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User:Guarapiranga/Draft:List of countries by prevalence of genital cutting

< User:Guarapiranga

In males, circumcision consists of removing the prepuce of the penis (the foreskin). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as khitan) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as brit milah), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the United States as a hospital procedure.[1][2] It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in Australia[3] and Canada.[4][5] Circumcision for cosmetic reasons is banned in public hospitals in Australia.[6]

The procedures of female genital mutilation (FGM) are significantly more extensive.[7] FGM has no medical benefits and can cause serious harm to women's physical and mental health, depending on the procedure and whether it was performed by traditional cutters or medical personnel.[8] Known until the early 1990s as "female circumcision", the World Health Organization (WHO) and other agencies began referring to it as "female genital mutilation" to remove any analogy to male circumcision.[9][7] It is outlawed around the world, including in many of the countries in which it is most heavily concentrated.[10] Found mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, the practice is divided by the WHO into four types:[8]

  • Type 1 (clitoridectomy) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans; "in very rare cases", according to the WHO, it involves removal of the clitoral hood only (the prepuce, or skin around the clitoral glans).
  • Type 2 (excision) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, inner labia, and sometimes the outer labia.
  • Type 3 (infibulation) is the removal of the inner and outer labia and the creation of a seal over the vagina by stitching the two sides or by otherwise allowing them to bond, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; this is performed with and without clitoridectomy.
  • Type 4 is "all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area".[8]

Maps

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Main articles: Prevalence of circumcision and Female genital mutilation § Distribution
Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country
Age Male Female
0-14
15+

Table

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Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country[a]
Country Male Female
0-14 15+ Banned 0-14[b] 15+ Banned
  Afghanistan [13] 98
 .1 [14] 99
 .1 No — — Yes
  Albania [14] 31
 .5 [14] 36
 .8 No — — Yes
  Algeria 97
 .9 [11] 97
 .9 No [15] 0 [15] 0 Yes
  American Samoa 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Andorra 1
 .1 [11] 1
 .1 No — — Yes
  Angola [14] 96
 .1 [14] 96
 .2 No — — Yes
  Anguilla 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Antigua and Barbuda 0
 .6 [11] 0
 .6 No — — Yes
  Argentina 2
 .9 [11] 2
 .9 No — — Yes
  Armenia 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Aruba 0
 .46 [11] 0
 .46 No — — Yes
  Australia [16][17][18] 15
 .9 [19] 58 No — — Yes
  Austria 5
 .8 [11] 5
 .8 No — — Yes
  Azerbaijan 96
 .9 [14] 96
 .9 No — — Yes
  Bahamas 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Bahrain 81
 .2 [11] 81
 .2 No — — Yes
  Bangladesh 93
 .2 [20] 93
 .2 No — — Yes
  Barbados 0
 .9 [11] 0
 .9 No — — Yes
  Belarus 0
 .32 [11] 0
 .32 No — — Yes
  Belgium 22
 .6 [21] 22
 .6 No — — Yes
  Belize 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Benin [14] 95
 .5 [14] 94
 .7 No [12] 0
 .2 [12] 9 Yes
  Bermuda 0
 .8 [11] 0
 .8 No — — Yes
  Bhutan 1
 .0 [11] 1
 .0 No — — Yes
  Bolivia 0
 .11 [11] 0
 .11 No — — Yes
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 41
 .6 [11] 41
 .6 No — — Yes
  Botswana 15
 .1 [22][23] 15
 .1 No — — Yes
  Brazil 1
 .3 [24] 1
 .3 No — — Yes
  British Virgin Islands 1
 .2 [11] 1
 .2 No — — Yes
  Brunei 51
 .9 [11] 51
 .9 No — — Yes
  Bulgaria 13
 .4 [11] 13
 .4 No — — Yes
  Burkina Faso [14] 85
 .1 [14] 88
 .7 No [12] 13 [12] 76 Yes
  Burundi [14] 19
 .3 [14] 41
 .6 No — — Yes
  Cape Verde 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Cambodia 2
 .1 [14] 2
 .1 No — — Yes
  Cameroon [14] 94
 .9 [14] 94 No [14] 1
 .5 [12] 1 Yes
  Canada 31
 .9 [25] 31
 .9 No — — Yes
  Cayman Islands 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Central African Republic 63
 .0 [26] 63
 .0 No [12] 1 [12] 24 Yes
  Chad 96
 .5 [14] 96
 .5 No [12] 10 [12] 38 Yes
  Chile 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .21 No — — Yes
  China 14
 .0 [27] 14
 .0 No — — Yes
  Christmas Island 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Cocos (Keeling) Islands 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Colombia 1
 .5 [28] 1
 .5 No [29] 0
 .47 [29] 0
 .47 Yes
  Comoros [14] 100
 .0 [14] 99
 .5 No [30] 0 [30] 0 Yes
  DR Congo [14] 95
 .2 [14] 97
 .2 No — — Yes
  Congo [14] 100
 .0 [14] 99
 .2 No — — Yes
  Cook Islands 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Costa Rica 0
 .15 [11] 0
 .15 No — — Yes
  Ivory Coast [14] 94
 .0 [14] 96
 .7 No [12] 10 [12] 37 Yes
  Croatia 1
 .34 [11] 1
 .34 No — — Yes
  Cuba 0
 .11 [11] 0
 .11 No — — Yes
  Curaçao 0
 .07 [11] 0
 .07 No — — Yes
  Cyprus 22
 .7 [11] 22
 .7 No — — Yes
  Czech Republic 0
 .14 [11] 0
 .14 No — — Yes
  Denmark 5
 .3 [31][32] 5
 .3 No — — Yes
  Djibouti 96
 .5 [26] 96
 .5 No [12] 49 [12] 93 Yes
  Dominica 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Dominican Republic 12
 .7 [14] 12
 .7 No — — Yes
  Ecuador 0
 .11 [11] 0
 .11 No — — Yes
  Egypt 94
 .7 [11] 94
 .7 No [12] 14 [12] 87 Yes
  El Salvador 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Equatorial Guinea 87 [33] 87 No — — Yes
  Eritrea 97
 .2 [26] 97
 .2 No [12] 33 [12] 83 Yes
  Estonia 0
 .25 [11] 0
 .25 No — — Yes
  Ethiopia [14] 94
 .7 [14] 91
 .7 No [12] 16 [12] 65 Yes
  Falkland Islands 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Faroe Islands 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Fiji 55 [11] 55 No — — Yes
  Finland 3
 .0 [34] 3
 .0 No — — Yes
  France 14 [11] 14 No — — Yes
  French Polynesia 78 [11] 78 No — — Yes
  Gabon [14] 100
 .0 [14] 99
 .2 No — — Yes
  Gambia 94
 .5 [26] 94
 .5 No [12] 56 [12] 75 Yes
  Palestine 99
 .9 [11] 99
 .9 No — — Yes
  Georgia 10
 .6 [11] 10
 .6 No — — Yes
  Germany [35] 10
 .9 [36] 6
 .7 No — — Yes
  Ghana [14] 94
 .2 [14] 95
 .6 No [12] 1 [12] 4 Yes
  Gibraltar 6 [11] 6 No — — Yes
  Greece 4
 .7 [11] 4
 .7 No — — Yes
  Greenland 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Grenada 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Guam 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Guatemala 2
 .9 [14] 2
 .9 No — — Yes
  Guernsey 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Guinea [14] 98
 .5 [14] 99
 .0 No [12] 45 [12] 97 Yes
  Guinea-Bissau 93
 .3 [26] 93
 .3 No [12] 29 [12] 45 Yes
  Guyana 12
 .1 [14] 12
 .1 No — — Yes
  Haiti [14] 8
 .4 [14] 7
 .6 No — — Yes
  Holy See 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Honduras 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Hong Kong 28 [37] 28 No — — Yes
  Hungary 0
 .8 [11] 0
 .8 No — — Yes
  Iceland 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  India 15
 .7 [14] 15
 .7 No — — Yes
  Indonesia 92
 .5 [33] 92
 .5 No [12] 49 [38] 95
 .1 Yes
  Iran 99
 .7 [11] 99
 .7 No — — Yes
  Iraq 98
 .9 [11] 98
 .9 No [12] 3 [12] 8 Yes
  Ireland 0
 .9 [11] 0
 .9 No — — Yes
  Isle of Man 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Israel 91
 .7 [11] 91
 .7 No — — Yes
  Italy 2
 .6 [11] 2
 .6 No — — Yes
  Jamaica 14 [39] 14 No — — Yes
  Japan 9 [40] 9 No — — Yes
  Jersey 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Jordan 98
 .8 [11] 98
 .8 No — — Yes
  Kazakhstan 56
 .4 [11] 56
 .4 No — — Yes
  Kenya [14] 91
 .0 [14] 92
 .6 No [12] 3 [12] 21 Yes
  Kiribati 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  North Korea 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  South Korea [41] 22
 .2 [41] 81
 .6 No — — Yes
  Kosovo 91
 .7 [11] 91
 .7 No — — Yes
  Kuwait 86
 .4 [11] 86
 .4 No — — Yes
  Kyrgyzstan 91
 .9 [14] 91
 .9 No — — Yes
  Laos 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Latvia 0
 .4 [11] 0
 .4 No — — Yes
  Lebanon 59
 .7 [11] 59
 .7 No — — Yes
  Lesotho [14] 70
 .4 [14] 72
 .3 No — — Yes
  Liberia 99
 .1 [14] 99
 .1 No — [12] 44 Yes
  Libya 96
 .6 [11] 96
 .6 No — — Yes
  Liechtenstein 4
 .8 [11] 4
 .8 No — — Yes
  Lithuania 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Luxembourg 2
 .4 [11] 2
 .4 No — — Yes
  Macau 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  North Macedonia 33
 .9 [11] 33
 .9 No — — Yes
  Madagascar [14] 95
 .5 [14] 94
 .6 No — — Yes
  Malawi [14] 30
 .0 [14] 28
 .0 No — — Yes
  Malaysia 61
 .4 [11] 61
 .4 No — — Yes
  Maldives 98
 .4 [11] 98
 .4 No [14] 13
 .4 [14] 18
 .5 Yes
  Mali 97
 .8 [14] 97
 .8 No [12] 73 [12] 83 No
  Malta 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Marshall Islands 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Mauritania 99
 .2 [26] 99
 .2 No [12] 51 [12] 67 Yes
  Mauritius 16
 .6 [11] 16
 .6 No — — Yes
  Mexico 15
 .4 [42] 15
 .4 No — — Yes
  Micronesia 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Moldova [14] 0
 .5 [14] 0
 .9 No — — Yes
  Monaco 0
 .5 [11] 0
 .5 No — — Yes
  Mongolia 4
 .4 [11] 4
 .4 No — — Yes
  Montenegro 18
 .5 [11] 18
 .5 No — — Yes
  Montserrat 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Morocco 99
 .9 [11] 99
 .9 No — — Yes
  Mozambique [14] 64
 .5 [14] 62
 .7 No — — Yes
  Myanmar 3
 .9 [14] 3
 .9 No — — Yes
  Namibia [14] 31
 .4 [14] 26
 .5 No — — Yes
  Nauru 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Nepal 4
 .2 [11] 4
 .2 No — — Yes
  Netherlands 5
 .7 [11] 5
 .7 No — — Yes
  New Caledonia 50 [11] 50 No — — Yes
  New Zealand [43] 10
 .0 [44] 33
 .0 No — — Yes
  Nicaragua 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Niger 99
 .4 [14] 99
 .4 No [14] 1
 .2 [12] 2 Yes
  Nigeria 98
 .9 [14] 98
 .9 No [12] 13 [12] 18 Yes
  Niue 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Norfolk Island 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Northern Mariana Islands 90 [11] 90 No — — Yes
  Norway 3
 .0 [11] 3
 .0 No — — Yes
  Oman 87
 .7 [11] 87
 .7 No — — Yes
  Pakistan 96
 .4 [11] 96
 .4 No — — Yes
  Palau 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Panama 1
 .0 [11] 1
 .0 No — — Yes
  Papua New Guinea 10
 .1 [11] 10
 .1 No — — Yes
  Paraguay 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Peru 3
 .7 [11] 3
 .7 No — — Yes
  Philippines 91
 .7 [11] 91
 .7 No — — Yes
  Pitcairn Islands 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Poland 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Portugal 0
 .6 [11] 0
 .6 No — — Yes
  Puerto Rico 0
 .14 [11] 0
 .14 No — — Yes
  Qatar 77
 .5 [11] 77
 .5 No — — Yes
  Romania 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Russia 11
 .8 [11] 11
 .8 No — — Yes
  Rwanda [14] 11
 .9 [14] 27
 .7 No — — Yes
  Saint Barthélemy 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Saint Helena 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Saint Kitts 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Saint Lucia 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Saint Martin 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1
 .7 [11] 1
 .7 No — — Yes
  Samoa 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  San Marino 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  São Tomé and Príncipe 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Saudi Arabia 97
 .1 [11] 97
 .1 No — — Yes
  Senegal 98
 .2 [14] 98
 .2 No [12] 14 [12] 23 Yes
  Serbia 3
 .7 [11] 3
 .7 No — — Yes
  Seychelles 1
 .1 [11] 1
 .1 No — — Yes
  Sierra Leone 99
 .4 [14] 99
 .4 No [12] 8 [12] 86 No
  Singapore 14
 .9 [11] 14
 .9 No — — Yes
  Sint Maarten 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Slovakia 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .15 No — — Yes
  Slovenia 8
 .5 [45] 8
 .5 No — — Yes
  Solomon Islands 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Somalia 93
 .5 [46][47] 93
 .5 No [12] 46 [12] 98 Yes
  South Africa [14] 45
 .5 [14] 55
 .2 No — — Yes
  South Sudan 23
 .6 [48][49] 23
 .6 No — — Yes
  Spain 6
 .6 [11] 6
 .6 No — — Yes
  Sri Lanka 8
 .5 [11] 8
 .5 No — — Yes
  Sudan 39
 .4 [46][26] 39
 .4 No [12] 30 [12] 87 No
  Suriname 15
 .9 [11] 15
 .9 No — — Yes
  Svalbard 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Swaziland 8
 .6 [14] 8
 .6 No — — Yes
  Sweden 5
 .1 [11] 5
 .1 No — — Yes
  Switzerland 5
 .9 [11] 5
 .9 No — — Yes
  Syria 92
 .8 [11] 92
 .8 No — — Yes
  Taiwan 8
 .3 [50] 8
 .3 No — — Yes
  Tajikistan 99 [11] 99 No — — Yes
  Tanzania 80
 .4 [14] 80
 .4 No [12] 0
 .4 [12] 10 Yes
  Thailand 11
 .9 [51] 11
 .9 No — — Yes
  East Timor [14] 6
 .9 [14] 9
 .1 No — — Yes
  Togo [14] 98
 .7 [14] 97
 .8 No [12] 0
 .3 [12] 5 Yes
  Tokelau 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Tonga 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Trinidad and Tobago 5
 .8 [11] 5
 .8 No — — Yes
  Tunisia 99
 .8 [11] 99
 .8 No — — Yes
  Turkey 98
 .6 [11] 98
 .6 No — — Yes
  Turkmenistan 93
 .4 [11] 93
 .4 No — — Yes
  Turks and Caicos Islands 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Tuvalu 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Uganda [14] 33
 .2 [14] 45
 .3 No [12] 1 [12] 0 Yes
  Ukraine 2
 .2 [14] 2
 .2 No — — Yes
  United Arab Emirates 76 [11] 76 No — — Yes
  United Kingdom [52][53] 3 [54][53] 8
 .5 No — — Yes
  United States [55] 71
 .2 [56] 80
 .5 No — — Yes
  Uruguay 0
 .62 [11] 0
 .62 No — — Yes
  Uzbekistan 96
 .5 [11] 96
 .5 No — — Yes
  Vanuatu 95 [11] 95 No — — Yes
  Venezuela 0
 .3 [11] 0
 .3 No — — Yes
  Vietnam 0
 .2 [11] 0
 .2 No — — Yes
  U.S. Virgin Islands 0
 .6 [11] 0
 .6 No — — Yes
  Wallis and Futuna 0
 .1 [11] 0
 .1 No — — Yes
  Western Sahara 99
 .6 [11] 99
 .6 No — — Yes
  Yemen 99
 .0 [11] 99
 .0 No [14] 18
 .5 [12] 19 Yes
  Zambia [14] 18
 .3 [14] 21
 .6 No — — Yes
  Zimbabwe [14] 14
 .3 [14] 14
 .0 No — — Yes

Notes

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  1. ^ Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016)[11] and UNICEF,[12] for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and sex ratio. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, #2C2C2C); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | —. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).
  2. ^ Figures as reported by the children's mothers.

References

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  1. ^ Wiswell, Thomas E.; Bailis, Stefan A.; Morris, Brian J. (2014-05-01). "Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? What Effect Might the New Affirmative Pediatric Policy Statement Have?". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 89 (5): 677–686. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001. ISSN 0025-6196. PMID 24702735. Archived from the original on 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  2. ^ "Products - Health E Stats - Trends in Circumcision Among Male Newborns Born in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010". www.cdc.gov. 2019-06-01. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  3. ^ "Australian circumcision statistics | Circinfo.org". www.circinfo.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  4. ^ "Rates of circumcision slashed in past 30 years". The Gazette, Montreal. 2006-03-23. p. A13.
  5. ^ MacDonald, Andrea (2006-03-25). "N.S. circumcisions continue to drop: Province has second-lowest rate in the country". Halifax Daily News.
  6. ^ Press, Australian Associated (2017-02-09). "Protection offered by circumcision does not warrant lifting ban, say doctors". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  7. ^ a b Nussbaum, Martha (1999). Sex and Social Justice. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780195355017. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  8. ^ a b c "Female genital mutilation". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  9. ^ Cappa, Claudia; et al. (July 2013). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change (PDF). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. pp. 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  10. ^ UNICEF 2013, pp. 8–9.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez Morris, Brian J.; Wamai, Richard G.; Henebeng, Esther B.; Tobian, Aaron A. R.; Klausner, Jeffrey D.; Banerjee, Joya; Hankins, Catherine A. (2016-04-04). "Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". Population Health Metrics. 14: 11. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0080-6. ISSN 1478-7954. PMC 4820865. PMID 27051352.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd "Female genital mutilation". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  13. ^ ICF; Health/Afghanistan, Ministry of Public; Organization/Afghanistan, Central Statistics (2017-01-01). "Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015". Archived from the original on 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-10-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd "The DHS Program - Data". www.dhsprogram.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  15. ^ a b Female genital mutilation: Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan Archived 2019-08-25 at the Wayback Machine. Archive.ipu.org. Retrieved on 2019-08-28.
  16. ^ "Medicare Australia - Statistics - Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) Item Statistics". medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
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Category:Genital modification and mutilation Category:Circumcision Category:Female genital mutilation Category:Female genital mutilation by country Category:Circumcision debate

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