Definition
editThis term is primarily used in the United Kingdom and is not yet used in other areas.
Types of Interactions
editSexual bullying can involve spreading rumours about someone's sexuality or sex life[1], or showing or posting sexual comments, photos, or videos[2], such as revenge porn.
Associated effects and risks
editBullying victimization occurs more frequently in sexual minorities than heterosexual individuals.[3][4] Sexual orientation-related physical bullying significantly correlates with mental distress and symptoms of trauma.[3] When bullying co-occurs with adverse childhood experiences (see: Adverse Childhood Experiences Study), greater lifetime health disparities and health risk behaviours appear.[3] Bullying, especially in adolescents, can lead to depression and suicidal ideation.[5] Bullied sexual minority females are more likely to experience depression and suicidal ideation than their sexual minority male and heterosexual counterparts.[4]
Anti-gay physical bullying, along with sexual abuse and verbal bullying, can lead to psychosocial health problems, which can be a predictor of risky sex behaviours.[6] Men who have sex with men in the United States and Canada have a higher prevalence of HIV than any other cohort.[6]
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
Stub waiting to be created: Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ)
Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) is a 43-item screening questionnaire[7] intended to measure types of childhood abuse or trauma; neglect; household dysfunction; peer violence; sexual and emotional abuse, and exposure to community and collective violence.[8][9] ACE-IQ is meant to be administered to people 18 years or older in all countries, and is currently undergoing validation testing.[8][9]
- ^ Maxwell, C.; Wharf, H. "Stop sexual bullying: Preventing violence, promoting equality: Act now" (PDF). WOMANKIND Worldwide. WOMANKIND Worldwide. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Sexual harassment and sexual bullying". TeensHealth. The Nemours Foundation. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ a b c Andersen, J. P.; Zou, C.; Blosnich, J. (2015). "Multiple early victimization experiences as a pathway to explain physical health disparities among sexual minority and heterosexual individuals" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 133: 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.043. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ a b Dunn, H. K.; Clark, M. A.; Pearlman, D. N. (2015). "The relationship between sexual history, bullying victimization, and poor mental health outcomes among heterosexual and sexual minority high school students: A feminist perspective". Journal of Interpersonal Violence: 1-23. doi:10.1177/0886260515599658. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ Alavi, N.; Roberts, N.; Sutton, C.; Axas, N.; Repetti, L. (2015). "Bullying victimization (being bullied) among adolescents referred for urgent psychiatric consultation: Prevalence and association with suicidality". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 60 (10): 427. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ a b Tulloch, T. G.; Rotondi, N. K.; Ing, S.; Myers, T.; Calzavara, L. M.; Loutfy, M. R.; Hart, T. A. (2015). "Retrospective reports of developmental stressors, syndemics, and their association with sexual risk outcomes among gay men". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44 (7): 1879–1889. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0479-3. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ Kazeem, O. T. (2015). "A Validation of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale in Nigeria". Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. 5 (11): 18–23. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ a b "Violence and Injury Prevention: Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ)". World Health Organization. WHO. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ a b Almuneef, M.; Qayad, M.; Aleissa, M.; Albuhairan, F. (2014). "Adverse childhood experiences, chronic diseases, and risky health behaviors in Saudi Arabian adults: A pilot study". Child Abuse & Neglect. 38 (11): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.003. Retrieved 29 November 2015.