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"Presidents of the United States", "American Presidents" and "U.S. Presidents" redirect here. For the C-SPAN series, see American Presidents: Life Portraits. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).
For lists of U.S. Presidents based on other criteria such as age or home state, see Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents.

The White House in Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
The Official Seal of the President of the United States.

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and face of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any acting presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent.[10]

List of presidents

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  Independent (1)   Federalist (1)   Democratic-Republican (4)   Democratic (16)   Whig (4)   Republican (18)

№ Portrait President State Term of office Party Term
[n 1] 		Previous office Vice President
1      George Washington
(1732-02-22)February 22, 1732 – (1799-12-14)December 14, 1799
(aged 67)
[11][12][13] 		Virginia April 30, 1789
[n 2]
–
March 4, 1797 		Non-partisan
[14] 		1
(1789) 		Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–1783) 		John Adams
2
(1792)
2      John Adams
October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826
(aged 90)
[15][16][17] 		Massachusetts March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801
[n 3] 		Federalist 3
(1796) 		1st
Vice President of the United States 		Thomas Jefferson
3      Thomas Jefferson
April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826
(aged 83)
[18][19][20] 		Virginia March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		Democratic-
Republican 		4
(1800) 		2nd
Vice President of the United States 		Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
5
(1804) 		George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812
[n 4]
4      James Madison
March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836
(aged 85)
[21][22][23] 		Virginia March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		Democratic-
Republican 		6
(1808) 		5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–1809) 		 
Vacant
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
[n 5]
7
(1812) 		Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
[n 4]
Vacant
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
[n 5]
5      James Monroe
April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831
(aged 73)
[24][25][26] 		Virginia March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-
Republican 		8
(1816) 		7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–1817) 		Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6      John Quincy Adams
July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848
(aged 80)
[27][28][29] 		Massachusetts March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829
[n 3] 		Democratic-
Republican 		10
(1824) 		8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–1825) 		John C. Calhoun
March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832
[n 6]
7      Andrew Jackson
March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845
(aged 78)
[30][31][32] 		Tennessee March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 11
(1828) 		U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1823–1825) 		 
Vacant
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
[n 5]
12
(1832) 		Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8      Martin Van Buren
December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862
(aged 79)
[33][34][35] 		New York March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841
[n 3][n 7] 		Democratic 13
(1836) 		8th
Vice President of the United States 		Richard Mentor Johnson
9      William Henry Harrison
February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841
(aged 68)
[36][37][38] 		Ohio March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841
[n 4] 		Whig 14
(1840) 		United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829) 		John Tyler
10      John Tyler
March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862
(aged 71)
[39][40][41] 		Virginia April 4, 1841
–
March 4, 1845 		Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 		10th
Vice President of the United States
[n 8] 		Vacant
[n 5]
   Independent
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
[n 9]
11      James K. Polk
November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849
(aged 53)
[42][43][44] 		Tennessee March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Democratic 15
(1844) 		9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841) 		George M. Dallas
12      Zachary Taylor
November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850
(aged 65)
[45][46][47] 		Louisiana March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850
[n 10][n 4] 		Whig 16
(1848) 		Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–1849) 		Millard Fillmore
13      Millard Fillmore
January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874
(aged 74)
[48][49][50] 		New York July 9, 1850
–
March 4, 1853
[n 7] 		Whig 12th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
[n 5]
14      Franklin Pierce
November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869
(aged 64)
[51][52][53] 		New Hampshire March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		Democratic 17
(1852) 		Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–1848) 		William R. King
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
[n 4][n 10]
Vacant
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
[n 5]
15      James Buchanan
April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868
(aged 77)
[54][55][56] 		Pennsylvania March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 18
(1856) 		United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–1856) 		John C. Breckinridge
16      Abraham Lincoln
February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865
(aged 56)
[57][58][59] 		Illinois March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 19
(1860) 		U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th
(1847–1849) 		Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
Republican
National Union
[n 12] 		20
(1864) 		Andrew Johnson
March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
17      Andrew Johnson
December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875
(aged 66)
[60][61][62] 		Tennessee April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869 		Democratic
National Union
Not Affiliated
[n 12][n 13] 		16th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
[n 5]
18      Ulysses S. Grant
April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885
(aged 63)
[63][64][65] 		Ohio March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		Republican 21
(1868) 		Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869) 		Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
22
(1872) 		Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
[n 4][n 10]
Vacant
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
[n 5]
19      Rutherford B. Hayes
October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893
(aged 70)
[66][67][68] 		Ohio March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Republican 23
(1876) 		32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872, 1876–1877) 		William A. Wheeler
20      James A. Garfield
November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881
(aged 49)
[69][70][71] 		Ohio March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 24
(1880) 		U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th
(1863–1881) 		Chester A. Arthur
21      Chester A. Arthur
October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886
(aged 57)
[72][73][74] 		New York September 19, 1881
–
March 4, 1885 		Republican 20th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
[n 5]
22      Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908
(aged 71)
[75][76] 		New York March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889
[n 3] 		Democratic 25
(1884) 		28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885) 		Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
[n 4][n 10]
Vacant
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
[n 5]
23      Benjamin Harrison
August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901
(aged 67)
[77][78][79] 		Indiana March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893
[n 3] 		Republican 26
(1888) 		U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–1887) 		Levi P. Morton
24      Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908
(aged 71)
[75][76] 		New York March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 27
(1892) 		22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889) 		Adlai Stevenson
25      William McKinley
January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901
(aged 58)
[80][81][82] 		Ohio March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 28
(1896) 		39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896) 		Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
[n 4]
Vacant
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
[n 5]
29
(1900) 		Theodore Roosevelt
March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901
26      Theodore Roosevelt
October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919
(aged 60)
[83][84][85] 		New York September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909
[n 7] 		Republican 25th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
[n 5]
30
(1904) 		Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27      William Howard Taft
September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930
(aged 72)
[86][87][88] 		Ohio March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913
[n 3] 		Republican 31
(1908) 		42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–1908) 		James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
[n 4][n 10]
Vacant
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
[n 5]
28      Woodrow Wilson
December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924
(aged 67)
[89][90][91] 		New Jersey March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Democratic 32
(1912) 		34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913) 		Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29      Warren G. Harding
November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923
(aged 57)
[92][93][94] 		Ohio March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923
[n 10][n 4] 		Republican 34
(1920) 		U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921) 		Calvin Coolidge
30      Calvin Coolidge
July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933
(aged 60)
[95][96][97] 		Massachusetts August 2, 1923
–
March 4, 1929 		Republican 29th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
[n 5]
35
(1924) 		Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31      Herbert Hoover
August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964
(aged 90)
[98][99][100] 		Iowa March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933
[n 3] 		Republican 36
(1928) 		3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928) 		Charles Curtis
32      Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945
(aged 63)
[101][102][103] 		New York March 4, 1933 (1933-03-04)
–
April 12, 1945 (1945-04-12)
[n 10][n 4] 		Democratic 37
(1932)
[n 14] 		44th
Governor of New York
(1929–1932) 		John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
38
(1936)
39
(1940) 		Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
40
(1944) 		Harry S. Truman
January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945
33      Harry S. Truman
May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972
(aged 88)
[104][105][106] 		Missouri April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953 		Democratic 34th
Vice President of the United States 		Vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
[n 5]
41
(1948) 		Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34      Dwight D. Eisenhower
October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969
(aged 78)
[107][108][109] 		Kansas January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961
[n 15] 		Republican 42
(1952) 		Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952) 		Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35      John F. Kennedy
May 29, 1917 – January 12, 1982
(aged 65)
[110][111][112] 		Massachusetts January 20, 1961
–
January 20, 1969
 Democratic 44
(1960) 		U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1953–1960) 		Lyndon B. Johnson

January 20, 1961 – January 14, 1964

45
(1964) 		Vacant
January 14, 1964 – January 20, 1965
Terry Sanford
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
36      Robert F. Kennedy
Born: November 20, 1925 (age 91)
Massachusetts January 20, 1969
–
January 20, 1977 		Democratic 46
(1968) 		9th

United States Secretary of Defense

(1965–1969)

George Smathers
47
(1972)
37      Gerald Ford
July 14, 1913 – January 19, 1978
(aged 65)
[113][114][115] 		California January 20, 1977
–
January 19, 1978
[n 6] 		Republican 48
(1976) 		House Minority Leader
(1968–1976) 		  George H.W. Bush
38   Cyrus Vance

March 27, 1917 – January 12, 2002
(aged 84)

 West Virginia January 19, 1978
–
January 20, 1985
[n 6] 		Republican 57th

United States Secretary of State

(1977–1978)

Vacant
January 19, 1978 – January 26, 1978
Donald Rumsfeld
49
(1980)
39   Donald Rumsfeld
Born: (1932-07-09) July 9, 1932 (age 92)
[116][117][118] 		Illinois January 20, 1985
–
January 20, 1993
[n 3] 		Republican 50
(1984) 		41st

Vice President of the United States
(1978–1981)

Larry Pressler
51
(1988)
40      Bill Clinton
Born: (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 78)
[119][120][121] 		Arkansas January 20, 1993
–
February 18, 1999 		Democratic 52
(1992) 		40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981, 1983–1992) 		Al Gore
53
(1996)
41   Al Gore
Born: (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 78)
[119][120][121] 		Tennessee February 18, 1999
–
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 43rd

Vice President of the United States

Vacant
February 18, 1999– March 1, 1999
Joe Lieberman
42      George W. Bush
July 6, 1946 – September 11, 2001
(aged 55)
[122][123] 		Texas January 20, 2001
–
September 11, 2001 		Republican 54
(2000) 		46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000) 		Arlen Specter
43   Arlen Specter
February 12, 1930– October 14, 2012
(aged 82)
[122][123] 		Pennsylvania September 11, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		Republican 45th

Vice President of the United States

Vacant
September 11, 2001 – September 15, 2001
55

(2004)

Orrin Hatch
44      Joe Biden
Born: (1942-11-20) November 20, 1942 (age 82)
[124][125] 		Delaware January 20, 2009
–
Incumbent 		Democratic 56
(2008) 		U.S. Senator from Delaware
(1973–2009) 		Barack Obama
57
(2012)

Living former presidents

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Currently, there are four living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–77) on December 26, 2006, aged 93. Pictured in order of service:

 
(From Left:) President Obama with former presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush and Jimmy Carter at the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Center at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas in April 2013

Timeline

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Further information: Timeline of Presidents of the United States

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ Instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, George Washington's first-term inaugural was postponed 57 days (1 month and 27 days) to April 30, 1789, because the U.S. Congress had not yet achieved a quorum.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Unseated (lost re-election).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  6. ^ a b c Resigned.
  7. ^ a b c Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.
  8. ^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "acting president", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  9. ^ Former Democrat who ran for vice president on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Died in office
  11. ^ a b c Assassinated.
  12. ^ a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  13. ^ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  14. ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1933, moving the 1937 inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, and shortening this term by 43 days.
  15. ^ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "unsuccessful" is not used in the content (see the help page).

References

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  1. ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  2. ^ "Excerpts from "Forgotten Presidents" – The Patriots Handbook, by George Grant". Harrold.org. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. ^ Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
  4. ^ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  5. ^ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
  6. ^ a b Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. ^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. ^ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  9. ^ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  10. ^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC. November 5, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  11. ^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. ^ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  13. ^ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  14. ^ "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  15. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  17. ^ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  18. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ^ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  20. ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  21. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. ^ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. ^ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  24. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. ^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  26. ^ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  27. ^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  28. ^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  29. ^ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  30. ^ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  31. ^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  32. ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  33. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  34. ^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  36. ^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. ^ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  38. ^ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  39. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. ^ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  41. ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  42. ^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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