Draft 1
editFrench protectorates of Annam and Tonkin | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1884–1945 | |||||||||||||||
Motto: Dân vi quý 民為貴 "The people are the most precious" | |||||||||||||||
Heirloom Seal of the Southern Realm Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 大南受天永命傳國璽 | |||||||||||||||
Status | French protectorate[2][3] | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Huế (imperial) Hanoi (Tonkin and federal) | ||||||||||||||
Official languages | Vietnamese Văn ngôn French | ||||||||||||||
Religion | State ideologies: Ruism, Buddhism Minority: Christianity, Folk religion, Hinduism, Islam, and Taoism | ||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy under French protection | ||||||||||||||
Emperor | |||||||||||||||
• 1884–1885 | Hàm Nghi | ||||||||||||||
• 1885–1889 | Đồng Khánh | ||||||||||||||
• 1889–1907 | Thành Thái | ||||||||||||||
• 1907–1916 | Duy Tân | ||||||||||||||
• 1916–1925 | Khải Định | ||||||||||||||
• 1925–1945 | Bảo Đại | ||||||||||||||
Legislature | None (rule by decree)[b] | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Modern era, World War II | ||||||||||||||
6 June 1884 | |||||||||||||||
• The Đồng Khánh Emperor officially cedes the cities of Hanoi, Hải Phòng, and Tourane (Đà Nẵng) to direct French rule | 1–3 October 1888 | ||||||||||||||
9 March 1945 | |||||||||||||||
• Declaration of independence | 11 March 1945 | ||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||
• 1890 | 14,752,000 | ||||||||||||||
• 1942 | 25,552,000 | ||||||||||||||
Currency | Zinc and copper-alloy cash coins (denominated in phần, văn, mạch, and quán) Silver and gold cash coins and ingots (denominated in phân, nghi, tiền, and lạng / lượng) French Indochinese piastre (from 1885) | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||||||||
|
- ^ Tràng An báo, Số 313, 19 Tháng Tư 1938. (in Vietnamese).
- ^ Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. Harvard University Press. pp. 123–124.
- ^ Brocheux, Pierre; Hémery, Daniel (2011). Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954. University of California Press. pp. 78–81.
See also
edit- Sources for the independent period.