User:JMvanDijk/Sandbox 9/Box 27

Duchy of Swabia Herzogtum Schwaben (German) Ducatus Allemaniæ (Latin)
915–1313
Hohenstaufen (13th century)
The Duchy of Swabia within the German Kingdom around the start of the 11th century
Map showing the territories of Upper Burgundy (green) and the Duchy of Swabia (orange)
Status	Stem duchy of East Francia State of the Holy Roman Empire (from 962)
Capital	None
Common languages	Latin Swabian
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Feudalism Duchy
Historical era	Early Middle Ages
• Proclaimed	915
• Duchy discontinued	1268
• Duchy resurrected for the Habsburgs	1289
• Disestablished	1313
Preceded by Succeeded by Alamannia County of Württemberg Old Swiss Confederacy Margraviate of Baden Duchy of Burgundy County of Zollern Principality of Fürstenberg

Name

The Hohenstaufen Castle ruin

The name Hohenstaufen was first used in the 14th century to distinguish the 'high' (hohen) conical hill named Staufen in the Swabian Jura (in the district of Göppingen) from the village of the same name in the valley below. The new name was applied to the hill castle of Staufen by historians only in the 19th century to distinguish it from other castles of the same name. The name of the dynasty followed suit, but in recent decades, the trend in German historiography has been to prefer the name 'Staufer', which is closer to contemporary usage.

The name 'Staufen' itself derives from Stauf (OHG stouf, akin to Early Modern English stoup), meaning 'chalice'. This term was commonly applied to conical hills in Swabia during the Middle Ages. It is a contemporary term for both the hill and the castle, although its spelling in the Latin documents of the time varies considerably: Sthouf, Stophe, Stophen, Stoyphe, Estufin, etc. The castle was built or at least acquired by Duke Frederick I of Swabia in the latter half of the 11th century.

Members of the family occasionally used the toponymic surname de Stauf or variants thereof. Only in the 13th century would the name come to be applied to the family as a whole. Around 1215, a chronicler referred to the "emperors of Stauf". In 1247, the Emperor Frederick II himself referred to his family as the domus Stoffensis (Staufer house), but this was an isolated instance. Otto of Freising (d. 1158) associated the Staufer with the town of Waiblingen, and around 1230, Burchard of Ursberg referred to the Staufer as of the "royal lineage of the Waiblingens" (regia stirps Waiblingensium). The exact connection between the family and Waiblingen is not clear, but as a name for the family, it became very popular. The pro-imperial Ghibelline faction of the Italian civic rivalries of the 13th and 14th centuries derived its name from Waiblingen.

In Italian historiography, the Staufer are known as the Svevi (Swabians).

Origins

The origin remains unclear, however, Staufer counts are mentioned in a document of emperor Otto III in 987 as descendants of counts of the region of Riesgau near Nördlingen in the Duchy of Swabia, who were related to the Bavarian Sieghardinger family. A local count Frederick (d. about 1075) is mentioned as progenitor in a pedigree drawn up by Abbot Wibald of Stavelot at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1153. He held the office of a Swabian count palatine; his son Frederick of Büren (c. 1020–1053) married Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg (d. 1094/95), a niece of Pope Leo IX. Their son Frederick I was appointed Duke of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle by the Salian king Henry IV of Germany in 1079.

At the same time, Duke Frederick I was engaged to the king's approximately seventeen-year-old daughter, Agnes. Nothing is known about Frederick's life before this event, but he proved to be an imperial ally throughout Henry's struggles against other Swabian lords, namely Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Frederick's predecessor, and the Zähringen and Welf lords. Frederick's brother Otto was elevated to the Strasbourg bishopric in 1082.

Upon Frederick's death, he was succeeded by his son, Duke Frederick II, in 1105. Frederick II remained a close ally of the Salians, he and his younger brother Conrad were named the king's representatives in Germany when the king was in Italy. Around 1120, Frederick II married Judith of Bavaria from the rival House of Welf.

Staufer period

Frederick had to fight for his position with Bertold, son of Duke Rudolph, and the duke's son-in-law, Bertold II, duke of Zahringen, to whom he ceded the Breisgau in 1096. Frederick II succeeded his father in 1105, and was followed by Frederick III, afterwards the emperor Frederick I. The earlier Hohenstaufen increased the imperial domain in Swabia, where they received steady support, although ecclesiastical influences were very strong. In 1152 Frederick I gave the duchy to his kinsman, Frederick, count of Rothenburg and duke of Franconia, after whose death in 1167 it was held successively by three sons of the emperor, the youngest of whom, Philip, was chosen German king in 1198. During his struggle for the throne Philip purchased support by large cessions of Swabian lands, and the duchy remained in the royal hands during the reign of Otto IV, and came to Frederick II in 1214. Frederick granted Swabia to his son Henry, and, after his rebellion in 1235, to his son Conrad, whose son Conradin, setting out in 1266 to take possession of Sicily, pledged his Swabian inheritance to Ulrich II, count of Württemberg. The duchy fell into abeyance after Conradin's death in 1268.

Duchy of Swabia around AD 1000 shown in gold yellow including (present-day) Alsace, the southern part of Baden-Württemberg, Bavarian Swabia, Vorarlberg in Austria, Liechtenstein, eastern Switzerland and small parts of northern Italy. In green: Upper Burgundy.

Members of the Hohenstaufen family

Family tree of the Hohenstaufen emperors including their relation to succeeding dynasties

Seal of Henry II of Swabia (dated 1216) shows him as a mounted knight with a shield and banner displaying three leopards (three lions passant guardant)as the Hohenstaufen coat of arms; the three lions (later shown just passant) would later become known as the Swabian coat of arms.

Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of the Romans

• Conrad III, king 1138–1152
• Frederick Barbarossa, king 1152–1190, emperor after 1155
• Henry VI, king 1190–1197, emperor after 1191
• Philip of Swabia, king 1198–1208
• Frederick II, king 1208–1250, emperor after 1220
• Henry (VII), king 1220–1235 (under his father Emperor Frederick II)
• Conrad IV, king 1237–1254 (until 1250 under his father Emperor Frederick II)

The first ruling Hohenstaufen, Conrad III, like the last one, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. After a 20-year period (Great interregnum 1254–1273), the first Habsburg was elected king.

Kings of Italy

Note: The following kings are already listed above as German Kings

• Conrad III 1128–1135
• Frederick I 1154–1190
• Henry VI 1191–1197

Kings of Sicily

Arms of the Hohenstaufen Sicily

Note: Some of the following kings are already listed above as German Kings

• Henry VI 1194–1197
• Frederick 1198–1250
  • Henry (VII) 1212–1217 (nominal king under his father)
• Conrad 1250–1254
• Conradin 1254–1258/1268
• Manfred 1258–1266
• Constance II (Queen) 1282–1285

Dukes of Swabia

Note: Some of the following dukes are already listed above as German Kings

• Frederick I, Duke of Swabia (Friedrich) (r. 1079–1105)
• Frederick II, Duke of Swabia (r. 1105–1147)
• Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Frederick III of Swabia)(r. 1147–1152) King in 1152 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1155
• Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia (r. 1152–1167)
• Frederick V, Duke of Swabia (r. 1167–1170)
• Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (r. 1170–1191)
• Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (r. 1191–1196)
• Philip of Swabia (r. 1196–1208) King in 1198
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1212–1216) King in 1212 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1220
• Henry (VII) of Germany (r. 1216–1235), King 1220–1235
• Conrad IV (r. 1235–1254) King in 1237
• Conrad V (Conradin) (r. 1254–1268)

Family tree of the House of Hohenstaufen

Simplified Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree

Frederick of Büren Frederick I duke of Swabia Agnes of Waiblingen SALIAN Frederick II duke of Swabia 1.Judith of Bavaria 2.Agnes of Saarbrücken Conrad III king of Germany 1.Gertrude of Comburg 2.Gertrude of Sulzbach 1.Adelaide of Vohburg 2.Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy Frederick I Barbarossa king of Germany, III as duke of Swabia Conrad count palatine of the Rhine 1.(daughter of Gottfried I of Sponheim) 2.Irmengard of Henneberg Henry Berengar co-king of Germany Frederick IV duke of Swabia ⚭ Gertrude of Bavaria Frederick V duke of Swabia Henry VI king of Germany ⚭ Constance, Queen of Sicily Frederick VI duke of Swabia Otto I count of Burgundy ⚭ Margaret, Countess of Blois Conrad II duke of Swabia ⚭ Berengaria of Castile Philip king of Germany, duke of Swabia ⚭ Irene Angelina Frederick II king of Germany, I as king of Sicily, VII as duke of Swabia 1.Constance of Aragon 2.Isabella II of Jerusalem 3.Isabella of England 4.Bianca Lancia Henry king of Germany, II duke of Swabia, III King of Sicily, Italy, ⚭ Margaret of Austria Conrad IV king of Germany, I as king of Sicily, III as duke of Swabia ⚭ Elisabeth of Bavaria (Constance) Anna ⚭ John III Doukas Vatatzes Roman Emperor Manfred king of Sicily 1.Beatrice of Savoy 2.Helena Angelina Doukaina of Epirus Conradin II as king of Sicily, IV as duke of Swabia Constance ⚭ Peter III of Aragon

Detailed Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree
The colors denotes the monarchs from the Houses of:   - Hohenstaufen (1138–1208; 1215–1254)   - Süpplinburg (1125–1137)   - Welf (1208–1215) Lothair II King of Germany 1075–1137 r.1125–1137 HRE r.1133–1137 Richenza of Northeim c.1087/1089– 1141 Henry IX Duke of Bavaria 1075–1126 r.1120–1126 Frederick I Duke of Swabia 1050–1105 r.1079–1105 Agnes of Germany 1072–1143 Leopold III Mgve of Austria 1073–1136 r.1095–1136 Gertrude 1115–1143 Henry X the Proud Duke of Bavaria c.1108–1139 Judith of Bavaria 1103–1131 Frederick II Duke of Swabia 1090–1147 r.1105–1147 Agnes of Saarbrücken d. c.1147 Gertrude of Comburg d.1130/1131 Conrad III King of Germany 1093–1152 r.1138–1152 Gertrude of Sulzbach c.1110–1146 Henry the Lion Duke of Bavaria 1129–1195 Matilda of England 1156–1189 Matthias I Duke of Lorraine 1119–1176 r.1138–1176 Bertha 1123–1195 Adelaide of Vohburg 1135–1190 Frederick I Barbarossa King of Germany 1122–1190 r.1152–1190 HRE r.1155–1190 Beatrice I Css. of Burgundy 1143–1184 r.1148–1184 Conrad Count Palatine of the Rhine 1135–1195 r.1156–1195 Judith of Hohenstaufen ≈1133–1191 Henry Berengar King of Germany 1136–1150 r.1147–1150> Frederick IV Duke of Swabia 1145–1167 r.1152–1167 Irene Angelina c.1181–1208 Philip of Swabia King of Germany 1177–1208 r.1198–1208 Beatrice 1162–1174 William II the Good King of Sicily 1155–1189 r.1166–1189 Frederick V Duke of Swabia 1164–1170 r.1167–1170 Frederick VI Duke of Swabia 1167–1191 r.1170–1191 Joan I Css. of Burgundy 1191–1205 r.1200–1205 Otto I Ct of Burgundy btw.1167/1171 –1200 r.1190–1200 Beatrice II Css. of Burgundy 1193–1231 r.1205–1231 Conrad II Duke of Swabia 1173–1196 r.1191–1196 Otto IV King of Germany 1175–1218 r.1198–1209 HRE r.1209–1215 Beatrice of Swabia 1198–1212 Kunigunde of Swabia 1202–1248 Wenceslaus I King of Bohemia ≈1205–1253 1230–1253 Renaud 1173 Henry VI King of Germany 1165–1197 r.1169–1197 HRE r.1191–1197 Constance Queen of Sicily 1154–1198 r.1194–1198 William 1176 Agnes 1181–1184 Gisela 1168–1184 Henry II Duke of Brabant 1207–1248 r.1235–1248 Maria of Swabia 1201–1235 Elisabeth of Swabia 1205–1235 Ferdinand III King of Castile 1199/1201–1252 Constance of Aragon 1179–1222 Frederick II King of Germany 1194–1250 r.1212–1250 HRE r.1220–1250 Isabella II Queen of Jerusalem 1212–1228 Isabella of England 1214–1241 Margaret of Austria c.1204–1266 Henry (VII) King of Germany 1211–1242 r.1220–1235 Elisabeth of Bavaria c.1227–1273 Conrad IV (of Sicily) King of Germany 1228–1254 r.1237–1254 Margareta 1226–1227 Henry Otto 1238–1253 Margaret of Sicily 1241–1270 Albert II Mgve. of Meissen 1240–1314 r.1288–1314 Conradin K. of Jerusalem 1252–1268 r.1254–1268 Frederick I Mgve of Meissen 1257–1323 r.1292–1323
Notes: For further detailed dynastic relationships, see also Family tree of the German monarchs.

Family tree

Coats of Arms

• 
  Arms of Swabia, generally considered originated with the Staufers.
• 
  Emperors
• 
  Emperors with Schwabian Arms
• 
  Hohenstaufen Emperors
• 
  Manfred of Sicily Arms or House of Hohenstaufen as Kings of Sicily