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Phonology

Consonants

The table below shows the 18 consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.

Papuan Malay consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
	voiced			d͡ʒ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Fricative	voiceless		s			h
Rhotic			r
Lateral approximant			l
Approximant		w		j

Vowels

There are 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay.

Papuan Malay vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Vowel allophones

Below are the allophones of Papuan Malay vowels.

Phoneme	Allophone
/i/	[i], [ɪ], [e]
/u/	[u], [ʊ], [o]
/ɛ/	[ɛ], [ɛ̞], [ə]
/ɔ/	[ɔ], [ɔ̞]
/a/	[a], [ɐ]

Vowels in closed syllables are centralized:

Orthographic	Phonetic	Translation
tinggi	[tɪŋ.gi]	'be high'

In the closed syllable [tɪŋ], the phoneme /i/ is realized as [ɪ]. In the open syllable [gi], the phoneme is realized as [i].

References

Kluge, Angela (2017). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBN 978-3-944675-86-2.