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Under the Lilacs
"Ben and Sancho", illustration from an 1888 edition of Under the Lilacs
AuthorLouisa May Alcott
LanguageEnglish
PublisherRoberts Bros.
Publication date
1878
Publication placeUnited States
Pages305

Under the Lilacs is a children's novel by Louisa May Alcott, first published as a serialized story in St. Nicholas magazine in 1877-1878. It was first published in book form in 1878. The plot follows twelve-year-old Ben Brown, a circus runaway who makes friends with the Moss family. He also makes friends with Miss Celia and her brother Thornton, and Miss Celia eventually allows Ben to live at her house.

The novel's themes deal with characters' gender portrayal, moral lessons, and characters' relationships with food. Alcott, who wrote the novel while caring for her sick mother, struggled to come up with ideas for the story. During its composition she maintained correspondence with Mary Mapes Dodge. The book has been republished many times with new illustrations. It received both praise and criticism in its early years.

Plot

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Bab and Betty Moss are having a tea party with their dolls when an unknown dog appears and steals their cake. A few days later, the girls find the dog, Sancho, along with his owner Ben Brown in the coach-house. Ben is a run-away from the circus where he was a horse master. In sharing his story, Ben reveals that that he and his father worked at the circus until his father left in search of another job; after his father left, Ben was abused by his circus master, which led to him running away. Bab, Betty, and their widowed mother Mrs. Moss take Ben in and find him a job working on the Squire's farm. There, he works with horses and drives cows to pasture.

Miss Celia and her fourteen-year-old brother Thornton or "Thorny" move into the Laylocks, which is the house that Mrs. Moss takes care of. At first, Thorny is sick, too weak to walk, and irritable, but he eventually becomes friends with the children. Miss Celia also befriends the children, letting them play at her house. When Celia reveals to Ben that his father, Mr. Brown, is likely dead, she takes him into her home to raise him. Ben is then able to receive both an academic and a religious education.

On the Fourth of July, when Miss Celia and Thorny are gone, Ben and a few local boys sneak away to watch the circus. Bab and Sancho follow, and the dog gets lost. He is later found by Betty with his tail cut off. Meanwhile, Miss Celia gets hurt on her horse and and is discovered by Ben. Ben is accused of stealing from Miss Celia, but he is proven innocent when the missing money is discovered in a mouse nest. Ben's father is alive and returns to him, Miss Celia marries her lover, and Mr. Brown and Mrs. Moss get married a year later.

Themes

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Gender portrayal

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Writer Hugh McElaney claims that Alcott reduces Ben's and Thornton's masculinity throughout the novel. McElaney argues that, though Ben has "traditionally masculine traits"—such as his expertise with archery and horses—his former Cupid role in the circus feminizes him. According to McElaney, Thornton's lack of masculinity is revealed through Alcott's portrayal of his physical appearance and behavior.[1]

Moral lessons

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The Springfield Daily Republican wrote that in Under the Lilacs "[t]here is the same watchful and rigid moral tone which shows itself in Miss Alcott's books, by the frequent reminder of what virtue is and what it is not", but added that moral lessons do not overwhelm the story.[2] McElaney suggests that Alcott mentions Ben's various difficulties after he sneaks to the circus in an attempt to teach a moral about disobedience.[3]

Play

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Writer Frances Armstrong suggests that Bab and Betty play death-related games with their dolls as a way to cope with being patronized by others; Armstrong says that the girls appear to be unconscious of this.[4]

Background

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Composition

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In June 1877 Alcott sent a letter to Mary Mapes Dodge, the editor for St. Nicholas, informing her about the progress of Under the Lilacs. She wrote that the book was taking a long time because she was busy. She also expressed her hope that illustrator Mary Hallock Foote would illustrate the story in a satisfactory manner, saying that in the past she struggled to get an illustrator to create images to her liking.[5] Foote's illustrations for Under the Lilacs depicted scenes with little action, resulting in Alcott's disappointment.[6]

In the same letter Alcott told Dodge, "I am daily waiting with anxiety for an illumination of some sort, as my plot is very vague so far." [5] She also mentioned that she included a poem written by F. B. Sanborn's young son, Francis, and expressed the desire for an illustration of that scene.[5] Later, in September, she told Dodge that, if necessary, she could "take out all about 'Tennyson Jr'". Dodge chose to keep the poem.[7]

In September 1877 Alcott finished the book at her mother Abby's deathbed.[8] She felt unsatisfied with the chapters written at that time, writing that they "are a sight for gods and men."[7] Alcott hoped that her heartache over Abby's death was unnoticeable in Under the Lilacs.[9]

Editions

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Under the Lilacs first appeared as a serialized edition in St. Nicholas between December 1877 and October 1878.[10] It was published in book form by Roberts Brothers in 1878 and again in 1901 by Little, Brown with one additional illustration.[10] In 1904 a Russian version with no illustrations was published by A. S. Panafidinoĭ.[11] The English version was reprinted by Little, Brown in 1905 with new illustrations by Alice Barber Stephens. In 1928 Marguerite Davis provided illustrations for another reprinting.[12]

Reception

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Under the Lilacs received both positive and critical reviews in its early years of publication. Upon its serialized appearance in St. Nicholas, the magazine's editors wrote that "Alcott was created expressly to write stories for young people."[13] Book Exchange Weekly wrote that the book was "the very best of Miss Alcott's books, better even than 'Little Women.'"[13] In Rose-Belford's Canadian Monthly Review, George Stewart, Jr., wrote, "Every line sparkles with interest and reflected light."[14]

Some readers were critical of Alcott's novel. They noted that "she permits girls to talk in something like slang, and with...inelegance that shocks the careful mamma."[15] Another criticism was related to the characters' "slang, the untidy English, and even more strongly in the amateur lovemaking", stating that it was unnecessary for Miss Celia to daydream while reading a letter from her lover.[16] W. W. Tulloch in The Academy called Under the Lilacs "a stupid and vulgar story 'for young people'", and claimed that children would find little enjoyment in reading it.[17]

When the book was reprinted in 1905, Review for Reviews magazine linked "her literary style...back to the methods of Irving, Hawthorne, and George Eliot" while feeling "strained alongside" the style of Frances Hodgson Burnett.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ McElaney 2006, pp. 143–145.
  2. ^ Clark 2004, p. 315-316.
  3. ^ McElaney 2006, p. 147-148.
  4. ^ Armstrong 1992, pp. 463–464.
  5. ^ a b c Stern 1985, p. 370.
  6. ^ Joseph 2004, p. 68.
  7. ^ a b Shealy 2004, p. 177.
  8. ^ Reisen 2009, p. 262; Alcott 2010, pp. 298–299, 327
  9. ^ Alcott 2010, p. 326.
  10. ^ a b Ullom 1969, p. 46.
  11. ^ Ullom 1969, p. 49.
  12. ^ Ullom 1969, p. 48-49.
  13. ^ a b Clark 2004, p. 315.
  14. ^ Stewart 1878, p. 637.
  15. ^ Clark 2004, p. 316.
  16. ^ Anonymous 1905, p. 406.
  17. ^ Clark 2004, p. 322.
  18. ^ Shaw 1905, p. 766.

Works cited

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  • Alcott, Louisa May (2010). Cheney, Ednah Dow (ed.). Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals. Carlisle, Massachussetts, USA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-4460-8.
  • Anonymous (1905). "Children's Books". The Nation. 81 (2107): 406 – via Google Books.
  • Armstrong, Frances (1992). "'Here Little, and Hereafter Bliss': Little Women and the Deferral of Greatness". American Literature. 64 (3). Duke University Press – via JSTOR.
  • Clark, Beverly Lyon, ed. (2004). "Under the Lilacs (1878)". Louisa May Alcott: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82780-9.
  • Joseph, Michael S. (2004). "Illustrating St. Nicholas and the Influence of Mary Mapes Dodge". In Gannon, Susan R.; Rahn, Suzanne; Thompson, Ruth Anne (eds.). St. Nicholas and Mary Mapes Dodge: The Legacy of a Children's Magazine Editor, 1873-1905. McFarland and Company, Inc. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-0-7864-1758-2.
  • McElaney, Hugh (2006). "Alcott's Freaking of Boyhood: The Perplex of Gender and Disability in Under the Lilacs". Children's Literature. 3. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 139–160 – via Project MUSE.
  • Reisen, Harriet (2009). Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women. New York, New York, USA: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ISBN 978-0-8050-8299-9.
  • Shaw, Albert, ed. (1905). "The Season's Books for Children: Reprints". Review for Reviews. 32: 766 – via HathiTrust.
  • Shealy, Daniel (2004). "'Work Well Done':Louisa May Alcott and Mary Mapes Dodge". In Gannon, Susan R.; Rahn, Suzanne; Thompson, Ruth Anne (eds.). St. Nicholas and Mary Mapes Dodge: The Legacy of a Children's Magazine Editor, 1873-1905. McFarland and Company, Inc. pp. 171–178. ISBN 978-0-7864-1758-2.
  • Stern, Madeleine B. (1985). "Louisa Alcott's Self-Criticism". Studies in the American Renaissance: 333–382 – via JSTOR.
  • Stewart, George, ed. (1878). "Current Literature". Rose-Belford's Canadian Monthly Review. 1: 637 – via HathiTrust.
  • Ullom, Judith C., ed. (1969). Louisa May Alcott: An Annotated, Selected Bibliography. Washington, D. C., USA: Library of Congress. pp. 46–49.
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