, pp. 89, 193.
  50. ^ Bell 1972, p. 96.
  51. ^ Fallon 2016.
  52. ^ Bell 1972, p. 195.
  53. ^ Briggs 2006, pp. 69–70.
  54. ^ Bell 1972, p. 196.
  55. ^ Bell 1972, p. 197.
  56. ^ Garnett 2011, pp. 26–28.
  57. ^ a b c Todd 2001, p. 13.
  58. ^ Wilson 1987, pp. 181–182
  59. ^ Grant 1912.
  60. ^ History 2018.
  61. ^ Todd 2001, pp. 11, 13.
  62. ^ Woolf 1936–1941.
  63. ^ Woolf 1985.
  64. ^ Rosenbaum & Haule 2014.
  65. ^ Hughes 2014.
  66. ^ a b Brooks 2012. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBrooks2012 (help)
  67. ^ Sim 2016. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSim2016 (help)
  68. ^ Bell 1972, Chronology p. 192.
  69. ^ Heyes 2016.
  70. ^ Woolf 2017a.
  71. ^ Todd 2001, p.13.
  72. ^ Smith 2006.
  73. ^ Boynton & Malin 2005, p. 580.
  74. ^ Garnett 2011, p. 131.
  75. ^ a b c DeSalvo 1982.
  76. ^ Woolf 1928.
  77. ^ a b Wilkinson 2001.
  78. ^ Bell 1972, pp. 166–167.
  79. ^ a b Bell 1972, II 2: 1915–1918.
  80. ^ Bell 1972, Chronology pp. 199–201.
  81. ^ Bell 1972, p. 176.
  82. ^ Maggio 2009. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMaggio2009 (help)
  83. ^ Eagle & Carnell 1981, p. 228.
  84. ^ Garnett 2011, p. 114.
  85. ^ Lee 1999, p. 172.
  86. ^ Dalsimer 2004.
  87. ^ Pearce 2007.
  88. ^ Panken 1987, p. 262
  89. ^ Wilson 2016, p. 825.
  90. ^ Jones 2013.
  91. ^ Rose 1979, p. 243.
  92. ^ Beja 1985, pp. 1, 3, 53.
  93. ^ Snodgrass 2015.
  94. ^ Licence 2015, p. 20.
  95. ^ Alexander 2005, p. 46
  96. ^ Bell 1972, Chronology p. 194.
  97. ^ Woolf 1904.
  98. ^ Woolf 1932–1935, p. 321.
  99. ^ Streufert 1988.
  100. ^ Lee 1999.
  101. ^ Shukla 2007, p. 51
  102. ^ Brockes 2011.
  103. ^ Stone 1981.
  104. ^ Bollen 2012.
  105. ^ Silver 1999.
  106. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bell 1972, Family Tree pp. x–xi
  107. ^ Bicknell 1996, p. xx harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBicknell1996 (help)
  108. ^ a b c d e Wood 2017.
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h Venn 1904.
  110. ^ a b c d e f Geni 2018.
  111. ^ a b Vine 2018, Jackson Family
  112. ^ Lundy 2017, p. 47591 § 475902
  113. ^ a b Llewellyn-Jones 2017.
  114. ^ Lundy 2017, p. 47591 § 475904
  115. ^ Lundy 2017, p. 47592 § 475911
  116. ^ a b Caws & Wright 1999, p. 387, Note 4
  117. ^ Lundy 2017, p. 47592 § 475912
  118. ^ Wolf 1998, p. 81.
  119. ^ Forrester 2015, Family Tree
  120. ^ Maitland 1906.
  121. ^ Bennett 2002.
  122. ^ Vogeler 2014.

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Bibliography

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Books and theses

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Biography: Virginia Woolf

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Mental health
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Biography: Other

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Literary commentary

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Bloomsbury

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Chapters and contributions

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Articles

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Websites and documents

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British Library

Literary commentary

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British Library

Virginia Woolf's homes

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Virginia Woolf biography

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Timelines

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Genealogy

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Images

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Maps

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Audiovisual media

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Selected online texts

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Audiofiles

Archival material

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Bibliography notes

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  1. ^ Maurice Beck and Helen Macgregor, who ran a studio in Marylebone, were chief photographers for British Vogue[Bibliography 1]
  2. ^ The Roundhouse on Pipe Passage is at the west end of central Lewes. Asham House was in what became an industrial site on a west side road of the A26 south of Beddingham. Charleston Farmhouse is on a a sideroad south of the A27 between Firle and Alciston

Bibliography references

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  1. ^ NPG 2018
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