- Superkingdom Prions (only one or a few "hidden" mutant and defective gene(s), probably the gene that encodes Hsp104 and others, a chaperone [1]).So the dysfunctional chaperones do not exert their function of aiding the normal folding of the proteins, leading to the pathological accumulation of those misfolded anomalous proteins and all the changes resulting therefrom. So it would be logical to assume that using gene therapy like CRISPR-cas9 suppressing (to silence) that defective gene would lead to normalization. Another key process for normalization is neurological regeneration. In this respect, stem cell therapy studies and the recently sequenced supergenome of the axolotl, a model organism, are of special importance.
- Prions are a confirmed etiology of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Kuru, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and a very possible etiology of the Alzheimer's Disease, and other diseases such as Parkinson's Disease, Multiple system atrophy, Huntington's Disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. They are exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.
Note: As those are protein diseases (proteopathies) then the hypoproteic diet [2] and isoflavones like genistein have a neuroprotective effect. Beyond that, DeepMind made important advances in elucidating the protein folding problem (protein structure prediction) through AI (Levinthal's paradox).
- Superkingdom "Protovirus" - Parasitic "allogenomes" (intragenomic elements, integrated into the host genome) - only in provirus stage, or with lysogenic cycle
- Transposable elements (or mobile elements) (eliciting a host intracellular immune response: RNA interference)
- "Paleoendovirus" - Copies of "fossil" viruses, like endogenous viral elements (example: filovirus).
- The protovirus main biological function is to cause mutations leading to new species (speciation), but also cause deleterious mutations, including cancer, which is cured by Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy. [3]
- Superkingdom Acytota - with lytic cycle
- Domain Aphanobionta
- Kingdom Virus
- Domain "Subvirus"
- Domain Aphanobionta
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
Note: This sketch is (still) incomplete. For comments see talk page.
References
edit- ^ Wegrzyn, R. D.; et al. (July 2001). "Mechanism of Prion Loss after Hsp104 Inactivation in Yeast". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (14): 4656–4669. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.14.4656-4669.2001.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last2=(help) - ^ Wahl et al. 2018. Comparing the Effects of Low-Protein and High-Carbohydrate Diets and Caloric Restriction on Brain Aging in Mice. Cell Reports 25 (8): 2234-2243; DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.070
- ^ Georges St Laurent, Dmitry Shtokalo, Biao Dong, Michael R Tackett, Xiaoxuan Fan, Sandra Lazorthes, Estelle Nicolas, Nianli Sang, Timothy J Triche, Timothy A McCaffrey, Weidong Xiao, Philipp Kapranov (2013). VlincRNAs controlled by retroviral elements are a hallmark of pluripotency and cancer. Genome Biology 14 (7): R73 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-7-r73 ([1] available online)